TodayisWednesday,November25,2015

RepublicofthePhilippines
SUPREMECOURT
Manila
FIRSTDIVISION

G.R.Nos.8688385January29,1993
PEOPLEOFTHEPHILIPPINES,plaintiffappellee,
vs.
NORBERTOMANERO,JR.,EDILBERTOMANERO,ELPIDIOMANERO,SEVERINOLINES,RUDYLINES,
EFRENPLEAGO,ROGERBEDAO,RODRIGOESPIA,ARSENIOVILLAMOR,JR.,JOHNDOEandPETER
DOE,accused.
SEVERINOLINES,RUDYLINES,EFRENPLEAGOandROGERBENDAO,accusedappellants.
TheSolicitorGeneralforplaintiffappellee.
RomeoP.Jorgeforaccusedappellants.

BELLOSILLO,J.:
This was gruesome murder in a main thoroughfare an hour before sundown. A hapless foreign religious minister
was riddled with bullets, his head shattered into bits and pieces amidst the revelling of his executioners as they
danced and laughed around their quarry, chanting the tune "Mutya Ka Baleleng", a popular regional folk song,
kickingandscoffingathisprostrate,miserable,spiritlessfigurethatwasgaspingitslast.Seeminglyunsatiatedwith
the ignominy of their manslaughter, their leader picked up pieces of the splattered brain and mockingly displayed
them before horrified spectators. Some accounts swear that acts of cannibalism ensued, although they were not
sufficientlydemonstrated.However,fortheiroutrageousfeat,thegangleaderalreadyearnedthemonicker"cannibal
priestkiller"But,whatisindubitableisthatFr.TulioFavali1wassenselesslykilled forno apparentreasonthanthathewasoneofthe
ItalianCatholicmissionarieslaboringinheirvineyardinthehinterlandsofMindanao.2

Intheaftermathofthemurder,policeauthoritieslaunchedamassivemanhuntwhichresultedinthecaptureofthe
perpetratorsexceptArsenioVillamor,Jr.,andtwounidentifiedpersonswhoeludedarrestandstillremainatlarge.
InformationsforMurder,3AttemptedMurder4andArson5wereaccordinglyfiledagainstthoseresponsibleforthefrenziedorgyofviolencethatfateful
dayof11April1985.Asthesecasesarosefromthesameoccasion,theywereallconsolidatedinBranch17oftheRegionalTrialCourtofKidapawan,Cotabato.

Aftertrial,thecourtaquoheld
WHEREFORE . . . the Court finds the accused Norberto Manero, Jr. alias Commander Bucay,
Edilberto Manero alias Edil, Elpidio Manero, Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Rodrigo Espia alias Rudy,
EfrenPleagoandRogerBedaoGUILTYbeyondreasonabledoubtoftheoffenseofMurder,andwith
theaggravatingcircumstancesofsuperiorstrengthandtreachery,herebysentenceseachofthemtoa
penaltyofimprisonmentofreclusionperpetuatopaythePontificalInstituteofForeignMission(PIME)
Brothers, the congregation to which Father Tulio Favali belonged, a civil indemnity of P12,000.00
attorney's fees in the sum of P50,000.00 for each of the eight (8) accused or a total sum of
P400,000.00 court appearance fee of P10,000.00 for every day the case was set for trial moral
damagesinthesumofP100,000.00andtopayproportionatelythecosts.
Further, the Court finds the accused Norberto Manero, Jr. alias Commander Bucay GUILTY beyond
reasonabledoubtoftheoffenseofArsonandwiththeapplicationoftheIndeterminateSentenceLaw,
herebysentenceshimtoanindeterminatepenaltyofimprisonmentofnotlessthanfour(4)years,nine
(9)months,one(1)dayofprisioncorreccional,asminimum,tosix(6)yearsofprisioncorreccional,as
maximum, and to indemnify the Pontifical Institute of Foreign Mission (PIME) Brothers, the

congregationtowhichFatherTulioFavalibelonged,thesumofP19,000.00representingthevalueof
themotorcycleandtopaythecosts.
Finally,theCourtfindstheaccusedNorbertoManero,Jr.,aliasCommanderBucay,EdilbertoManero
aliasEdil,ElpidioManero,SeverinoLines,RudyLines,RodrigoEspiaaliasRudy,EfrenPleagoand
Roger Bedao GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the offense of Attempted Murder and with the
application of the Indeterminate Sentence Law, hereby sentences each of them to an indeterminate
penalty of imprisonment of not less than two (2) years, four (4) months and one (1) day of prision
correccional,andminimum,toeight(8)yearsandtwenty(20)daysofprisionmayor,asmaximum,and
topaythecomplainantRufinoRoblesthesumofP20,000.00asattorney'sfeesandP2,000.00ascourt
appearancefeeforeverydayoftrialandtopayproportionatelythecosts.
The foregoing penalties shall be served by the said accused successively in the order of their
respective severity in accordance with the provisions of Article 70 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended.7
From this judgment of conviction only accused Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Efren Pleago and Roger Bedao
appealed with respect to the cases for Murder and Attempted Murder. The Manero brothers as well as Rodrigo
Espia did not appeal neither did Norberto Manero, Jr., in the Arson case. Consequently, the decision as against
themalreadybecamefinal.
Culledfromtherecords,thefactsare:On11April1985,around10:00o'clockinthemorning,theManerobrothers
NorbertoJr.,EdilbertoandElpidio,alongwithRodrigoEspia,SeverinoLines,RudyLines,EfrenPleagoandRoger
Bedao, were inside the eatery of one Reynaldo Diocades at Km. 125, La Esperanza, Tulunan, Cotabato. They
wereconferringwithArsenioVillamor,Jr.,privatesecretarytotheMunicipalMayorofTulunan,Cotabato,andhis
two(2)unidentifiedbodyguards.Planstoliquidateanumberofsuspectedcommunistsympathizerswerediscussed.
Arsenio Villamor, Jr. scribbled on a cigarette wrapper the following "NPA v. NPA, starring Fr. Peter, Domingo
Gomez,Bantil,FredGapate,RenealiasTabagacandVillaning.""Fr.Peter"isFr.PeterGeremias,anItalianpriest
suspectedofhavinglinkswiththecommunistmovement"Bantil"isRufinoRobles,aCatholiclayleaderwhoisthe
complaining witness in the Attempted Murder Domingo Gomez is another lay leader, while the others are simply
"messengers".Onthesameoccasion,theconspiratorsagreedtoEdilbertoManero'sproposalthatshouldtheyfail
tokillFr.PeterGeremias,anotherItalianpriestwouldbekilledinhisstead.8
At about 1:00 o'clock that afternoon, Elpidio Manero with two (2) unidentified companions nailed a placard on a
streetpostbesidetheeateryofDeocades.Theplacardborethesameinscriptionsasthosefoundonthecigarette
wrapper except for the additional phrase "versus Bucay, Edil and Palo." Some two (2) hours later, Elpidio also
postedawoodenplacardbearingthesamemessageonastreetcrosssignclosetotheeatery.9
Later, at 4:00 o'clock, the Manero brothers, together with Espia and the four (4) appellants, all with assorted
firearms,proceededtothehouseof"Bantil",theirfirstintendedvictim,whichwasalsointhevicinityofDeocades'
carinderia.Theyweremetby"Bantil"whoconfrontedthemwhyhisnamewasincludedintheplacards.Edilberto
brushed aside the query instead, he asked "Bantil" if he had any qualms about it, and without any provocation,
Edilbertodrewhisrevolverandfiredattheforeheadof"Bantil"."Bantil"wasabletoparrythegun,albeithisright
finger and the lower portion of his right ear were hit. Then they grappled for its possession until "Bantil" was
extricatedbyhiswifefromthefray.But,ashewasrunningaway,hewasagainfireduponbyEdilberto.Onlyhis
trouserswerehit."Bantil"howevermanagedtoseekrefugeinthehouseofacertainDomingoGomez.10Norberto, Jr.,
orderedhismentosurroundthehouseandnottoallowanyonetogetoutsothat"Bantil"woulddieofhemorrhage.ThenEdilbertowentbacktotherestaurantof
Deocadesandpistolwhippedhimonthefaceandaccusedhimofbeingacommunistcoddler,whileappellantsandtheircohortsrelishedtheunfoldingdrama.11

Momentslater,whileDeocadeswasfeedinghisswine,EdilbertostrewedhimwithaburstofgunfirefromhisM14
Armalite.Deocadescoweredinfearashekneltwithbothhandsclenchedatthebackofhishead.Thisagaindrew
boisterouslaughterandridiculefromthedreadeddesperados.
At5:00o'clock,Fr.TulioFavaliarrivedatKm.125onboardhismotorcycle.HeenteredthehouseofGomez.While
inside, Norberto, Jr., and his coaccused Pleago towed the motorcycle outside to the center of the highway.
Norberto,Jr.,openedthegasolinetank,spilledsomefuel,litafireandburnedthemotorcycle.Asthevehiclewas
ablaze,thefelonsravedandrejoiced.12
Uponseeinghismotorcycleonfire,Fr.FavaliaccostedNorberto,Jr.Butthelattersimplysteppedbackwardsand
executedathumbsdownsignal.Atthispoint,Edilbertoaskedthepriest:"Anoanggustomo,padre(Whatisityou
want,Father)?Gustomo,Father,bukonkoangulomo(Doyouwantme,Father,tobreakyourhead)?"Thereafter,
inaflash,Edilbertofiredattheheadofthepriest.AsFr.Favalidroppedtotheground,hishandsclaspedagainsthis
chest, Norberto, Jr., taunted Edilberto if that was the only way he knew to kill a priest. Slighted over the remark,
Edilberto jumped over the prostrate body three (3) times, kicked it twice, and fired anew. The burst of gunfire
virtuallyshatteredtheheadofFr.Favali,causinghisbraintoscatterontheroad.AsNorberto,Jr.,flauntedthebrain
to the terrified onlookers, his brothers danced and sang "Mutya Ka Baleleng" to the delight of their comradesin

armswhonowtookguardedpositionstoisolatethevictimfrompossibleassistance.13
In seeking exculpation from criminal liability, appellants Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Efren Pleago and Roger
Bedao contend that the trial court erred in disregarding their respective defenses of alibi which, if properly
appreciated,wouldtendtoestablishthattherewasnoprioragreementtokillthattheintendedvictimwasFr.Peter
Geremias, not Fr. Tulio Favali that there was only one (1) gunman, Edilberto and, that there was absolutely no
showingthatappellantscooperatedintheshootingofthevictimdespitetheirproximityatthetimetoEdilberto.
Buttheevidenceonrecorddoesnotagreewiththeargumentsofaccusedappellants.
On their defense of alibi, accused brothers Severino and Rudy Lines claim that they were harvesting palay the
wholedayof11April1985someonekilometerawayfromthecrimescene.AccusedRogerBedaoallegesthathe
wasonanerrandforthechurchtobuylumberandnipainM'lang,Cotabato,thatmorningof11April1985,taking
alonghiswifeandsickchildformedicaltreatmentandarrivedinLaEsperanza,Tulunan,pastnoontime.
Interestingly,allappellantssimilarlycontendthatitwasonlyaftertheyheardgunshotsthattheyrushedtothehouse
ofNorbertoManero,Sr.,BarangayCaptainofLaEsperanza,wheretheywerejoinedbytheirfellowCHDFmembers
andcoaccused,andthatitwasonlythenthattheyproceededtogethertowherethecrimetookplaceatKm.125.
Itisaxiomaticthattheaccusedinterposingthedefenseofalibimustnotonlybeatsomeotherplacebutthatitmust
alsobephysicallyimpossibleforhimtobeatthesceneofthecrimeatthetimeofitscommission.14
Consideringthefailureofappellantstoprovetherequiredphysicalimpossibilityofbeingpresentatthecrimescene,
ascanbereadilydeducedfromtheproximitybetweentheplaceswhereaccusedappellantswereallegedlysituated
atthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffensesandthelocuscriminis,15thedefenseofalibiisdefinitelyfeeble.16Afterall,ithasbeen
theconsistentrulingofthisCourtthatnophysicalimpossibilityexistsininstanceswhereitwouldtaketheaccusedonlyfifteentotwentyminutesbyjeeportricycle,
orsomeoneandahalfhoursbyfoot,totraversethedistancebetweentheplacewhereheallegedlywasatthetimeofcommissionoftheoffenseandthescene
ofthecrime. 17Recently,weruledthattherecanbenophysicalimpossibilityevenifthedistancebetweentwoplacesismerelytwo(2)hoursbybus. 18More
important,itiswellsettledthatthedefenseofalibicannotprevailover
thepositiveidentificationoftheauthorsofthecrimebytheprosecutionwitnesses.19

InthecasebeforeUs,two(2)eyewitnesses,ReynaldoDeocadesandManuelBantolo,testifiedthattheywereboth
inside the eatery at about 10:00 o'clock in the morning of 11 April 1985 when the Manero brothers, together with
appellants,firstdiscussedtheirplantokillsomecommunistsympathizers.Thewitnessesalsotestifiedthattheystill
sawtheappellantsinthecompanyoftheManerobrothersat4:00o'clockintheafternoonwhenRufinoRobleswas
shot.Further,at5:00o'clockthatsameafternoon,appellantswereverymuchatthesceneofthecrime,alongwith
theManerobrothers,whenFr.Favaliwasbrutallymurdered. 20Indeed,inthefaceofsuchpositivedeclarationsthatappellantswereat
thelocuscriminis from 10:00 o'clock in the morning up to about 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon, the alibi of appellants that they were somewhere else, which is

negativeinnature,cannotprevail.21ThepresenceofappellantsintheeateryatKm.125havingbeenpositivelyestablished,alldoubtsthattheywerenotprivyto
theplottoliquidateallegedcommunistsympathizersarethereforeremoved.Therewasdirectprooftolinkthemtotheconspiracy.

Thereisconspiracywhentwoormorepersonscometoanagreementtocommitacrimeanddecidetocommitit.22
Itisnotessentialthatalltheaccusedcommittogethereachandeveryactconstitutiveoftheoffense.23Itisenoughthatanaccusedparticipatesinanactordeed
wherethereissingularityofpurpose,andunityinitsexecutionispresent.24

Thefindingsofthecourtaquounmistakablyshowthattherewasindeedacommunityofdesignasevidencedby
theconcertedactsofalltheaccused.Thus
Theothersixaccused, 25all armed with high powered firearms, were positively identified with Norberto Manero, Jr. and Edilberto

ManerointhecarinderiaofReynaldoDeocadesinLaEsperanza,Tulunan,Cotabatoat10:00o'clockinthemorningof11April1985morning..
.theywereoutsideofthecarinderiabythewindownearthetablewhereEdilbertoManero,NorbertoManero,Jr.,JunVillamor,ElpidioManero
andunidentifiedmembersoftheairbornefromCotabatoweregroupedtogether.Laterthatmorning,theyallwenttothecockhousenearbyto
finishtheirplananddrinktuba.TheywereseenagainwithEdilbertoManeroandNorbertoManero,Jr.,at4:00o'clockintheafternoonofthat
daynearthehouseofRufinoRobles(Bantil)whenEdilbertoManeroshotRobles.TheysurroundedthehouseofDomingoGomezwhereRobles
fledandhid,butlaterleftwhenEdilbertoManerotoldthemtoleaveasRobleswoulddieofhemorrhage.TheyfollowedFr.FavalitoDomingo
Gomez'house,witnessedandenjoyedtheburningofthemotorcycleofFr.Favaliandlaterstoodguardwiththeirfirearmsreadyontheroad
whenEdilbertoManeroshottodeathFr.Favali.Finally,theyjoinedNorbertoManero,Jr.andEdilbertoManerointheirenjoymentandmerriment
onthedeathofthepriest.26

From the foregoing narration of the trial court, it is clear that appellants were not merely innocent bystanders but
wereinfactvitalcogsinperpetratingthesavagemurderofFr.FavaliandtheattemptedmurderofRufinoRoblesby
the Manero brothers and their militiamen. For sure, appellants all assumed a fighting stance to discourage if not
prevent any attempt to provide assistance to the fallen priest. They surrounded the house of Domingo Gomez to
stopRoblesandtheotheroccupantsfromleavingsothatthewoundedRoblesmaydieofhemorrhage.27Undoubtedly,
thesewereovertactstoensuresuccessofthecommissionofthecrimesandinfurtheranceoftheaimsoftheconspiracy.Theappellantsactedinconcertinthe
murderofFr.FavaliandintheattemptedmurderofRufinoRobles.Whileaccusedappellantsmaynothavedeliveredthefatalshotsthemselves,theircollective
actionshowedacommonintenttocommitthecriminalacts.

WhileitmaybetruethatFr.Favaliwasnotoriginallytheintendedvictim,asitwasFr.PeterGeremiaswhomthe
grouptargettedforthekill,nevertheless,Fr.FavaliwasdeemedagoodsubstituteinthemurderashewasanItalian
priest.Onthis,theconspiratorsexpresslyagreed.AswitnessManuelBantoloexplained28

QAsidefromthosepersonslistedinthatpapertobekilled,werethereotherpersonswho
weretobeliquidated?
AThereweresomeothers.
QWhowerethey?
ATheysaidthatiftheycouldnotkillthosepersonslistedinthatpaperthentheywill(sic)
killanyonesolongasheis(sic)anItalianandiftheycouldnotkillthepersonstheyliketo
killtheywill(sic)makeReynaldoDeocadesastheirsample.
ThatappellantsandtheircoaccusedreachedacommonunderstandingtokillanotherItalianpriestintheeventthat
Fr.PeterGeremiascouldnotbespottedwaselucidatedbyBantolothus29
QWhosuggestedthatFr.Peterbethefirsttobekilled?
AAlloftheminthegroup.
QWhatwasthereactionofNorbertoManerowithrespecttotheplantokillFr.Peter?
AHelaughedandevensaid,"amoina"meaning"yes,wewillkillhimahead."
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QWhataboutSeverinoLines?Whatwashisreaction?
AHealsolaughedandsoconformedandagreedtoit.
QRudyLines.
AHealsosaid"yes".
QWhatdoyoumean"yes"?
AHealsoagreedandhewashappyandsaid"yes"wewillkillhim.
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QWhataboutEfrenPleago?
AHealsoagreedandevencommentedlaughing"goahead".
QRogerBedao,whatwashisreactiontothatsuggestionthatshouldtheyfailtokillFr.
Peter,theywill(sic)killanybodyprovidedheisanItalianandifnot,theywill(sic)make
ReynaldoDeocadesanexample?
AHealsoagreedlaughing.
Conspiracyoractioninconcerttoachieveacriminaldesignbeingsufficientlyshown,theactofoneistheactofall
theotherconspirators,and
thepreciseextentormodalityofparticipationofeachofthembecomessecondary.30
TheawardofmoraldamagesintheamountofP100,000.00tothecongregation,thePontificalInstituteofForeign
Mission (PIME) Brothers, is not proper. There is nothing on record which indicates that the deceased effectively
severedhiscivilrelationswithhisfamily,orthathedisinheritedanymemberthereof,whenhejoinedhisreligious
congregation. As a matter of fact, Fr. Peter Geremias of the same congregation, who was then a parish priest of
Kidapawan,testifiedthat"thereligiousfamilybelongstothenaturalfamilyoforigin." 31Besides, as We already held, 32 a
juridical person is not entitled to moral damages because, not being a natural person, it cannot experience physical suffering or such sentiments as wounded
feelings,seriousanxiety,mentalanguishormoralshock.Itisonlywhenajuridicalpersonhasagoodreputationthatisdebased,resultinginsocialhumiliation,
thatmoraldamagesmaybeawarded.

NeithercanWeawardmoraldamagestotheheirsofthedeceasedwhomayotherwisebelawfullyentitledthereto
pursuanttopar.(3),Art.2206,oftheCivilCode, 33forthereasonthatthe heirsnever presentedanyevidenceshowingthattheysuffered
mentalanguishmuchlessdidtheytakethewitnessstand.Ithasbeenheld 34thatmoraldamagesandtheircausalrelationtothedefendant'sactsshouldbe
satisfactorily proved by the claimant. It is elementary that in order that moral damages may be awarded there must be proof of moral suffering. 35However,
consideringthatthebrutalslayingofFr.TulioFavaliwasattendedwithabuseofsuperiorstrength,crueltyandignominybydeliberatelyandinhumanlyaugmenting
thepainandanguishofthevictim,outragingorscoffingathispersonorcorpse,exemplarydamagesmaybeawardedtothelawfulheirs, 36eventhoughnot
provednorexpresslypleadedinthecomplaint,37andtheamountofP100,000.00isconsideredreasonable.

With respect to the civil indemnity of P12,000.00 for the death of Fr. Tulio Favali, the amount is increased to
P50,000.00inaccordancewithexistingjurisprudence,whichshouldbepaidtothelawfulheirs,notthePIMEasthe
trialcourtruled.
WHEREFORE, the judgment appealed from being in accord with law and the evidence is AFFIRMED with the
modificationthatthecivilindemnitywhichisincreasedfromP12,000.00toP50,000.00isawardedtothelawfulheirs
ofthedeceasedplusexemplarydamagesofP100,000.00however,theawardofmoraldamagesisdeleted.
Costsagainstaccusedappellants.
SOORDERED.
Cruz,PadillaandGrioAquino,JJ.,concur.

#Footnotes
1"Tulio"isvariablyspelledas"Tullio"incertainpartsoftherecords.Incidentally,thename"Fr.Peter
Geremias"islikewiseinterchangeablyreferredtoas"Fr.PeterGeremia."
2TSN,24October1985,pp.5556.
3DocketedasCrim.CaseNo.1881forthemurderofFr.TulioFavali.ThosechargedareNorberto
Manero,Jr.,EdilbertoManero,ElpidioManero,SeverinoLines,RudyLines,EfrenPleago,Rogelio
BedaoandRodrigoEspia.
4DocketedasCrim.CaseNo.1884fortheattemptedmurderofRufinoRobles.Thosechargedarethe
sameaccusedinCrim.CaseNo.1881exceptArsenioVillamor,Jr.,JohnDoeandPeterDoe.
5DocketedasCrim.CaseNo.1883forarsonfortheburningofthemotorcycleofFr.TulioFavali.The
loneaccusedisNorbertoManero,Jr.
6SeeRecords,p.445.
7PennedbyJudgeBenjaminM.Estaol,RegionalTrialCourt,Branch17,Kidapawan,Cotabato
Records,pp.86061.
8SeeNote2.
9Id.,pp.6870.
10Id.,pp.7079.
11Id.,pp.5760.
12Id.,pp.8289.
13TSN,4October1985,pp.91108TSN,6November1985,pp.6878.
14Peoplevs.Pugal,G.R.No.90637,29October1992.
15AllaccusedappellantsallegethattheywereinTulunan,Cotabato,thetownwheretheoffenses
werecommitted,albeitnotattheverysceneofthecrimeinKm.125.
16Peoplevs.Baez,G.R.No.95456,18September1992,citingPeoplev.Sabater,No.L38169,23
February1978,81SCRA110.
17Peoplev.DeGuzman,G.R.No.105964,4November1992.
18Peoplev.Abuyan,Jr.,G.R.Nos.9525455,21July1992.
19Peoplev.Antud,G.R.No.95684,27October1992.
20Decision,p.36Rollo,p.230.
21Peoplev.Serdan,G.R.No.87318,2September1992.
22Peoplev.Hasiron,G.R.No.100797,15October1992,citingArt.8,RevisedPenalCode.

23Peoplev.Sabornido,G.R.No.102141,18September1992.
24Peoplevs.Martinado,G.R.No.92020,19October1992.
25Accusedappellantstogetherwithtwo(2)otherunidentifiedpersons.
26Decision,p.30Rollo,p.224.
27TSN,28August1986,pp.9394.
28TSN,4October1985,p.118.
29TSN,6November1985,pp.3643.
30Peoplev.delosReyes,No.L44112,22October1992,citingPeoplev.Degoma,G.R.Nos.89404
05,22May1992.
31SeeTSN,28August1986,p.51.
32SimexInternational(Manila),Inc.v.CourtofAppeals,G.R.No.88013,19March1990,183SCRA
360.
33Art.2206(3)provides:"Thespouse,legitimateandillegitimatedescendantsandascendantsofthe
deceasedmaydemandmoraldamagesformentalanguishbyreasonofthedeathofthedeceased."
34Raagasv.Traya,130Phil.846(1968).
35Darangv.Belizar,No.L19487,31January1967,19SCRA214.
36Art.2230provides:"Incriminaloffenses,exemplarydamagesasapartofthecivilliabilitymaybe
imposedwhenthecrimewascommittedwithoneormoreaggravatingcircumstances.Suchdamages
areseparateanddistinctfromfinesandshallbepaidtotheoffendedparty"(CivilCode)seealso
Dempseyv.RTC,Br.75,G.R.No.7773738,15August1988,164SCRA384,andPeoplev.
Marciales,G.R.No.61961,18October1988,166SCRA436.
37Singsonv.Aragon,92Phil.514(1953)PALv.CA,G.R.Nos.5050405,13August1990,188
SCRA461,citingKapoev.Masa,G.R.No.50473,21January1985,134SCRA231.
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