Chapter 7 Power dividers and directional couplers

7.1 Basic properties of dividers and couplers

three-port network (T-junction), four-port network
(directional coupler), directivity measurement
7.2 The T-junction power divider
lossless divider, lossy divider
7.3 The Wilkinson power divider
even-odd mode analysis, unequal power division divider,
n-way Wilkinson divider
7.5 The quadrature 90 hybrid
branch-line coupler
7.6 Coupled line directional couplers
even- and odd-mode Zo, single-section and multisection
coupled line couplers
7-1

7.7 The Lange coupler

7.8 The 180 hybrid
rat-race hybrid, tapered coupled line hybrid
7.9 Other couplers
reflectometer

7-2

7.1 Basic properties of dividers and couplers

N-port network
1

N-port
network

S11 S12 S13

S
S22 S23
21
S31 S32 S33

SN 1 SN 2

S1N
S2 N

Vi
Sij
Vj

Vk 0,k j

SNN

Discussion
1. matched ports Sii 0
2. reciprocal network symmetric property Sij S ji
3. lossless network unitary property
N

S ij
i 1

1 j,

S ki S kj* 0

i j

k 1

7-3

 three-port network (T-junction)

P1

2
1

P2= P1

P1 =P2 + 2P3

divider
or coupler

1
3

P2

P3

combiner
or coupler

P3 = P1

Discussion
1. Three-port network cannot be lossless, reciprocal and matched
at all ports.
2. A lossless and matched three-port network is nonreciprocal
circulator
1

3
7-4

0
0
1

1
0
0

3. A matched and reciprocal three-port network is lossy resistive

divider.
4. A matched and lossy three-port network can have isolation at
two output ports (S23=S32=0) Wilkinson power divider .

7-5

(derivation of 1)
For a matched, reciprocal three-port network
0 S12
S
12 0
S13 S23

S12 S13 1 S * S 0
S13
S12 1
13 23
lossless
2
2
S23 S12 S23 1 , S12* S13 0 if S13 0, S23 0 lossy
*
2
2
S13 1 0
0
S S 1 S12S23 0
13

23

(derivation of 2)
For a matched, lossless, nonreciprocal three-port network
0 S12
S
21 0
S31 S32
0

S21 S31 1 S * S 0
31 32

S13
lossless
if S =1 S31 =0,S23 =0,S13 =1,S12 =0,S32 =1
2
2

S23 S12 S32 1 , S12* S13 0 21

if S21 =0 S31 =1,S32 =0,S12 =1,S13 =0,S23 =1
*
2
2
S

0
S
0
S13 S23 1 21 23
0
0
1

3
7-6

1
0
0

0 1

 four-port network (directional coupler)

input port P1

P2 through port

isolated port P4

P3 coupled port
4

coupling C (dB) 10 log

2

P1
20 log S31
P3

directivity D(dB) 10 log

4

isolation I (dB) 10 log

S
P3
P P
10log 3 1 20log 31
S41
P4
P1 P4

P1
C D 20 log S41
P4

voltage coupling factor C 10

directivity D 10
7-7

D ( dB ) / 20

C(dB)/ 20

V3
1
V4

V3
1
V1

Discussion
1. Matched, reciprocal and lossless four-port network symmetrical
90 directional coupler or antisymmetrical 180 directional
coupler
0

2. C=3dB 90 hybrid (quadrature hybrid, symmetrical coupler),

180 hybrid (magic-T hybrid, rate-race hybrid)
0

1 1

2 j

1 1

2 1

0
7-8

(derivation of 1)
For a matched, reciprocal and lossless four-port network
0 S12 S13 S14 row 1* , 2: S13* S23 S14* S24 0...(1) (1) S* (2) S*
24
13
2
2
S

*
*
*
*
0
S
S

S
(
S

S
)0
row
3,
4
:
S
S
S
S
0...(2)

12
23
24
14
13
24
14
13
24
23

S13 S23 0 S34 row 1* , 3: S12* S23 S14* S34 0...(3) (3) S12 (4) S34
2
2

S
(
S

23
12
34 ) 0
*
S23 0...(4)
S14 S24 S34 0 row 2, 4*: S14* S12 S34
0 S12
S
0
case 1: S14 S23 0 12
S13 0

0 S24

S12 S13 1

S12 S34
0
2
2
S12 S24 1 S13 S24 choose S13 e j
S24

2
2

S34
S
S
S24 e j
S13 S34 1
12
34

2
2
0
2 + 2 =1
S24 S34 1

S13
0
0
S34

*
row 2* ,3 S12* S13 S24
S34 0 e j e j 0

(a) 90o directional coupler with

0

0
0
j

0
0

0 0
j
,
j

0 0

0
0
j

0
0

2
0
j

0
7-9

(b) 180o directional coupler with 0,

0 0
0 0

0 0

 0 S12 S13 S14 row 1* , 2: S13* S23 S14* S24 0...(1) (1) S* (2) S*
24
13
2
2
S

*
*
*
*
0
S
S

S
(
S

S
row
3,
4
:
S
S
S
S
0...(2)

12
23
24
14
13
24 ) 0
14 13
24 23

S13 S23 0 S34 row 1* , 3: S12* S23 S14* S34 0...(3) (3) S12 (4) S34
2
2

S
(
S

S
)0

23
12
34
*
*
*
S14 S24 S34 0 row 2, 4 : S14 S12 S34 S23 0...(4)

S13 S24 choose S13 S24 j (1) : j (S23 S14* ) 0

case 2 : if

S12 S34
S12 S34
(3) : (S23 S14* ) 0
(a) S14 S23 0 directional coupler as case 1
0
0
(b) 0
0

S14

input port P1, 1

0
0
S23
0

0 S14
S23 0
, two decoupled two-port networks
0
0

0
0
2

P2 through port, 2
P3 coupled port, 2

isolated port P4, 0

4

3
7-10

3. directivity measurement
If C=20dB, D=35dB, RL=30dB (require <D=35dB)
1

1
D
with the use of a sliding load e j

For

-30dB

-20dB
> -55dB
-85dB -50dB
13 (C ,-20dB)4 (C/D,-55dB)
V 3
C

V 3 C V 1 , D V 4
V1
V4
D
124 (C,-50dB)3 (C/D-85dB)
C
V 4 C V1 ( C 1 C 2 V1 ), V3
V1
D

V4-

V-4min

P4 max 1 D

P4 min 1 D

DM

CV1+

CDV1+ V-4max

C
C )2
D
C
P4 min P1 ( C ) 2
D
P3
D
P3 C 2 P1 , M

P4 max 1 D

P4 max P1 (

7-11

2m
m 1

3
b1 S11 S12 S13
b S
2 12 S22 S 23
b3 S13 S 23 S33

b4 S14 S24 S34
b1 S11a1 S12 2b2

0.6
0.5

|b

0.4

|b

3
4

/a
/a

1
1

|
|

0.3
0.2

S14 a1 b1 S11
S24 a2 b2 S12

S34 a3 b3 S13

S44 a4 b4 S14

b2 S12 a1 S 22 2b2
b3 S13 a1 S 23 2b2
b4 S14 a1 S 24 2b2
S12
b2
a1
1 S 22 2
b3
S12
S13 S23 2
a1
1 S22 2
b4
S12
S14 S 24 2
a1
1 S 22 2

S12

S13

S22
S 23
S24

S 23
S33
S34

0.07769o

0.6860.8o
Given
0.684 89o

o
0.11424
S31

S14 a1
S 24 2b2

S34 0

S 44 0

0.6860.8o
0.09254o
0.11119o

0.1
0
0

0.684 89o
0.11119o
0.10672o

0.686 92o 0.6800.1o

S
0.684, C 3.3dB, 31 6, D 15.56dB
S 41

100

200

300

0.11424o

0.686 92o
0.6800.1o

0.11464o

30

RL 30dB, 2 10 20 e j
b
b
mean 3
max 4
a1 0.6840 =5.3089,m
a1 0.1288 =1.3004
M
b 0.1288
b 0.0990
max 4
min 4
a1
a1
2m
DM
6.0022
m 1

7-12

7.2 The T-junction power divider

lossless divider

2
1

Z2
Zo

jB

Z3

Yin
3

1
1
1
Yin jB

Z 2 Z3 Zo

B 0 "not practical"

A lossless divider has mismatched ports.

7-13

Discussion
1. Ex. 7.1 Zo=50, P2:P3=1:2, calculate 2 and 3.
1 2 1 1 1
:
:
P1 : P2 : P3 1: :
3 3 Zo Z 2 Z3
Z 2 3Z o 150, Z 3

3
Z o 75
2

Z in Z 2 // Z 3 50
2

50 //150 Z 3
50 // 75 Z 2
0.666, 3
0.333
50 // 75 Z 2
50 //150 Z 3

2. Its a lossless and mismatched three-port divider, and not good

in isolation.

7-14

 resistive (lossy) divider

R
R
1

Zo

V2

Zo

V1

R
+

V3 Zo

Zin

matched ports ( R Z o ) //( R Z o ) R Z o

2
Zo
R Zo 2
2
3

,
Z
Z
V
V
V1
1
o
0 1 1 in
2
2
3
3
R Zo
1

3
S 1 0 1
2
Zo
3
1
1 1 0
V V1
V2 ,V3 V
Zo
2
Zo 4
3

Discussion
1.

7-15

Zo
3

1 V12
1 V12 Pin

, P2 P3
2. Pin
2 Zo
8 Zo
4
2
(V1 V1 ) 2
2
P
V
1 (V1 V ) 1
1
3
1
in
Ploss , R @1
=
Zo
R
2
2
6 Zo
3
3
2
1
( V1 V ) 2
2
2
Pin
V
1 (V V2 ) 1 3
1
2
1
Ploss , R @ 2,3

=
Zo
R
2
2
24 Z o 12
3
lossy divider
2

3. Its a lossy and matched three-port divider, and not good in isolation.

7-16

7.3 The Wilkinson power divider

basic concept
2Z o , / 4

Zo

Zo 1
2Zo
2Z o , / 4

0 j j
1

0
0
j

2
j 0 0

Zo

Input port 1 matched, port 2 and port 3 have equal potential

2Z o , / 4
Input port 2, port 2 and port 3 have perfect isolation
=> a lossy, matched and good isolation (equal phase) three-port
divider
7-17

 even-odd mode analysis

A linear, symmetric network

2Zo
even mode
O.C.
odd mode
S.C.

2Z o , / 4

Zo

2V 2V

+|

R/2
2Zo

4V

R/2
2Z o , / 4

7-18

Zo

2V -2V
even- oddmode excitation

even-mode
2Z o , / 4 2

2Zo 1

Zo

2V
+|

Zine =Zo
/4

ports 2, 3 matched S 22 e 0, S33e 0

V2 e V ,symmetry of ports 2 and 3 V3e V

2 2
1
V1e jV
j 2V
1
2 2
(derivation of V1e ) V ( z ) V e j z V e j z

V2 e V e

2
4

V e

2
4

V e

V e

jV (1 ) V

2
1
2
V j
V1e V V V (1 ) j
1
2
1
2
1

7-19

2
2 V j 4 V j 2V
2
2 2
2

odd-mode

2Z o , / 4 2

Zo

2V
+|

R/2
Zino =Zo
R
Z o R 2 Z o ports 2 and 3 matched S 22 o S33o 0
2
V2 o V , V3o V , V1o 0
V2 e V
V2 V2 e V2 o 2V
V2 o V
V3e V
V1e j 2V

2
,
V
V
V
j
V

V3 V3e V3o 0
1
1e
1o
V3o V
V1o 0
V1
S12
V2

S 22 0, L 1 0

V3 V3
S32
V2 V2

V1 j 2V
1

j
S 21 S31 S13
V2
2V
2

S 22 0, L 3 0

0
0 S 23
2V
7-20

Discussion
1. 3dB Wilkinson power divider has equal amplitude and phase
outputs at port 2 and port 3.
2. Ex. 7.2 3dB Wilkinson power divider Zo=70.7, R=100.
frequency response (p.332, Fig. 7.12)
3. 3dB Wilkinson power combiner

j
a
a
(
)
2
3

b1
0 j j 0
2
a2

b 1 j 0 0 a
b1
0

a3
2
2
2

b3
j 0 0 a3
0

1 1
1
2
2
2
if a2 a3 P1 ( a2 a3 ) ( a2 a3 ) P2 P3
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
2
if a2 a3 , P1 ( a2 a3 ) a2 a3
2 2
4
a2 a3
a2 a3
2
a2
1 a2 a3
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
i / p even
P1 2
a2 a3 ( a2 a3 ) P2 P3
, odd
a3
a2 a3
a3 a2
2 2
4
2
2
2

7-21

(Proof of P 1 a a 2 1 ( a 2 a 2 ) P P )
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
4

a2

b1

a3

1
1
1
2
2
2
a2 a3 a2 a3 a2* a3* a2 a3 a2 a3* a2*a3

4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1 2 1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a2 a3 Re[a2 a3* ] a2 a3 a2 a3 a2 a3 P2 P3
2
4
2
4
4
2
P1

a2 a3 a2 a3 a2* a3* a2 a3 a2 a3* a2*a3

2

a2 a3 2 Re[a2 a3* ] 0
2

2 Re[a2 a3* ] a2 a3

1
1
2
2
Re[a2 a3* ] a2 a3

2
4

7-22

4. unequal power division (Wilkinson power divider)

Zin2

Zo2 ,

R2
Zo4

Zo
(1) port1 match Zo Zin2 // Zin3

Zo
R

Zin3

Z o3 ,

2
P3
V32
2
2 V2
K
K
(2)
P2
Zin3
Zin2

(3) V2 V3 Zin2 K 2 Zin3

R3

Zo5

Zo

(1), (3) Z in 2 (1 K ) Z o , Z in 3
2

R2 K 2 R3 , R2 KZ o R3

1 K 2
Zo

2
K

Zo
Z
, Z o 4 K Z o , Z o5 o
K
K

Z o 2 Z in 2 R2 K (1 K ) Z o , Z o 3
2

7-23

1 K 2
Zo
Z in 3 R3
K3

Zo2

I2
Zo

I1
V1

I2
Zo ,
I1

V2

2V

Zo

+|

IR

V1
I1=0

Zo4

Va
R

Zo

Zo3 I1 GND Zo5

cos
V
1
I j sin
1 Z
o

jZ o sin

cos

0
V
2
I j
2 Z
o

jZ o
V1 jZ o I 2
V
2
j
0 I 2
I1
V2
Zo

V V
V1
, I2 a , 1 Zo
jZ o 3
jZ o 2 I 2

I R I1 0

Va
jZ I
Z I
Z
Z
V
1 o 2 2 o 2 jI 2 ( o 2 o )
R jZ o 3
R
jZ o 3
R Z o3

Z o 2 Z o3 1 K 2
Z o , K 1 for a 3dB Wilkinson divider
R

Zo
K
7-24

5. N-way Wilkinson power divider (not in planar shape)

N Z o , / 4

R=Zo

Zo

Zo

Zo

NZo

7-25

7.5 The quadrature 90 hybrid

branch-line coupler
Port 2 and port 3 have equal amplitude and 90 phase difference
1

Z o / 2 , / 4 2
Z o , / 4

Z o , / 4
4

Z o / 2 , / 4
even-odd mode analysis
1 1
,
2 2
1 1
,
2 2

1 j

2 1

b1

b4

b2
b3

3
7-26

odd-mode

even-mode
1
2
1
e
2

1
2
1
e
2

,1
8

O.C.

1
,
4 2

1
1
Te 2
2

O.C.

,1
8

1
To
2

S.C.

S.C.

1
o
2

1
2
1
o
2

1
Te
2

1
1
1
1
b1 e o S11 , b2 Te To S 21
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
b3 Te To S 31 , b4 e o S 41
2
2
2
2

7-27

b1
b
2
b3

b4

b2
b1
b4

b3
b4
b1

b3

b2

1
To
2

b4
b3
b2

b1

Z o , / 4

A
C

B cos

D jYo sin

A
C

B 1

D Y

jZ o sin
0

cos jYo
2

jZ o
0

0
1

1 0

open-circuit stub

8
jYo 1
0
1

odd-mode:
short-circuit stub

1
jY
8
o

even-mode:

AZ o B CZ o2 DZ o
2Zo
,
T
S
S11

21
AZ o B CZ o2 DZ o
AZ o B CZ o2 DZ o

7-28

A
C

B
1

D e j

0 0
1
j 2

j
1
2
j

0
1 1 j

1
2 j 1

0
A B
1 0
1 0 1 1 j
2

C D

j 1
2 j 1

o j 1

0
j 2
1
1
e 0 , o 0 ,Te
(1 j ), To
(1 j )
2
2
Zb
j
1
b1 0, b2
, b3
, b4 0
Za
2
2

Zb

Za

Discussion
1. Unequal power division branch-line coupler uses Za, Zb /4 lines
(prob. 7.18).
2. Ex. 7.5, frequency response (p.346, Fig. 7.25), BW: 10% ~ 20%
3. Multisection branch-line couplers can increase the operation BW.
7-29

4. Smith chart consideration

1

Zo , / 8

Z o / 2 , / 4 2

Zo
1
,z ,y j
j
j
open

Zo , / 8

y 1 j

y=1+j

Z jZ o , z j , y j

short

even-mode
G

Z o / 2 , / 4 2

odd-mode

(1 j )
y
2

(1 j )
y
2

7-30

y 1 j

y=1+j

(1 j )
2

(1 j )
2

7.6 Coupled line directional couplers

coupled line theory
W

C12

W
C11

C22

even-mode excitation
+V

+V

H wall
odd-mode excitation
+V

-V
E wall

C11

C22

2C12
C11

2C12
C22

7-31

Ce C11 C22
Z oe

1
ve C e

Co C11 2C12
1
Z oo
vo Co

Discussion
1. In general vevo (effe>effo), for TEM mode ve = vo = v.
2. Zoe, Zoo (W/b, S/b) (p.349, Fig. 7.29 and p.350, Fig. 7.30) for
coupled striplines and microstrip lines.
3. Zoe > Zoo, W/b Zoe Zoo , S/b Zoe Zoo and
Zoe, Zoo Zo.
4. Ex.7.6 derive Zoe, Zoo of coupled striplines (p.347, Fig.7.26(b))
W
W
4bW
W

2
,
C

12
(b S ) 2 (b S ) 2 b S 2
S
Ce C11 , Co C11 2C12
C11

S
W

1
b2 S 2
Z oe
Zo
vCe
4bW r
1
1
Z oo
Zo
vCo
2W r [2b /(b 2 S 2 ) 1/ S ]
7-32

matched port Z o Z oe Z oo
Z oe Z oo

,
C
2
Z oe Z oo

j 1 C2
C
0

2
0
0
j 1 C

C
j
0
0

C
j 1 C2
0

design equations: Z oe Z o

coupled line coupler

S
1

1 C2

1 C
1 C
, Z oo Z o
S, W
1 C
1 C
7-33

Discussion
1. Design procedure: given C and Zo, calculate Zoe and Zoo, then
use Fig. 7.29 or 7.30 to find W/b and S/b for stripline or
microstrip.
2. even-odd mode analysis

even odd
V -V
2V
V

+
V3, I3 Zoe, Zoo

+
I4, V4

|+
1

+ I1
V1

I2 +
V2

even mode: I1e I 3e , I 2e I 4e , V1e V3e , V2e V4e

odd mode: I1o I 3o , I 2o I 4o , V1o V3o , V2o V4o
7-34

I1 I1e I1o , I 2 I 2e I 2o , I 3 I1e I1o , I 4 I 2e I 2o

V1 V1e V1o ,V2 V2e I 2o ,V3 V1e V1o ,V4 V2e V2o
Z

Zoe,o

e ,o
in

Zo jZoe,o tan
Zoe,o jZo tan

e ,o
1

Zine,o
V
V e ,o
, I1e,o e,o
Zin Z o
Zin Z o

2( Zine Zino Z o2 )
V1 V1e V1o
Zin e o Z o e
...(1)
o
I1 I1 I1
Zin Zin 2Z o
Z o if Z o2 ( Zine Zino ) Z oe Z oo ...(2)
V

e ,o
1

Zo jZoe,o tan
2Z o j ( Z oe Zoo ) tan

...(3)

j ( Z oe Zoo ) tan
V3 V V V
2Z o j ( Z oe Zoo ) tan
e
1

o
1

Z oe Zoo
jC tan
V3 V
C
...(4)
2
Zoe Z oo
1 C j tan
7-35

Zine
Zino
V e
V o
Zin Z o
Zin Z o
V1 V1e V1o
derivation of (1) : Zin e o
V
V
I1 I1 I1

Zine Z o Zino Z o
Zine ( Zino Z o ) Zino ( Zine Z o ) Zo ( Zine Zino 2Z o ) 2Zino Zine 2Zo2

e
o
Zin Zin 2Z o
Zine Zino 2Z o
2( Zine Zino Z o2 )
Zo e
Zin Zino 2Z o
derivation of (2) : Zine Zino Zoe
Zoe Zoo Zo2

Z oe Zoo

Z oe Z oo

Zo jZ oe tan
Z jZ oo tan
Z oo o
Zoe jZo tan
Zoo jZ o tan

Z oe Z oo jZ oe tan 1/ Z oe Z oe Zoo jZoo tan 1/ Zoo

Z oe j Z oe Z oo tan 1/ Z oe Z oo j Z oe Z oo tan 1/ Zoo

Z oo j Zoe tan Z oe j Zoo tan

Z oe j Z oo tan Z oo j Z oe tan

7-36

Zoe Z oo Z o2 Zin Z o : i/p match

Zo jZ oe tan
Zine
Zoe jZ o tan
e
derivation of (3):V1 V e
V
Z jZ oe tan
Zin Z o
Z oe o
Zo
Zoe jZ o tan
Z oe

Z oe Z o jZoe2 tan
1/ Z oe
Z o jZ oe tan
V

V
2Z oe Z o jZoe2 tan jZ o2 tan 1/ Z oe
2Z o jZ oe tan jZoo tan
V3 V1e V1o V

j ( Zoe Z oo ) tan
2Zo j ( Z oe Z oo ) tan

derivation of (4):C

Z oe Z oo
Z oe Z oo

Z oe Z oo
tan
Zoe Zoo
jC tan
V3 V
V
2Z o
2Z o
j tan
j tan
Z oe Z oo
Z oe Z oo
j

( Z oe Z oo )2 ( Z oe Z oo )2 2 Z oe Z oo
Zoe Z oo 2
2Zo

1 C 1 (
)
Z oe Z oo
Z oe Z oo
Z oe Z oo Z oe Z oo
2

V3 V

jC tan
1 C 2 j tan
7-37

V1e , o cos
e ,o
I1 jYoe , o sin
V2e , o

jZ oe , o sin V2e , o

cos I 2e , o
Zo
.......(5)
V
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin

2Zo
V2 V V V
V
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin
e
2

o
2

1 C2
1 C 2 cos j sin

V4 V2e V2e 0

3. frequency response at port 2 and port 3

1
1-C2

|S21|2
|S31|2

C2
0

2
7-38

derivation of (5)
jZ oe , o sin V1e , o
jZ oe , o sin V2e , o
cos
V1e , o cos
V2e , o
e ,o

e ,o
e ,o
cos I 2e , o
cos
I1
I1 jYoe , o sin
I 2 jYoe , o sin
Z o jZ oe , o tan
Z o cos jZ oe , o sin
V
V1e , o V
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin
2 Z o j ( Z oe Z oo ) tan
V
Z o jZ oe tan
I1e e
, Z ine Z oe
Z in Z o
Z oe jZ o tan
V
V
Z oe jZ o tan
I1e e

V
Z in Z o Z oe Z o jZ oe tan Z o
Z oe ( Z o jZ oe tan ) Z o ( Z oe jZ o tan )
Z oe jZ o tan
V

1 j Z oo / Z oe tan
cos j Z oo / Z oe sin
Z oe jZ o tan
1 / Z oe
V
V

2
2
2 Z o j ( Z oe Z oo ) tan
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin
2 Z oe Z o j ( Z oe Z o ) tan 1 / Z oe

I1e , o V

cos j Z oo , e / Z oe , o sin
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin

V2e , o cos V1e , o jZ oe , o sin I1e , o

V

jZ oe , o sin (cos j Z oo , e / Z oe , o sin )

( Z o cos jZ oe , o sin ) cos
V
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin

Z o cos 2 jZ oe , o sin jZ oe , o sin Z oe Z oo sin 2

2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin
Zo
V
2 Z o cos j ( Z oe Z oo ) sin
V

7-39

4. selection of line length

2
V1 1

V2 1

V3 C , P2 C 2 P1

V3 0

V4 0

V4 0

V1 1

V2 j 1 C 2 , P2 (1 C 2 ) P1

, V2 and V3 have 90 o phase difference quadrature coupler

5. In general vevo eo, coupled line coupler is suited for a

weakly coupled coupler.
6. C=3dB Zoe=120.7 Zoo=20.7 S becomes not practical
and coupled line theory is not applicable Lange coupler
7-40

7. Ex.7.7 design a 20dB coupled stripline coupler, b=0.32cm,

r=2.2, Zo=50f=3GHz.
C 10 20 / 20 0.1 Z oe 55.28, Z oo 45.23
from p.349, Fig. 7.29, W / b 0.809, S / b 0.306 S 0.098cm
frequency response (p.356, Fig. 7.34)

multisection coupled line coupler

4

C1

C2

C3

CN
2

7-41

C 1, N : odd
single section

V3
jC tan
jC tan

jC sin e j
V1
1 C 2 j tan 1 j tan

V2
1 C2
1

e j
V1
1 C 2 cos j sin cos j sin

multisection

V3
jC1 sin e j jC2 sin e j e j 2 .... jC N sin e j e j 2( N 1)
V1

if C1 C N , C2 C N 1 ,....
V3
N 1
1
j 2sin e jN [C1 cos( N 1) C2 cos( N 3) .... CM ], M
V1
2
2
C

V3
V
( ), 3 () Cn S n , Wn
V1
2 V1
7-42

Discussion
1. Ex. 7.8 design a 20dB coupler with binomial response, N=3,
Zo=50fo=3GHz.

V3
1
2sin [C1 cos 2 C2 ] C1 sin 3 (C2 C1 ) sin
V1
2

dC
d 2C

20 / 20
0,

0.1
C
C
C
10
0,
(
)
C
-2C
10
1
2
2
1
2
d
d
2
2

1
1
3
Z oe3 50.63, Z oo
Z oo
49.38
C1 C3 0.0125 Z oe

C2 0.125 Z oe2 56.69, Z oo2 44.1

frequency response (p.359, Fig. 7.37)

7-43

7.7 The Lange coupler (interdigitated coupler)

3

/4

1
3

4
1

Unfolded Lange coupler

7-44

four-wire coupled line model

3

even +
odd +

Cm
Cex

+
-

Cin

+
+
Cm

+
Cm
Cex

Cin

Ze4, Zo4

Cex

approximate two-wire coupled line model C ex C in (C m in series with C ex )

3

Ze4, Zo4
1

C o 4 C ex C in 3 2 C m

Cm
Cex

C C

nearest C in C ex ex m
C ex C m
neighbor
coupling C e 4 C ex C in

Cex

C e C ex
C o C ex 2 C m
7-45

4-line model : C e 4 C ex C in , C o 4 C ex C in 6 C m
2-line model : C e C ex , C o C ex 2 C m
Ce4
Zo

Zo

C e (3C e C o )
C (3C o C e )
, Co4 o
...(1)
Ce Co
Ce Co

Z Z oe
Z Z oe
1
Z e 4 oo
Z oe , Z o 4 oo
Z oo ...(2)
vC
3 Z oo Z oe
3 Z oe Z oo

Z e4Z o4 , C

Z e4 Z o4

Z e4 Z o4

Z oe

4 C 3 9 8C 2

Zo
2 C (1 C ) /(1 C )

Z oo

4 C 3 9 8C
Zo
2 C (1 C ) /(1 C )
2

W ,S

Discussion
1. Lange coupler is suitable for wideband 3dB 90 hybrid, and MMIC
design uses air bridges instead of bond wires.
7-46

C in C ex

derivation of (1) : 4-line : C e 4 C ex C in

2-line : C e C ex , C o C ex 2 C m C m

Ce4

Co 4

C ex C m
C ex C m

2 C ex

C ex C m
C ex C m

Co Ce
2

Co Ce
C e C o C e2 2 C e2 2 C e C o C e C o C e2 C e (3C e C o )
2
2C e
2C e

Co Ce

C
C
C
C
Ce Co
e
o
e
o
Ce
2
C e (3C e C o )
3C e2 C e C o 3C o2 3C e2 C o (3C o C e )
C ex C in 6 C m
3(C o C e )

Ce Co
Ce Co
Ce Co
Ce

1
vC
Z Z oe
1
1 C e C o 1 / vC e C o
1 1 / vC o 1 / vC e

Z oe oo
C (3C e C o ) vC e 3C e C o 1 / vC e C o vC e 3 / vC o 1 / vC e
3 Z oo Z oe
v e
Ce Co

derivation of (2) : Z o
Z e4

Zo4

1
vC e 4

Z Z oe
1
1
1 C e C o 1 / vC e C o
1 1 / vC o 1 / vC e

Z oo oo
vC o 4 v C o (3C o C e ) vC o 3C o C e 1 / vC e C o vC o 3 / vC e 1 / vC o
3 Z oe Z oo
Ce Co

7-47

7.8 The 180 hybrid

rat-race (ring) hybrid

(1) input port 1

port 1 match

/4

(2) input ports 2 and 3

2Z o

/4

3 / 4

port 1 : port, port 4 : port

0 1

j 1 0
2 1 0

0 1

/4
Zo

2Zo

3
1

port 4 " GND"

4
4
2
or isolated port

()

2Z o Z o

()

7-48

0
0 1
0 1

1 0
1

Discussion
1. even-odd mode analysis
2

1/2
e

1/2 1/2 1

1/2 -1/2

Te
3
, 2
8

, 2
O.C.

1
1
e o ,
2
2
1
1
b2 Te To
2
2
1
1
b3 e o ,
2
2
1
1
b4 Te To
2
2
b1

, 2

O.C.

1/2
o

, 2

To
3
, 2
8

, 2
S.C.
S.C.

7-49

Z o , / 4

0
jY
o

jZ o
0

A
C

A
C

1

jYo
1
B jYo

D 1
jYo

1

jYo

0
even - mode open - circuit /8 stub

1
0
even - mode open - circuit 3/8 stub

1
0
odd - mode short - circuit /8 stub

1
0
odd - mode short - circuit 3/8 stub

7-50

1
B
j

D e
2

0 0

j
1
2

j 2 1

j
0

2

1
1 j 2

0 0
0
1
j 2 1
1
B

j
j
j

1
1
D o
0
j 2

2
2
2

j
j
j
j
e
, o
,Te
, To
2
2
2
2
j
j
b1 0, b2
, b3
, b4 0
2
2
A

j 2

1
j 2

2. input port 2 ports 1, 4 180 phase difference, port 3 isolated port

input port 4 ports 2, 3 180 phase difference, port 1 isolated port

7-51

3. Ex. 7.9 3dB rat-race hybrid Zo=70.7, BW 20~30% (p.367, Fig.7.46)

4.
b1
0

b2
j 1

2 1
b3

b4
0

0 0
a 2 a3

1 a2

j 0

2 0

1 a3

a2 a3
0 0

5. Unequal power division rat-race coupler uses Za, Zb lines

Za
Zb

Zb

Za
7-52

 tapered coupled line hybrid

1
1
Te To
2
2
1
1
b2 e o
2
2
1
1
b3 Te To
2
2
1
1
b4 e o
2
2
b1

1/2 -1/2
even

odd

Z oe ( z ) Z oo ( z ) Z o2

Zo

Z oe ( z ), Z oo ( z )
4

1/2 1/2
input at port 4
Zo / k

tapered
coupled line

Zo

3
uniform
uncoupled line

Z oe ( z )

Zo
kZo

0 k 1
coupling factor

Z oo ( z )
L

2L
7-53

b1
b
2
b3

b4
z

b2
b1
b4

b3
b4
b1

b3

b2

b4
b3
b2

b1

k :1

Even mode
4

Z o , L

Z o , L

Zo / k
1: k

Odd mode
4

A
C

B
cos

D e j sin

Z o , L
k
j sin
cos 0

2
2

k
cos
sin

j
k
(
) sin cos

Z o , L

kZ o

0
1
k

cos
j sin

j sin
cos

(p.190, Table 4.1)

A BC D
) sin cos
e
k
A BC D

1
2

k sin 2
Te
cos 2
A BC D
k

j( k

7-54

 1
j sin
k
cos
0

0
A B
cos
cos j sin

C D

j sin cos

o j sin

k
1
1

A B C D
2
2

j
k

cos
sin
(
)
sin
cos

o
k
A BC D

1
1
2

2
2
j
k

(
)
sin
cos
sin
cos
o

A B C D
k
k

k 1 j 2
2 k j 2
2 k j 2
1 k j 2
e
, o
e
,Te
e
, To
e
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
1
1
b1 Te To
k 1 j 2
2
2
b1 0 S14 , b2
e j 2 S 24 ,
e
1
1
k 1
b2 e o
2
2
2 k j 2
e j 2 S 34 , b4 0 S 44
b3
e
1
1
k 1
b3 Te To
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
b4 e o
2
2
e

7-55

input at port 2 input at port 4 S12 S34 , S22 S44 , S32 S14 , S42 S24
reciprocal S23 S32 , S41 S14
1 k j 2
k 1 j 2
e ,o
e
k 1
k 1
1
1
1 k j 2
b1 (e o ) 0 S11 , b3 (e o )
e
e j 2 S31
2
2
k 1
input at port 3 input at port 1 S13 S31
input at port 1 e

0 0
0 0

S e j 2
0 0

0
0

7-56

 waveguide magic-T
4 , E-plane arm

H
3

1 , H-plane arm

input at port 1
port 4: 0
port 2 and port 3: equal
amplitude and phase

7-57

input at port 4
port 1: 0
port 2 and port 3: 180 phase
difference

7.9 Other couplers

reflectometer
Vi

Vr

Vi
C/D C/D

3
4

C<<1

4
C

load

Vr

C
C
e j ,V r
C e j
D
D
1

Vr
D , as D Vr

V i m a x ,m in
Vi
1
D

Vi C

7-58

Prob. 7.4 Two 90 8.34dB couplers are connected in cascade, find S 2 '1 , S 3 '1
1

j
4

C 8.34 dB 20 log 0 .383, 2 2 1 0.924

V 3' V 4' j V1 ' V 3 j V 2 ( j V1 ) j ( V1 )
= 2j V1 0.707 90 o V1
V 2' V1 ' j V 4' V 2 j V 3 ( V1 ) j ( j V1 )
= ( 2 2 )V1 0.707V1
V

4'

3 dB quadra tu re coupler
1
connection problem in m icrostrip circuits
7-59

Prob. 7.18 Design an unequal power branch-line coupler

Zb

Za

Zb

Za

a
a
a
S.C.
O.C.
Z
Z
(even mode) a a , b b (odd mode)
Zo

A
C

A
C

Zo

B
0 0
jb 1
0
jb
b / a
1

D e j / a 1 j / b 0 j / a 1 j / b jb / a 2 b / a
B
0 0
jb 1
0
b/a
jb
1

2
D o j / a 1 j / b 0 j / a 1 j / b jb / a
b / a

1
1
j (b 1 / b b / a 2 )
j (b 1 / b b / a 2 )
, Te
, To
,

o
2
2
b / a jb
2b / a j (b 1 / b b / a )
b / a jb
2b / a j (b 1 / b b / a )
1
1
1
input match b1 ( e o ) 0 1 2 2 0...(1)
b
a
2
j
1 / a

1
1
2
2
b2 (Te To )
, b3 (Te To )
, P2 P3 b2 b3 1 2 a
2
2
2
b (1 1 / a )
2
b (1 1 / a )
a
e

(1) b

a
1 a2

Za
1

Zo , Zb

Zo
1

ADS examples: Ch7_prj

7-60