NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2011

PART-A
1. Give the principles of thermodynamics. Already dealt
earlier.
2. Write a short on Refrigeration.
Refrigeration is a process of removal of heat from an enclosed
space where it is unwanted and transferring the same to the
surrounding environment where it makes little or no difference.
The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical
work or other means.
There are countless applications for refrigeration. Some of them
are :

Refrigerators
Air-conditioners Comfort
Air-conditioners - Process
Cold Storages
Process Cooling
Transport Containers

Freezers
Water Coolers
Ice cream machines
Soft drink vending
machines
Mortuary freezer boxes
Milk / Bottle coolers

3. Define the term air-conditioning and state its purposes.

Air-Conditioning is a process of simultaneous control of predetermined :

Temperature
Relative Humidity
Air Flow
Air quality
Noise level

The purpose of air-conditioning can be listed as :

Comfort : Air conditioning which deals with the comforts of human
beings in an enclosed conditioned space is known as Comfort Air
Conditioning. The prime focus will be to ensure that by
maintaining comfort conditions the occupants tend to be more
productive. The levels of comfort are almost same throughout the
world.
Process : Air conditioning which enables a process to be
completed as per design is called Process air conditioning. Here
the focus is not the comfort of the humans but the effective
completion of the process. Some of the applications are Operation
Theatres, Printing press, Labs, Pharmaceutical manufacturing,
Server Rooms, Textile mills, Telecom centers etc.

4. What are the various elements of air? Explain their

effects on human beings.
Conditions

Effect on human beings

Temperature

To be maintained at 24 Deg C +/- 2 Deg C. Too

low or too high than the above will cause
discomfort.

Relative
Humidity

To be maintained approx 60% when compared

to saturated conditions. Too low will cause
dryness of skin and too high will not remove
sweat and also lead to sinus problems.

Air flow

The velocity of air flow has to be maintained

between 25-50 feet per min. Too low will not
replace the air. Too high will cause discomfort.

Air purity
fresh air

The fresh air should be as per ASHRAE standards

to replenish the oxygen and remove CO2 and
odour level. If not the CO2 level will shoot up
leading to health issues. Too high fresh air will
consume more power.

Air purity
Cleanliness

The air should be filtered properly so that dust

level is controlled. If not it will lead to breathing
problems.

Noise Level

The room noise level should be maintained

between 50-45 dB. If not it will lead to
disturbance and discomfort.

5. Briefly explain horizontal distribution of mechanical

services. Already dealt earlier.
6. State the function of Fan Room.
The fan room or AHU room is required to house the Air Handling
Unit AHU. Basically the AHU collects the air from the area to be
air conditioned, filters, cools, removes the moisture and then
pumps the air back to be the area to be airconditioned. The
location of the AHU is very critical as not much thought is given
and it treated just a room. Improper location will lead to poor
airconditioning.

The AHU room should :

Be maintained air tight otherwise there will be loss of
cooling.
Be sufficiently sized so that it is free to take the supply air
ducts and collect all the return air freely back to the AHU
room.
Be located adjoining the area to be air conditioning.
Should not be located next to toilet.
Have sufficient space to service and operate the unit.
PART-B
7. (a). Discuss the working of refrigerated control devices
with neat sketches. Already dealt earlier.

(Or)

(b).Explain the following with neat sketches: Already dealt

earlier.
i. Compressors
ii. Evaporators
iii. Electric motors
iv. Air handling units.

8. (a). List down the various activities required in

conditioning the air before it is thrown into the room.
Explain each activity in brief.
Entry of air to the AHU : The return air from the area to be
aircondioned is mixed with fresh air and then sent to the AHU.
This is to ensure that the air is not stale.
Filteration : In the AHU the air is first filtered and dust particles
are removed.
Cooling and Dehumidifying : Then it enters the cooling coil where
the air coming into contact with the cooling coil is cooled and
moisture is removed.
Blower : The air then enters the blower. The blower pumps the air
so that it travels for a long distance in the air distribution system.
Air Distribution System : This system ensures that air is properly
conveyed wherever required through ducting system.
Air Terminal units ( Grilles / Diffusers ) : The supply air grilles /
diffusers ensure that the air is properly distributed to all spots of
the area to be air-conditioned and no hot spot is created. Then the
return air grilles / diffusers collect the room air and thro the space
available between the ceiling and false ceiling, the air goes back
to the AHU for Re-conditioning.

(Or)
(b). Explain various systems of air conditioning. Already dealt
earlier.
Why recirculation of used air is preferred to fresh air?
The conditioned air which is coming from the AHU is fed to the
area to be air conditioned. Now two options are available. The air
in the room can be sent back to the AHU for recirculation or every
time outside air can be collected, cooled and treated and fed to
the area to be air-conditioned. Now if we resort to the second
option then the AC capacity will shoot up 10 times more. It is a
waste of energy and hence it is never done. Only First option is
preferred.

9. (a). Discuss the important design criterias

recommended for selecting the air conditioning systems
for large buildings. Already dealt earlier.

(Or)
(b). List the different cooling systems used in the
buildings and explain them with sketches. Already dealt
earlier.