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BIN LUN TM CNG THC CA MUI AMONI


1. Khi nim v mui amoni
Mui amoni l mui ca amoniac hoc amin vi
axit v c hoc axit hu c. V d :
+ Mui amoni ca axit v c : CH3NH3NO3,
C6H5NH3Cl, CH3NH3HCO3, (CH3NH3)2CO3,
CH3NH3HSO4, (CH3NH3)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3,...
+ Mui amoni ca axit hu c : HCOOH3NCH3,
CH3COOH3NCH3, CH3COONH4, HCOONH4,
CH3COOH3NC2H5, CH2=CHCOOH3NCH3,
H4NCOOCOONH4,...
2. Tnh cht ca mui amoni
Mui amoni tc dng vi dung dch kim gii
phng NH3 hoc amin.
Mui amoni ca axit cacbonic tc dng vi axit
HCl gii phng kh CO2.
3. Bin lun tm cng thc ca mui amoni
V d 1: Cho axit cacboxylic X phn ng vi
cht Y, thu c mt mui c cng thc phn t
C3H9O2N (sn phm duy nht). S cp cht X v
Y tha mn iu kin trn l
A. 3.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 1.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2012)
Hng dn :
Axit cacboxylic X phn ng vi cht Y to ra
mui c cng thc l C3H9O2N, chng t Y l
amin hoc NH3. C 4 mui amoni ng vi cng
thc C3H9O2N l :
HCOOH3NC2H5
HCOOH2N(CH3)2
CH3COOH3NCH3
C2H5COONH4
Suy ra c 4 cp cht X, Y tha mn l :
HCOOH v (CH3)2NH
HCOOH v C2H5NH2
CH3COOH
v C2H5COOH v NH3
CH3NH2
V d 2: ng vi cng thc phn t C2H7O2N
(X) c bao nhiu cht va phn ng c vi
dung dch NaOH va phn ng c vi dung
dch HCl ?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 1.
D. 4.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng nm 2010)

Hng dn :
Hp cht X cha N, va phn ng c vi
dung dch NaOH va phn ng c vi dung
dch HCl nn X c th l amino axit, este ca
amino axit, peptit hoc mui amoni.
Phn t peptit c t nht 2 gc - amino axit, 1
nhm peptit CONH v c u N (nhm
NH2), u C (nhm COOH) nn s nguyn t
O t nht phi l 3, s nguyn t N t nht phi l
2, s nguyn t C t nht phi l 4. Vy X khng
th l peptit.
Amino axit c 2 nguyn t C l glyxin c cng
thc l H2NCH2COOH, c 5 nguyn t H. Vy
X khng th l amino axit.
X cng khng th l este ca amino axit (v este
ca amino axit phi c t 3 nguyn t C tr ln).
Vy X l mui amoni. X cha 1 nguyn t N
nn X c mt gc amoni, gc axit trong X cha
2 nguyn t O nn c dng RCOO. Suy ra X l
HCOOH3NCH3 (metylamoni fomat) hoc
CH3COONH4 (amoni axetat).
Phng trnh phn ng minh ha :
HCOOH 3NCH 3 + NaOH HCOONa + CH 3NH 2 + H 2O
HCOOH 3NCH 3 + HCl HCOOH + CH 3NH3Cl
CH3COONH 4 + NaOH CH3COONa + NH3 + H2 O
CH3COONH 4 + HCl CH3 COOH + NH 4 Cl

V d 3: Cho cht hu c X c cng thc phn


t C2H8O3N2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, thu
c cht hu c n chc Y v cc cht v c.
Khi lng phn t (theo vC) ca Y l :
A. 85.
B. 68.
C. 45.
D. 46.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2008)
Hng dn :
C2H8N2O3 (X) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu
c cht hu c Y n chc, chng t X l
mui amoni to bi NH3 hoc amin n chc.
Nh vy, gc axit trong X c 1 nguyn t N v 3
nguyn t O, l gc NO3 . Suy ra X l
(etylamoni
nitrat)
hoc
C2H5NH3NO3
(CH3)2NH2NO3 (imetylamoni nitrat); Y l

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C2H5NH2 (etyl amin) hoc (CH3)2NH2 (imetyl


amin), c khi lng phn t l 45 vC. Phng
trnh phn ng :
C2 H5 NH3 NO3 + NaOH C2H5NH2 + NaNO3 + H 2O
(CH3 )2 NH2NO3 + NaOH (CH3 )2 NH + NaNO3 + H2O

V d 4: X c cng thc C4H14O3N2. Khi cho X


tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th thu c hn
hp Y gm 2 kh iu kin thng v u c
kh nng lm xanh qu tm m. S cng thc
cu to ph hp ca X l :
A. 5.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 2.
( thi th i hc ln 2 THPT chuyn
Nguyn Hu H Ni, nm hc 2011 2012)
Hng dn :
X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, thu c hn
hp kh u c kh nng l xanh giy qu tm
m. Chng t : X l mui amoni; hai kh l NH3
v amin hoc l 2 amin. Amin th kh nn s
nguyn t C trong phn t bng 1 hoc 2, nu c
3 nguyn t C th phi l amin bc 3.
V hai nguyn t N nm trong hai ion amoni
nn gc axit trong X khng th cha N. Mt
khc, gc axit c 3 nguyn t O, suy ra X l
mui amoni ca axit cacbonic, cha gc CO32
lin kt vi hai gc amoni.
S cng thc cu to ca X tha mn l 3 :
H4N

CH3

CH3
NH

H3N

NH2

CH3

CH3

CH2

H3N

O
C

CH3

NH2

CH3COONH 4 + NaOH CH 3COONa + NH3 + H 2O


x (mol) x (mol)
HCOOH 3NCH 3 + NaOH HCOONa + CH 3NH 2 + H 2O
y (mol) y (mol)

n Z = 0,2
x + y = 0,2
x = 0,05

M Z = 27,5 17x + 31y = 5,5 y = 0,15

0,05.82

CH3

V M Z = 13,75.2 = 27,5 nn Z cha mt cht l


NH3, cht cn li l amin. Do cc mui amoni
ch c 2 nguyn t C v gc axit phi c t nht 1
nguyn t C nn amin l CH3NH2. Suy ra X gm
CH3COONH4 v HCOOH3NCH3.

Trong Y cha CH3COONa v HCOONa. Khi c


cn dung dch Y thu c khi lng mui khan
l : m muoi = m CH COONa + m HCOONa = 14,3 gam
3
424
3
1424
3 1

CH3
CH3

V d 5: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c


cng cng thc phn t C2H7NO2 tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH un nng, thu c
dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm
hai kh (u lm xanh giy qu m). T khi hi
ca Z i vi H2 bng 13,75. C cn dung dch
Y thu c khi lng mui khan l :
A. 16,5 gam.
B. 14,3 gam.
C. 8,9 gam.
D. 15,7 gam.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2007)
Hng dn :
X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH gii phng hn
hp kh Z gm hai cht kh u lm xanh giy
qu m, suy ra X gm hai mui amoni. Do trong
phn t c 2 nguyn t O nn cc mui amoni
c gc axit l RCOO.

0,15.68

V d 6: Hp cht X mch h c cng thc phn


t l C4H9NO2. Cho 10,3 gam X phn ng va
vi dung dch NaOH sinh ra mt cht kh Y
v dung dch Z. Kh Y nng hn khng kh, lm
giy qu tm m chuyn mu xanh. Dung dch Z
c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom. C cn
dung dch Z thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 8,2.
B. 10,8.
C. 9,4.
D. 9,6.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2009)

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Hng dn :
X phn ng vi NaOH sinh ra kh Y, suy ra X l
mui amoni. Gc axit trong X c hai nguyn t
O nn c dng l RCOO.
Y nng hn khng kh v lm xanh giy qu tm
m, chng t Y l amin v c s C nh hn hoc
bng 2, hoc nu c 3 nguyn t C th phi l
(CH3)3N. Nhng nu Y l (CH3)3N th s nguyn
t H trong X phi ln hn 9 (loi). Vy X phi l
mui amoni ca amin c 1 hoc 2 nguyn t C.
Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc
brom, chng t trong Z cha mui Na ca axit
cacboxylic khng no, c s C ln hn hoc bng
3 hay Z cha mui HCOONa (natri fomat, c
nhm CHO). D thy Z khng th cha natri
fomat v nh vy s nguyn t C trong X ti a
ch l 3.
Vy X l CH2=CHCOOH3NCH3, mui trong
dung dch Z l CH2=CHCOONa.
Theo bo ton gc axit, ta c :
n CH

2 = CH COONa

m CH

10,3
= 0,1
103
= 0,1.94 = 9,4 gam

= n CH

2 = CH COONa

2 = CH COOH 3 NCH3

V d 7: Hp cht hu c X c cng thc


C2H8N2O4. Khi cho 12,4 gam X tc dng vi
200 ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M, thu c 4,48 lt
(ktc) kh X lm xanh qu tm m. C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn
khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 17,2.
B. 13,4.
C. 16,2.
D. 17,4.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Qunh Lu 1
Ngh An, nm hc 2012 2013)
Hng dn :
X c cng thc phn t l C2H8N2O4, X tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH thu c kh lm xanh giy
qu tm m. Suy ra X l mui amoni ca amin
hoc NH3. X ch c 2 nguyn t C v c 4
nguyn t O nn gc axit trong X l
OOC COO . Cn 2 nguyn t N v 8
nguyn t H s tng ng vi hai gc NH 4 + .
Vy X l NH 4 OOC COONH 4 (amoni oxalat)

Phng trnh phn ng :


(COONH 4 )2 + 2NaOH (COONa)2 + 2NH3 +2H 2O

Cht rn thu c l NaOOCCOONa v c th


cn NaOH d.
Theo bo ton nguyn t C v Na, ta c :
n(COONa) = n (COONH ) = 0,1
2
4 2

n NaOH d = n NaOH ban au + 2.n(COONa) = 0,1


14243
1
424
32

0,3
0,1

0,1.40
m chat ran = 0,1.134
1
424
3+1
23 = 17,4 gam
m ( COONa )

m NaOH d

V d 8: Mt cht hu c X c cng thc phn


t l C4H11NO2. Cho X tc dng hon ton vi
100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M, sau phn ng thu
c dung dch X v 2,24 lt kh Y (ktc). Nu
trn lng kh Y ny vi 3,36 lt H2 (ktc) th
c hn hp kh c t khi so vi H2 l 9,6.
Khi lng cht rn thu c khi c cn dung
dch X l
A. 8,62 gam.
B. 12,3 gam.
C. 8,2 gam.
D. 12,2 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Qut Lm
Nam nh, nm hc 2013 2014)
Hng dn :
X (C4 H11NO2 ) + NaOH Y . Suy ra Y l
NH3 hoc amin, X l mui amoni.
Theo gi thit, ta c :

n Y = 0,1; n H = 0,15
2

0,1.M Y + 0,15.2
= 19,2
M (Y, H2 ) =
0,25

M Y = 45, Y la C2 H 5 NH2 hoac (CH3 )2 NH

CH3COOH3 NC2 H 5

X la
CH3COOH2 N(CH 3 )2

Ta c :

nCH COONa = n X = n Y = 0,1


3
n NaOH d = n NaOH ban au nCH COONa = 0,1
3
14243 1424
3

0,2
0,1

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m chat ran = 0,1.82


123 + 0,1.40
123 = 12,2 gam
m CH

3COONa

m NaOH

V d 9: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t


C2H8N2O3. Cho 3,24 gam X tc dng vi 500 ml
dung dch KOH 0,1M. Sau khi kt thc phn
ng thu c cht hu c Y n chc v dung
dch Z. C cn Z thu c khi lng cht rn
l:
A. 3,03.
B. 4,15.
C. 3,7
D. 5,5.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Minh Khai
H Tnh, nm hc 2013 2014)
Hng dn :
C2H8N2O3 (X) tc dng vi dung dch KOH thu
c cht hu c Y n chc, chng t X l
mui amoni to bi NH3 hoc amin n chc.
Nh vy, gc axit trong X c 1 nguyn t N v 3
nguyn t O, l NO3 . Suy ra cng thc cu
to ca X l C2H5NH3NO3 (etylamoni nitrat)
hoc (CH3)2NH2NO3 (imetylamoni nitrat).

Theo bo ton nguyn t gc NO3 v bo ton


nguyn t K, ta c :
n KNO = n C H NH NO hoac (CH ) NH NO = 0,03
3
2 5
3
3
3 2
2
3

n KOH d = n KOH ban au n KNO = 0,02


14243 {3

0,03
0,05

m chat ran = 0,03.101


1
424
3 + 0,02.56
1
424
3 = 4,15 gam
m KNO

m KOH d

V d 10: Hp cht X c cng thc phn t


C2H8O3N2. Cho 16,2 gam X phn ng ht vi
400 ml dung dch KOH 1M. C cn dung dch
thu c sau phn ng th c phn hi v
phn cht rn. Trong phn hi c cha amin a
chc, trong phn cht rn ch cha cc cht v
c. Khi lng phn cht rn l :
A. 26,75 gam.
B. 12,75 gam.
C. 20,7 gam.
D. 26,3 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 4 THPT Chuyn
i hc Vinh, nm hc 2012 2013)
Hng dn :

Theo gi thit, suy ra : X l mui amoni ca


amin hai chc. V X ch c 2 nguyn t C nn
gc amoni ca amin l + H3 N CH 2 NH 3 + ,
phn cn li l CO3 chnh l gc CO32 . Vy
cng thc cu to ca X l CH 2 (NH3 )2 CO3 .
Phng trnh phn ng :
CH 2 (NH3 )2 CO3 + 2KOH CH 2 (NH2 )2 + K 2CO3 + 2H2O

Cht rn thu c l K2CO3 v c th c c


KOH d.
Theo bo ton nguyn t C v nguyn t K, ta
c:
n K CO = n CH (NH ) CO = 0,15
2
3 2
3
2 3
n KOH d = n KOH ban au 2.n K CO = 0,1
2
3
14243
{

0,15
0,4

m chat ran = 0,15.138


1
424
3 + 0,1.56
123 = 26,3 gam
mK

2CO3

m KOH d

V d 11: X c cng thc phn t C3H12N2O3. X


tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (un nng nh)
hoc HCl u c kh thot ra. Ly 18,6 gam X
tc dng hon ton vi 400 ml dung dch NaOH
1M. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch ri nung
nng cht rn n khi lng khng i th c
m gam. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 22,75.
B. 19,9.
C. 20,35.
D. 21,20.
( thi th i hc ln 4 THPT Qunh Lu 1
Ngh An, nm hc 2011 2012)
Hng dn :
X c cng thc phn t l C3H12N2O3. X tc
dng vi HCl sinh ra kh, chng t X l mui
cacbonat hoc mui hirocacbonat. X tc dng
vi NaOH sinh ra kh, chng t X l mui
amoni. V X c cha 2 nguyn t N nn X c hai
gc amoni. Do gc axit trong X phi l
CO32 lin kt vi 2 gc amoni. Suy ra X c
cng thc cu to l (CH3NH3)2CO3
(metylamoni cacbonat) hoc H4NCO3H3NC2H5
hoc H4NCO3H2N(CH3)2.
Cht rn thu c cha Na2CO3 ngoi ra cn c
th c NaOH d.

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Theo bo ton gc cacbonat v Na, ta c :


18,6
= 0,15 mol
124
= n NaOH ban au 2.n Na CO = 0,1 mol
2
3
14243
123

n Na CO = n X =
2

n NaOH d

0,4

0,15

m chat ran = 0,15.106


1424
3 + 0,1.40
123 = 19,9 gam
m Na

2CO3

m NaOH d

V d 12: Hn hp X gm cc cht c cng thc


phn t l C2H7O3N v C2H10O3N2. Khi cho cc
cht trong X tc dng vi dung dch HCl hoc
dung dch NaOH d un nng nh u c kh
thot ra. Ly 0,1 mol X cho vo dung dch cha
0,25 mol KOH. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch
c cht rn Y, nung nng Y n khi lng
khng i c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m
l:
A. 16,9 gam.
B. 17,25 gam.
C. 18,85 gam.
D. 16,6 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Lng c
Bng Thanh Ha, nm hc 2013 2014)
Hng dn :
V X tc dng vi HCl hoc NaOH un nng
u thy thot kh, suy ra : X l hn hp mui
amoni ca amin hoc ca NH3 vi axit cacbonic.
C2H7O3N ch c 1 nguyn t N nn ch c mt
gc amoni, suy ra cng thc cu to ca n l
CH3NH3HCO3. C2H10O3N2 c 2 nguyn t N nn
c 2 gc amoni, suy ra cng thc cu to ca n
l CH3NH3CO3H4N.
Theo bo ton gc cacbonat v nguyn t K, ta
c :
n K CO = n(CH NH CO , CH NH CO H N) = 0,1
3
3
3
3
3
3 4
2 3
n KOH d = n KOH 2 n K CO = 0,05
2
3
{
144244
3

0,25
0,1

m chat ran = 0,1.138


1442443 + 0,05.56
1442443 = 16,6 gam
mK

2CO3

m KOH d

4. Bi tp vn dng
Cu 1: Hai hp cht hu c X v Y c cng
cng thc phn t l C3H7NO2, u l cht rn
iu kin thng. Cht X phn ng vi dung

dch NaOH, gii phng kh. Cht Y c phn ng


trng ngng. Cc cht X v Y ln lt l
A. vinylamoni fomat v amoni acrylat.
B. amoni acrylat v axit 2-aminopropionic.
C. axit 2-aminopropionic v amoni acrylat.
D. axit 2-aminopropionic
v axit 3-aminopropionic.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2010)
Cu 2: Cho 1,38 gam X c cng thc phn t
C2H6O5N2 (l mui ca amino axit vi axit
HNO3) phn ng vi 150 ml dung dch NaOH
0,2M. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch thu c
m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr m l :
A. 2,22 gam.
B. 2,62 gam.
C. 2,14 gam.
D. 1,65 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT chuyn
Nguyn Hu H Ni, nm hc 2013 2014)
Cu 3: Cho 6,2 gam hp cht hu c X c cng
thc phn t l C3H12O3N2 tc dng va vi
100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c mt cht
hu c th kh c th tch l V lt ( ktc) v
dung dch Z ch cha cc cht v c, c cn
dung dch Z thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi
tr ca m v V ln lt l :
A. 2,24 v 9,3.
B. 3,36 v 9,3.
C. 2,24 v 8,4.
D. 2,24 v 5,3.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Cm L
Bc Giang, nm hc 2013 2014)
Cu 4: X c cng thc C4H14O3N2. Khi cho X
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th thu c hn
hp Y gm 2 kh iu kin thng v u c
kh nng lm xanh qu tm m. Mt khc, khi
cho 6,9 gam X tc dng hon ton vi 200 ml
dung dch NaOH 0,75M ri c cn dung dch thu
c sau phn ng, thu c m gam cht rn.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 7,3.
B. 5,3. C. 8,25.
D. 4,25.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT
Chu Vn An H Ni, nm hc 2012 2013)
Cu 5: Cho 14,4 gam CH8O3N2 phn ng hon
ton vi 400 ml dung dch KOH 1M. C cn

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dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam cht


rn khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 19,9.
B. 15,9.

C. 21,9.
D. 26,3.
( thi th i hc ln 2 THPT chuyn
Hng Vng Ph Th, nm hc 2013 2014)

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

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