Premayani

1. Term of Ecology
The term to describe the interaction between living
things, both animal and plants with organic
environment (biotic) and inorganic (abiotic).
2. Term of Ecosystem
Ecosystem is a system consisting of biotic and
abiotic components mutually mutual relationship
hold
3. Autekology dan contohnya
Autekologi is ecology that studies the interaction of
organisms in the species level to the environment.
Example: relationship between tree Pinus with its
environment,
4. Synekologi dan contohnya
Synekologi adalah is ecology that studies the
interaction of organisms in the community level to
the environment. Example: study the distribution
patterns of wild animals in natural forests, travel,
wildlife reserves
5. Liebig minimum Law and the example
When an environmental factor that is required by
the existence of organisms under (less) than the
limit minimum requirement, the factor can inhibit
(limit) the growth of the organism despite other
environmental factors existence in abundance.
Ex: a certain essential amino acids or a certain type
of vitamin that is indispensable in the animal
metabolism, if existence under the minimum needs
of the animal, the amino acids and vitamins can be
a limiting factor for the growth of the animal.
6. Shelford Minimum Law and the example
The growth of an organism can be limited by the
need factor that's less than the minimum
requirement, or more than the maximum
requirement.
Ex: fish eggs are stated to have tolerance limits the
water temperature between 0 C to 12o C, then this
means that the egg will die and be damaged if the
water temperature is below 0 C or above 12o C. In
other words, it can be stated also that the point of
minimum temperature is 0 C whereas the point of
maximum temperature is 12o C.
7. Resources and example
Sumber daya is all objects that can be consumed by
the organisms. Example: rats as cat food, if there
are no rats, then cats can eat lizards.
8. Environment condition and example
kondisi lingkungan is abiotic environmental
factors that different over space and time, and to
this condition organisms respond in Different.
Example: temperature, salinity, and pH
9. Acclimation and example
Acclimation is adaptation conducted by the
organism in confront an artificial environment.
Example: To determine the effect of changes in
water temperature to survivorship a species of fish,
so the fish had been given treatment temperature is
changed continuously by humans in an experiment
in a laboratory.
10.
Acclimatization and example

Acclimatization is adaptation conducted organism

in confront changes in their natural environment.
Example: because of climate change, then the
animal must adapt to changes in temperature are
very strong in their natural environment.
11.
Ecofen and example
Ekofen is The form of an organism growth which
appears as result of changes phenotype and is not
declining. Example: Chinese people are genetically
white skin may turn black when often bask in the
sun. But blacks are not declining.
12.
Ecotype and example
Ecotype is the form of an organism growth which
appears as a result of changes in genetic and
hereditary. Example: changes experienced by
finches originating from mainland Latin America
after a long time inhabited the new environment on
the Galapagos Islands that conditions are much
different from the region of origin in Latin America.
13.
Structural Adaptation in aquatic animal
a. Structural Adaptation to overcome the
mechanical pressure: 1) the fish develop body
shape to stream line (getting smaller towards
the anterior of the body) to reduce pressure and
friction of water from the front. 2) fish develop
a slippery scales to reduce water friction. 3) fish
develop locomotor called fins to be against the
water current. 4) develop legs shaped like a
turtle paddles to swim against the water current.
5) some invertebrate animals develop a tool for
the adhesive to not be swayed by turbulence of
water. Example: sponges, hydra, limpets,
barnacles, Kiton and snails. 6) crab and shrimp
protect themselves with eksoskleton skeleton
made of chitin is thick and strong.
b. This form of adaptation to overcome the
hydrostatic pressure: 1) fish form swim bladder
cavity which can adjust the position of the fish
in the pond water. 2) most of the fish have a
tendency body flattened vertical direction so far
to body surface area exposed to the water
pressure from above. 3) Amoeba living in the
bottom of ocean that does not form
pseudopodia in order for the body surface area
exposed to the pressure becomes smaller.
c. The form of adaptation to overcome the
limitations of light at a depth: some fish in the
ocean experience organ development so that his
eyes looked huge. Example: Myctophum
punctatum fish, fish and fish Diaphus
Lampanytus elongates metopoclampus. At a
depth which is really dark, found fish with
small eyes or did not have eyes. This happened
because in the dark eye organ is not required.
Example: sea eels of the genus Saccopharynx.
In the deep ocean encountered animals that
have light-producing organs called fotofor. This
resulted in the organs of fish and other animals
that have become glowing bioluminescent).
d. The form of adaptation to overcome the ups and
downs: 1) intertidal animals such as barnacles,
limpets and snails use a shell to protect soft

body so as to prevent the evaporation of body

fluids when exposed to light and air freely
during low tide periods. 2) to anticipate the
high heat environment, nation particular snail
shells expand by multiplying the carvings on
the shell. It is intended to facilitate heat loss
when the snails are dealing with high
environmental heat at low tide. 3) to reduce
heat absorption, then the intertidal snails
enlightened upper shell color. With a bright
shell, less heat is absorbed than the dark shells.
4) to anticipate the tremendous clash of waves,
then the nation barnacles, limpets and Kiton has
a structure that can be attached very strong.
Thus, these animals are not crashing. 5)
intersidal animals generally have a bulge of the
respiratory organs that is able to bind oxygen
from the water when the tide soak them.
e. Adaptation to anticipate predator: 1) undercover
morphology and pattern of the body in order to
escape from predators sight. 2) develop a means
of self defense in the form of venomous spines
contained on pectoral or dorsal fin. It is found
in Plotosus canius and Pterois Volitans. 3)
develop means of self defense in the form of
stinging cells (nematocysts) just as those found
in hydra, obelia. 4) develop organs that
resemble ink liquid called ink bag. This
substance is useful to obscure the view of prey.
Examples squid (Loligo sp.)
14.
Functional Adaptation in aquatic animal
Adaptation to solve the salinity problem: freshwater
fish have hypertonic fluids compared to the water
surrounding the face of a problem that a large influx
of water into his body and disbursing ions through
their gills. To maintain the balance of body fluids,
then the freshwater fish continuously removing
water through increased production of urine by the
kidneys. To overcome the loss of a number of ions,
the ions can be replaced through nutrition. Marine
fish have hypotonic fluids to the surrounding water
face other problems, namely the discharge of body
fluids and a number of ions through their gills. To
replace the fluid that comes out of this, then the fish
have to drink sea water, then salt dissolved sent to
the blood by way of active transport is done by cells
secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. This salt is
then removed through the gills by the salt-secreting
cells found in the gills. Thus, the water content in
the body fluids remain balanced.
Adaptation to overcome temperature changes: the
species of fish and marine invertebrate specific
mechanism on anti-freeze in her body remedy
anticipate very low water temperatures.
Adaptation to overcome a poor state of oxygen: 1)
the fish an increasing number of red blood cells to
increase to oxygen tamping. 2) reduction in heart
rate on the fish to adjust to the oxygen-poor
keadaann. 3) increase in the volume of ventilation
so that the amount of oxygen carried by the blood
more. 4) in the eel, oxygen poor state resulting in an

increase in lactic acid. Nevertheless week, acid

levels will decrease. The fall in the nature of these
acids can increase afnitas red blood cells to oxygen
and lowering GTP levels in red blood cells. The
result is an increase in power tamping red blood
cells to oxygen.
15.
Habitat, Microhabitat, Environment and
Biotope
Habitat is a place / space where living organisms
perform all the activities of natural life. Ex:
goldfish habitat is freshwater
Microhabitat is the most suitable environment and
most intimate relation to animals is an important
factor in habitat such as the temperature and
humidity of how an organism can live. Example: in
a forest there is a hollow tree which on the tree of
life group of caterpillars.
Environment is a place / space where the
organisms can perform the activities of his life, but
it is not the natural habitat of an organism.
Example: the island of Java as an environment for
the Bali starling which has a natural habitat on the
island of Bali.
Biotope is a small community that can be found in
a habitat. Example: seagrass that are nearby reefs
considered a biotope which plays an important part
in maintaining the reef ecosystem.
16.
Habitat Nische
Relung habitat: part of a habitat called microhabitat
Example: microhabitat scorpions, then we have to
explain the temperature and humidity scorpions can
live, whether he is impervious to light or not, and
whether the scorpions live in holes or trees.
17.
Trophic Nische
Relung/ Relung thropik: (menurut Charles Elton):
function or role of the species in the community.
Example: A niche tropic of frogs as rice, then we
have to explain that the frogs eat and be eaten by
whom, whether he herbivore, carnivore or
omnivore, and whether he is for the other
competitors.
18.
Multidimensional Nische
Relung atau relung multidimensi/hipervolume
(menurut Hutchinson): the range of various
physical and chemical variables and the role biotic
that allow survival and species that evolve in a
community. Example: multidimensional niches of
field mice, we explain about the microhabitat and
also explain about what they eat and who the
predators.
19.
The method for determining the
density of animals
I. Methods to determine absolute density, namely:
a. total calculation method is the method most
appropriate to the capacity because it can count
all members of the population one by one,
without exception.
b. Sampling
Method of squares

The number of people in the squares

must be calculated precisely
- The area must be known precisely
squared
- Placement of squares should be
randomly
Methods escape capture
- Capturing the animal to be marked
- Marking animals that have been
captured in order to be distinguished
-

from the others

Removing the back animals that have
been tagged with the purpose of
providing an opportunity to mingle with
the animals that are not marked.

Conduct random arrests so caught

consists of animals marked and

unmarked animals
determine the relative density
- Install a trap
- Calculates count stool item
- Calculate the frequency of vocalization
- View notes leather
- Calculating a cursory d streets
- Spread the questioner for hunters
- Count the number of fishing effort unity
- Calculating the frequency of appearance
in the squared