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ecnica Nacional
Facultad de Ingeniera Mec
anica
Turbomachinery Slides
Dr. Esteban Valencia, PhD, MSc, Eng
Semester 2016-A
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INTRODUCTION
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VELOCITY DIAGRAMS
The axial turbine stage comprises a row of fixed guide vanes or
nozzles (often called a stator row) and a row of moving blades or
buckets (a rotor row)
The sign convention is such that angles and velocities as drawn in
next Figure will be taken as positive throughout this chapter.
When drawing the velocity triangles it is always worth sketching the
nozzle and rotor rows beside them
within an axial turbine, the levels of turning are very high
flow is turned through the axial direction in both the rotors and
nozzles
1 Ax1 cx1 = 2 Ax2 cx2 = 3 Ax3 cx3
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continuity uniform
equation
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VELOCITY DIAGRAMS
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in
purely
axial
flow
machine
is
= cx /U
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In
h0
;
U2
adiabatic
h0 Stagnattion
turbine
h0 = Uc
Enthalpy
c
U
-High stage loading implies large flow turning and leads to highly
skewed velocity triangles
-A high stage loading is desirable because it means fewer stages are
needed to produce a required work output
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W
=
m
In
Nozzle
no
work
is
done;
Rotor
Work
h01 = h02
1 2
1 2
2
2
c2 c3
+
cx2 cx3
= U (c2 + c3 )
2
2
1
1
h2 + w22 = h3 + w32
2
2
or
1
1
1
1
h2 + w22 U22 = h3 + w32 U32
2
2
2
2
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h02,real = h03,real
or
I2 = I3 ; radial
considered
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r = constant,
1 = 1
2
tan2 2 tan2 1
2
R=
If
(tan 3 tan 2 )
2
1 = 3
If
or
If
1 6= 3
1 = 3
-The choice of (, , and R) are largely determined by best practice and previous experience
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ideal
work
back
pressure
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Nozzle
Row
1
h3 h3s = w32 R ; Rotor Row
2
Combining Equations
"
#1
3
R w32 + N c22 T
T2
tt = 1 +
2 (h1 h3 )
When the exit velocity is not recovered,totalto-static efficiency for
the stage is:
"
#1
T3
R w32 + N c22 T
+ c12
2
ts = (h01 h03 ) / (h01 h3ss ) = 1 +
2 (h1 h3 )
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W
2
mU
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rt rh = H
m
U2 rm
Cp T03
= M3
T03
T01
p /(1)
1 2 1/2
1 1+
M3
2
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Aeorofoils = s/b
andAxial
Chord = H/b
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STYLES OF TURBINE
Zero Reaction Turbine
Figure 5. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a Zero Reaction Turbine Stage
R=
(tan 3 tan 2 )
2
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2 = 3 ; If
R=0
and
h 2 = h3
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STYLES OF TURBINE
50 % Reaction Turbine
Figure 6. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage
R =1
(tan 2 tan 1 )
2
= 1 =
1
tan 2 + tan 1
2 = 1 = 3
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Figure 7. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage
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8. Smith Chart
for Turbine
Stage Efficiency.
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AXIAL-FLOW
TURBINES:
MEAN-LINE
ANALYSIS AND
17 de
DESIGN
mayo de 2016
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fs = h0 / c12 + c22 =
h0 /U 2
c12 /U 2 + c22 /U 2
fs =
2 +
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+1
2
2
+ 2 +
1
2
2 =
2
42 + 2 + 1
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fs = h0 / c12 + c22 =
h0 /U 2
+ c22 /U 2
c12 /U 2
fs =
2 +
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+1
2
2
+ 2 +
1
2
2 =
2
42 + 2 + 1
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Figure 8. Smiths Kinetic Energy Coefficient fs and the Optimum Stage Loading
(42 + 2 + 1)
p
opt = 42 + 1
p
opt.exp = 0,65 42 + 1
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Figure 9.
Centrifugal Forces
Acting MEAN-LINE
on Rotor Blade
Element AND
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AXIAL-FLOW
TURBINES:
ANALYSIS
17 de
DESIGN
mayo de 2016
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dc
dFc
=
= 2 rdr
m
m A
c
= 2
m
K=
rt
rh
"
2 #
Ut2
rh
rdr =
1
2
rt
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"
2 #
c
KUt2
rh
=
1
m
2
rt
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Tb = T2 + 0,85 w22 / (2 Cp ) ;
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Blade
Temperature
Estimate
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