Final Exam Review

The Renaissance

Advances in Art
Compare the following and discuss
the differences between Medieval Art
and the Art of the Renaissance

The School at Athens by Raphael

The School at Athens, with lines to show perspective

Pope Julius II
by Raphael

Renaissance Art
Artists of the Renaissance were
Inspired by the works of ancient Greece
and Rome
Tried to copy human anatomy accurately
New subject matter (Secular: portraits,
landscapes)
New techniques such as perspective
created more realistic art
Page 4
Answer Page 8 #5

 Renaissance brought about new

techniques and styles in art
More realistic
Use of perspective
Focus on accurate proportions for the
human body
Secular art (like landscapes and
portraits of people)

Humanism
Humanists believed:
Human beings were individuals and
each individual was important
Through learning human beings could
achieve a better life

The Church was the main provider of

learning.
Middle Ages

Students could question and be

critical of what was taught.
Renaissance

There were secular schools (schools

not run by the church).
Renaissance

Students did not question what was

taught.

Middle Ages

Students studied the humanities

(grammar, literature, history and
philosophy).

Renaissance

People lived miserable lives. They

were considered sinful, but prayer
and good deeds could lead to a
better afterlife.
Middle Ages

More people began learning how to

read and write.

Renaissance

Humanists believed that people

should enjoy life rather than spend
time preparing for the afterlife.
People were considered to be
generally good.

Renaissance

Most people, including the nobility,

could not read or write.
Middle Ages

The purpose of learning was to help

you to live a better life.

Renaissance

Humanism
In the late Middle Ages, there was
reborn interest in the cultures of
ancient Greece and Rome
These ancient cultures believed:
1. Human beings were individuals and
each individual was important
2. Through learning human beings could
achieve a better life

Review Humanism Page 10

Answer Page 13 # 1 a
Answer Page 15 #9

The Reformation
Review Page 18
Why did people want to reform the
church?
1. Popes werent honouring their vows of
celibacy and poverty
2. The bible was only available in Latin
3. The church was selling indulgences
(making people pay to get out of
purgatory)

European Exploration

What Motivated the

Europeans to Launch
Expeditions?

 Review What Motivated the

Europeans to Launch Expeditions?
notes
and/or Pages 42 - 43

Economic Motives
Silk and Spices
Europeans were fond of silk and spices
from the East
Prices were high because of the middle
man prices went up as the products
travelled along the trade routes
Europeans wanted to buy products
directly from Asia to avoid the additional
cost

Political Motives
European monarchs tried to increase
their territory
Gain access to more resources
Control more people
A way to grow without going to war with
ones neighbours

Religious Motives
The Desire to Convert Non-Christians
Europeans dreamed of spreading
Christianity around the globe
They wanted to curb the expansion of
Islam (particularly in Africa and Asia)

Advances in Navigation
during the Age of
Discovery

 Review Advances in Navigation

during the Age of Discovery notes
and/or Pages 47

The following inventions made

important contributions to world
exploration in the 15th and 16th
centuries

The
The
The
The

Caravel
Astrolabe
Compass
Portolan

The Caravel

The Caravel
Small ship with high sides and
wide bottom this made it stable
on the sea crossings and could
navigate shallow waters
It had a triangular sail, called a
lateen sail this allowed the boat to
sail, in a zig zag pattern, up wind.
It had a sternpost rudder (a
rudder at the back) this made it
easier to steer

The Effects of Colonization on the

Conquered Peoples
5 ways European contact was
devastating for the indigenous peoples
of the Americas
Epidemics
Massacres
Forced Labour
Economic Dependence
Cultural Loss

Epidemics
Europeans brought infectious
diseases with them
Indigenous peoples immune systems
had no resistance
Measles, small pox, flu and the
plague

The French Revolution

Review Setting the Stage notes

And/or pages 70 - 72

How Society Was Structured

In the 17th and 18th centuries, French
society was divided into three groups
The Clergy (1st estate)
The Nobility (2nd estate)
The Third Estate

In addition to these three groups,

there was a king who had absolute
control over these three groups.

The Clergy
The Higher Clergy
Lived in luxury
Members of the Kings court

The Lower Clergy

Parish priests
Lived a simple life in the country

Did not pay taxes

The Nobility

Landowners
Did not work
Lived on the income from their land
Received royal allowances
Nobility was hereditary (noble by
birth)
Did not pay taxes

The Third Estate

Consisted of everyone else
Most were peasants
Lived in poverty

Others were the Bourgeois professionals

Merchants, bankers, lawyers

Paid taxes. Lots and lots of taxes

 Review Factors that Led to the

French Revolution notes
And/or
The Philosophy of the Enlightenment
(page 81)
The Financial Crisis (Page 86)

The Philosophy of the

Enlightenment
Philosophers in France believed in
progress.
They wanted society to progress
towards happiness
They thought they could achieve this
through reason, education,
tolerance and freedom

 Some of their ideas included:

The right to choose ones leaders
The separation of powers
Freedom of religion
Freedom of thought and expression
The spread of these ideas led to Public
Opinion

The Separation of Powers

In every society there are three kinds of powers:
1. Legislative (making laws)
2. Executive (enforcing laws)
3. Judicial (judging those accused of breaking
laws)
. Enlightenment philosophers felt that one man
holding all powers could lead to injustices.
. They believed that these powers should be
separated.

The Financial Crisis

 Taxes
Only the third estate paid taxes
The tax burden fell most heavily on the
poorest part of society: the peasants

Debt
On the eve of the revolution, France was
bankrupt
Various wars had cost a lot of money and
the Government owed a lot of money that
they had borrowed

Debt and Taxes

In order to help pay back their debts, the
government kept raising taxes

The Calling of the Estates

General
Read and review page 87
Pay particular attention to the sixth
paragraph

The Industrial Revolution

Industrialization: What is it?

A process of social and economic
change
This is when an agrarian society
changes into an industrial society

The Industrial Revolution:

What was it?
Changes in the way goods are made:
Development of manufacturing on a large scale

Changes in Technology:
Invention of the Steam Engine

Changes in Transportation:
Steam Engine Locomotive (train)

Changes in Agriculture:
Crop Rotation

Took place between 1750 and 1850

 Review Intro Notes

And/or Page 118 (New means of
production)

On the Eve of the Industrial

Revolution
The Production of Goods
goods were made mostly by hand by
artisans
Used manual tools
Quantities made were small
Speed of production was slow
Cost of production was high

By the end of the Industrial

Revolution
The Production of Goods
Goods were made by factory workers
Machines were used
Quantities were high
Speed of production was fast
Cost of production was low

 Review Working Class

Neighbourhoods on Social Classes
Graphic Organizer
And/or Chart on page 120

 Review Social Movements

of the Industrial Revolution notes
And/or Trade Unions on page 126

Social Movements
of the Industrial Revolution

Fair?
The Industrial Bourgeoisie (rich
owners)
Controlled the money, factories, mines
and railroads
made huge profits by underpaying
workers
These workers were doomed to a life of
misery

How the Workers Reacted

workers began to organize so they could
demand better working conditions
They knew they could achieve some
power by joining forces
They formed organizations called Trade
Unions.
The Trade Unions went on strike
(stopped working) but the Government
reacted by banning strikes

Socialism
The Trade Unions found support from
some members of the bourgeoisie
These bourgeoisie were intellectuals
and created a new movement that
promoted equality and solidarity
They wanted to improve the working
conditions for the workers
This movement was socialism.

 Review Labour Conditions

What was working life like of the
labourers?

 Brainstorm some demands that you

might make if you were part of the
working class

Some Demands The Trade Unions

Made:
Higher wages
Reduced working hours
Right to strike

What were the

consequences of
colonization in Africa?

Imperialism and
Colonization

Racial Discrimination
Review the racist justification used
by European colonial Empires to
justify the colonization of Africa (Page
152)

The Scramble for Africa

Discuss and explain the meaning of
the following cartoons:

 Review What were the

consequences of colonization in
Africa? Notes
And/or Pages 160-161

Economic Effects
Industrialized countries (European
countries) owned the factories and
controlled all the money
Non-industrialized countries (Africa) were
kept in poverty by industrialized countries.
When African colonies gained their
freedom in the 20th century, they were left
with no industrial infrastructure, no
industry and no capital (money)

Cultural Effects
European culture was forced on
Africans
Traditional African culture was
jeopardized
Africans went to schools built by
Europeans; they learned European
languages, history and the way of life
of the mother country

Political Effects
Borders were drawn up by European
powers without considering the
already existing borders of traditional
African kingdoms
One traditional kingdom or ethnic
group might end up scattered across
several countries, while another ethnic
group might end up occupying the
same country as its traditional enemy