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-> greek word

(natural)

-> study of nature

MECHANICS

-> anything physically measurable (ex. height, mass, distance)

-> uses a standard called a
(SI system) > meters, kilograms, seconds
-> standard system of units
> inches, pounds, yard

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> meter (m)

> second (s)

> kilogram (kg)

VECTORS

> Coulomb (C)

-> magnitude (ex. height, mass, age)

> magnitude & direction (ex. position, velocity, force)
(position)
(velocity)
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METHOD

METHOD

-> magnitude of the vector ( A , A)

> direction of the vector
-> same directions

Head to Tail
Tail to Tail (Parallelogram method)

Ex.1. Find A B

> same magnitude but opposite direction

A
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Ex.2. Find C D

Solutions:

AB

Solutions:

AB

CD

CD

-> hat vectors (length of 1 unit)

i - along the x - axis

j - along the y - axis
k - along the z - axis

3m

Ay

1m j

C 2m i

1m

D 2m j

2m

10

A Ax A y

1m i

x
1m

2m

3m
11

A A x i A y j

Ax A y
2

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> only add the same components

-> the result is a vector

if A 3i 2 j

A 4i

B 2i 4 j

C 3(i) 3i

D 3(i) 4( j ) 3i 4 j

Ex1. Find C A B

-> vector addition is commutative ( A B B A)

and B i 4 j

3
2
1

Solution:

C AB

-3

-2

-1

(3i 2 j ) (i 4 j )

C 4i 2 j

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Ex2.

Find D 3A 2B

if A 3i 2 j and B i 4 j

A y A y j

2B

D 3A 2B

D 7i 14 j

A x A x i

x
-6

-4

3A

3 3i 2 j 2 i 4 j

9i 6 j 2i 8 j

14

Solution:

9i 6 j 2i 8 j

14

-2

cos

sin

2B

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Ax
A
Ay

A x A cos
A y A sin
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Ay

Solution:

A
Ax
sin
A

A A xi A y j

B B xi B y ( j ) B xi B y j

Ax

Ay

A 2m, A 30, B 1m, B 60

cos

Ex1. Find C A B if

A y A cos

A x A cos A

A x A sin

A x 1.73m

A y A sin A

(2m) cos(30)

B x B cos B

(2m) sin(30)
A y 1m

B y B sin B

(1m) cos(60)

(1m) sin(60)

B x 0.5m

B y 0.87m

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Ex1. Find C A B if

A 2m, A 30, B 1m, B 60

Solution:

A 1.73m i 1m j

B 0.5m i 0.87m j

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Ex2. Find the magnitude & direction of C

Solution:

magnitude

C 2.23m i 0.13m j

C (2.23m) (0.13m)
C 2.23m
2

C AB
(1.73m i 1m j ) (0.5m i 0.87m j )

C 2.23m i 0.13m j

Ex2. Find the magnitude & direction of C

direction

C tan 1

19

Cy
Cx

tan 1

0.13m
tan 1 0.058 3.34, 183.34
2.23m
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PRODUCT (

1. A 3i 2 j 2k ; B i 4 j k ; C 2i 4 j 3k

Find : a. A B C
b. 3B 2C
c. 2A B 3C

2. A 3m, B 2m, C 1m
A 30, C 60
Find the magnitude & direction of :

a. D A B
b. E A B C

)
)

PRODUCT (

-> scalar product (result is a

A B AB cos

Note: Dot product is commutative ( A B B A )

21

22

Ex1. A 3i 2 j 4k and

i i j j k k 1
the rest are zero

Find :

a. A B

B 2i j 3k

b. (angle between A and B)

Solution:

a. A B A x B x A y B y A z B z

A B (A xi A y j A z k) (B xi B y j B z k)

(3 2) (2 1) (4 (3))

AB 4

A x B x (i i) A y B y ( j j ) A z B z (k k)

A B A xB x A yB y A z B z

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b. A B AB cos

AB
cos
AB

1 A B

cos

AB

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B 2i j 3k

Ex1. A 3i 2 j 4k and

Find :

a. A B

b. (angle between A and B)

Solution:

cos1 0.198

b. A 32 2 2 4 2 5.39

101,101

B 2 2 12 (3) 2 3.74
4

5.39 3.74

cos1

25

-> vector product (result is a

-> obeys

-> non-commutative ( A B B A )

AB C

A B AB sin

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A B (A xi A y j A z k) (B xi B y j B z k)

i

A B Ax
Bx

i j k

j k i k i j

j
Ay
By

k
Az
Bz

A B i(A y B z A z B y ) j ( A x B z A z B x ) k( A x B y A y B x )

k
i i j j k k 0

j
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Ex1.

A 3i 2 j 4k and B 2i j 3k

Find : a. A B
b. (angle between A and B)

Ex1.

Solution:

A 3i 2 j 4k and B 2i j 3k

Find : a. A B
b. (angle between A and B)

Solution:

b. A B AB sin

i j k

a. A B 3 2 4
2 1 3

A 5.39

sin

AB

AB
19.75
sin
5.39 3.74
sin1 0.98
1

B 3.74

A B (10) 2 172 (1) 2 19.75

i(6 4) j (9 8) k(3 4)

A B 10i 17 j k

79, 101

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A 2m i 4m j 1m k and
Find :

a. A B

b. A B

c. A B

B 2m i 3m j 3m k

d. (angle between A and B)

e. ( A B) ( A B)


f. (B A) ( A B)

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