Reminders:

You need to spend time thinking about the three different plate boundaries and the features that you get at
each one. You need to compartmentalize what you get at each boundary.
THE MOST IMPORTANT THING TO STUDY IS THE EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS.
PLATES EXIST BY MAPPING EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES.
PLATES MOVE BY POLAR WANDERING AND HOTSPOTS.
SEAFLOOR SPREADING IS PROVED BY OCEAN DRILLING, PALEOMAGNETISM, AND MAGNETIC
REVERSALS.
SUBDUCTION IS PROVED BY BENIOFF ZONE.

Please do not mix up paleomagnetism with magnetic reversals.

Do you know the contributions of the scientists? Eight different contributors. Know them?

Do you know the evidence to prove that there was a pangaea? Four pieces of evidence.

Do you know how continents move based on plate tectonics and convection currents?

Metamorphism gives a reduced volume, larger interlocking crystals, and new minerals.

You need heat, pressure, and hot chemical fluids. DO NOT SAY MELTING.

Texture can either be foliated or non-foliated. Do you know examples of foliated and non-foliated metamorphic
rocks?

Do you know the difference between regional and contact metamorphism? How do you get each of these?

Weathering and erosion creates sediment. Compaction and cementation leads to lithification.

Sedimentary rocks are either biochemical, chemical, or clastic. Know examples of each?

Clastics are based on particle size and shape. angular gravel, then rounded gravel, then sand, then silt, and
then mud. Can you draw the difference between conglomerate and breccia and why they are different?

Do you understand the difference between horizontal and vertical sorting of sediment?

Do you know the stages in the formation of coal and which are sedimentary forms and which is the
metamorphic form?
igneous rocks are about composition/colour and texture. composition is either felsic, intermediate, mafic, or
ultramafic. Bowen's reaction series is IMPORTANT.

TEXTURES are either phaneritic, aphanitic, glassy, vesicular, or porphyritic. Know what each of these textures
look like and how each is obtained based on gases being released and cooling rate.

Diamonds come from kimberlite. Remember the lab and how kimberlite explosions occur?
KNOW THE BROTHER-SISTER ROCKS THAT ARE IGNEOUS. SO IMPORTANT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

how could you distinguish between quartz and calcite?

What are the different mineral properties?

What mineral properties are more important than the others?

Why is colour not a good property to rely on? 3 reasons are?

Which properties are best to rely on?

Do you know some properties about each of the minerals that we done in the lab and especially the "special"
properties?

Do you know the chemistry related terms?

Can you define a mineral based on 5 things?

Can you specify the 7 mineral groups and the rules for each?

Which mineral group dominates the crust? Answer is silicates that is made up of the silicon-oxygen
tetrahedrons. Elements that dominate the crust are "Ottawa Senators Are Insane Calgary Should Play
Montreal".

What things are not minerals and why?

To get a fossil you need hard body parts and rapid burial by fine-grained sediment.

Do you know the methods of fossilization and what is significant about each method. Preserved intact,
petrifaction by replacement, mould and cast, trace, and carbonization

Do you know about the geological time scale?

phanerozoic eon is broken down into paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic.

eras are broken down into periods.

Do you know the meaning of 13-20Ba, 4.5Ba, 248 Ma, 65 Ma?

Do you know the two mass extinctions based on period before and period after?

Relative time - no numbers. Like cross-cutting relationships, unconformities, superposition, inclusions, magma
intrusion, lava extrusion, etc. Do you know these laws and principles?

Absolute time involves numbers and tree rings, varves, and RD are examples.

1 ring = 1 year
1 varve = 1 year = 2 sedimentary layers (alternating coarse/light and fine/dark)
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Do you know the different types of radiometric problems that could be asked?

Do you know the assumption that is always made that the measured parent:daughter ratio is correct and
accurate?

Do you know why you cannot date a sedimentary and or metamorphic rock?

Catastrophism explains Earth and its formation differently from Hutton's Uniformitarianism. Know both?

Hutton said "the present is the key to the past" and "the same geological processes at work today were at work
in the past and will be at work in the future".
if we want to know how dinosaurs moved, then we need to analyze present-day animals.
If a supercontinent formed in the past, then it is safe to say that one will occur again in the
future.

There are four major branches and many minor branches of ES. Do you know them?

Do you know the four stages that led to the formation of the solar system 4.54 Ba? Know the details that relate
to each of the four stages?

The universe formed 13-20 Ba from an event called Big bang. We know it is expanding due to Raisin Bun
Analogy.

G, A, H, B. Order the spheres formed.

If Japan was to get hit by a tsuanami consider how all four spheres would be impacted.

The earth melted due to heat from radioactive decay, particle collisions, and gravitational forces. Then the
melted earth started to segregate and heavy elements went to the middle and light elements went to the
outside. This is why Earth got layers.