4

Motion in Two Dimensions

CHAPTER OUTLINE
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

The Position, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Two-Dimensional Motion with
Constant Acceleration
Projectile Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Tangential and
Radial Acceleration
Relative Velocity and
Relative Acceleration

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
*Q4.1

The cars acceleration must have an inward component

and a forward component: answer (f ). Another argument:
Draw a nal velocity vector of two units west. Add to
it a vector of one unit south. This represents subtracting
the initial velocity from the nal velocity, on the way to
nding the acceleration. The direction of the resultant is
that of vector (f ).

Q4.2

No, you cannot determine the instantaneous velocity.

Yes, you can determine the average velocity. The points
could be widely separated. In this case, you can only
determine the average velocity, which is


x


v avg =
t

Q4.3

(a)

(b)

*Q4.4

(i) The 45 angle means that at point A the horizontal and vertical velocity components are equal.
The horizontal velocity component is the same at A, B, and C. The vertical velocity component is
zero at B and negative at C. The assembled answer is a = b = c = e > d = 0 > f
(ii) The x-component of acceleration is everywhere zero and the y-component is everywhere
9.8 m
s2. Then we have a = c = e = 0 > b = d = f.

Q4.5

A parabola results, because the originally forward velocity component stays constant and the
rocket motor gives the spacecraft constant acceleration in a perpendicular direction.

Q4.6

(a) yes (b) no: the escaping jet exhaust exerts an extra force on the plane. (c) no (d) yes
(e) no: the stone is only a few times more dense than water, so friction is a signicant force on
the stone. The answer is (a) and (d).

Q4.7

The projectile is in free fall. Its vertical component of acceleration is the downward acceleration
of gravity. Its horizontal component of acceleration is zero.

Q4.8

(a) no

*Q4.9

The projectile on the moon is in ight for a time interval six times larger, with the same range of
vertical speeds and with the same constant horizontal speed as on Earth. Then (i) its range is (d)
six times larger and (ii) its maximum altitude is (d) six times larger. Apollo astronauts performed
the experiment with golf balls.

(b) yes (c) yes

(d) no. Answer: (b) and (c)

65

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66

Chapter 4

Q4.10

(a) no. Its velocity is constant in magnitude and direction.

(b) yes. The particle is continuously changing the direction of its velocity vector.

Q4.11

(a) straight ahead (b) either in a circle or straight ahead. The acceleration magnitude can be
constant either with a nonzero or with a zero value.

*Q4.12 (i) a = v2
r becomes 32
3 = 3 times larger: answer (b).

(ii) T = 2 r
v changes by a factor of 3
3 = 1. The answer is (a).
Q4.13

The skater starts at the center of the eight, goes clockwise around the left circle and then counterclockwise around the right circle.
*Q4.14 With radius half as large, speed should be smaller by a factor of 1
2, so that a = v2
r can be the
same. The answer is (d).
*Q4.15 The wrench will hit (b) at the base of the mast. If air resistance is a factor, it will hit slightly
leeward of the base of the mast, displaced in the direction in which air is moving relative to the
deck. If the boat is scudding before the wind, for example, the wrenchs impact point can be in
front of the mast.
*Q4.16 Let the positive x direction be that of the girls motion. The x component of the velocity of the
ball relative to the ground is +5 12 m
s = 7 m
s. The x-velocity of the ball relative to the girl is
7 8 m
s = 15 m
s. The relative speed of the ball is +15 m
s, answer (d).

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 4.1
P4.1

The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors

x (m)
0
3 000
1 270
4 270 m

y (m)
3 600
0
1 270
2 330 m

(a) Net displacement = x 2 + y 2 at tan 1 ( y x )

R = 4.87 km at 28.6 S of W
(b)

Average speed =

( 20.0

(c) Average velocity =

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 66

FIG. P4.1

m s ) (180 s ) + ( 25.0 m s ) (120 s ) + ( 30.0 m s ) ( 60.0 s )

= 23.3 m s
180 s + 120 s + 60.0 s

4.87 10 3 m
= 13.5 m s along R
360 s

11/28/06 1:16:10 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.2

P4.3

(a)

r = 18.0t i + ( 4.00t 4.90t 2 ) j

(b)

v=

(18.0

(c)

a=

( 9.80

(d)

by substitution, r ( 3.00 s ) = ( 54.0 m ) i ( 32.1 m ) j

(e)

v ( 3.00 s ) =

(18.0

(f )

a ( 3.00 s ) =

( 9.80

67

m s ) i + 4.00 m s ( 9.80 m s 2 ) t j
m s 2 ) j

m s ) i ( 25.4 m s ) j
m s 2 ) j

The sun projects onto the ground the x component of her velocity:
5.00 m s cos ( 60.0 ) = 2.50 m s

P4.4

From x = 5.00 sin t, the x component of velocity is

(a)

vx =

dx d
=
( 5.00 sin t ) = 5.00 cos t
dt dt

and ax =

d vx
= +5.00 2 sin t
dt

d 4.00 5.00 cos t = 0 + 5.00 sin t

similarly, v y =
(
)
dt
d 5.00 sin t = 5.00 2 cos t
and ay =
(
)
dt


At t = 0, v = 5.00 cos 0 i + 5.00 sin 0 j =


and a = 5.00 2 sin 0 i + 5.00 2 cos 0 j =

(5.00 i + 0 j)

( 0 i + 5.00 j)
2

r = xi + yj = ( 4.00 m ) j + ( 5.00 m ) sin t i cos t j

(b)

ms

m s2

v = ( 5.00 m ) cos t i + sin t j


a = ( 5.00 m ) 2 sin t i + cos t j
The object moves in a circle of radius 5.00 m centered at ( 0, 4.000 m ) .

(c)

Section 4.2
P4.5

Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

v i = 4.00 i + 1.00 j m s

(a)

and

v ( 20.0 ) = 20.0 i 5.00 j m s

v x 20.0 4.00
=
m s 2 = 0.800 m s 2
t
20.0
v y 5.00 1.00
ay =
=
m s 2 = 0.300 m s 2
t
20.0
ax =

continued on next page

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68

Chapter 4

(b)

0.300
= tan 1
= 20.6 = 339 from + x axis
0.800

(c)

At t = 25.0 s its position is specied by its coordinates and the direction of its motion is
specied by the direction angle of its velocity:
1
1
2
x f = xi + v xi t + ax t 2 = 10.0 + 4.00 ( 25.0 ) + ( 0.800 ) ( 25.0 ) = 360 m
2
2
1
1
2
y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2 = 4.00 + 1.00 ( 25.0 ) + ( 0.300 ) ( 25.0 ) = 72.7 m
2
2
v xf = v xi + ax t = 4 + 0.8 ( 25) = 24 m s
v yf = v yi + ay t = 1 0.3 ( 25) = 6.5 m s
vy
6.50
= 15.2
= tan 1 = tan 1

24.0
vx

P4.6

(a)

dr d
3.00 i 6.00t 2 j = 12.0t j m s
v=
=
dt dt



dv d
a=
=
12.0t j = 12.0 j m s 2
dt dt

(b)
*P4.7

(a)

by substitution, r = 3.00 i 6.00 j m; v = 12.0 j m s
f

f





From a = dv / dt , we have dv = a dt
i

Then v 5 i m /s =
(b)

(
t

t 3/ 2


1/ 2
6
t
dt
6
j
=
j = 4 t 3 / 2 j so v = 5 i + 4 t 3 / 2 j
0
3/2 0
t

From v = dr / dt , we have


Then r 0 =

P4.8

f



dr = v dt
i

t 5/ 2
5 i + 4 t 3 / 2 j dt = 5ti + 4
j = 5ti + 1.6 t 5 / 2 j

5 / 2 0

a = 3.00 j m s 2 ; v i = 5.00 i m s; ri = 0 i + 0 j
(a)

1

1




rf = ri + v i t + a t 2 = 5.00ti + 3.00t 2 j m
2
2

v f = vi + a t =

(b)

(5.00 i + 3.00tj)

ms

1


t = 2.00 s, rf = 5.00 ( 2.00 ) i + ( 3.00 ) ( 2.00 )2 j = 10.0 i + 6.00 j m
2

so x f = 10.0 m , y f = 6.00 m


v f = 5.00 i + 3.00 ( 2.00 ) j = 5.00 i + 6.00 j m s

2
2
v f = v f = v xf2 + v yf2 = ( 5.00 ) + ( 6.00 ) = 7.81 m s

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Motion in Two Dimensions

Section 4.3
P4.9

(a)

69

Projectile Motion
The mug leaves the counter horizontally with a velocity v xi
(say). If time t elapses before it hits the ground, then since
there is no horizontal acceleration, x f = v xi t, i.e.,
t=

xf
v xi

(1.40 m )
v xi

In the same time it falls a distance of 0.860 m with acceleration

downward of 9.80 m s 2 . Then

FIG. P4.9

1.40 m
1
1
y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2: 0 = 0.860 m + ( 9.80 m s 2 )
2
2
v xi

Thus,
v xi =
(b)

( 4.90

m s 2 ) (1.96 m 2 )
0.860 m

= 3.34 m s

The vertical velocity component with which it hits the oor is

1.40 m
v yf = v yi + ay t = 0 + ( 9.80 m s 2 )
= 4.11 m s
3.34 m s
Hence, the angle at which the mug strikes the oor is given by
v yf
4.11
= 50.9
= tan 1 = tan 1

v
3.34
xf

P4.10

The mug is a projectile from just after leaving the counter until just before it reaches the oor.
Taking the origin at the point where the mug leaves the bar, the coordinates of the mug at any
time are
1
x f = v xi t + ax t 2 = v xi t + 0
2

1
1
y f = v yi t + ay t 2 = 0 g t 2
2
2

and

When the mug reaches the oor, y f = h so

1
h = g t 2
2
which gives the time of impact as
2h
g
2h
Since x f = d when the mug reaches the oor, x f = v xi t becomes d = v xi
giving the
g
initial velocity as
t=

(a)

v xi = d

g
2h

continued on next page

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70

Chapter 4

(b)

Just before impact, the x component of velocity is still

v xf = v xi
while the y component is
v yf = v yi + ay t = 0 g

2h
g

Then the direction of motion just before impact is below the horizontal at an angle of
v yf

2h
1 g 2h / g
= tan 1
= tan 1
= tan

d
d g / 2h
v xf
The answer for vxi indicates that a larger measured
value for d would imply larger takeoff speed in
direct proportion. A tape measure lying on the f loor
h
could be calibrated as a speedometer. A larger value
for h would imply a smaller value for speed by an

d
inverse proportionality to the square root of h. That
is, if h were nine times larger, vxi would be three times
FIG. P4.10
smaller. The answer for shows that the impact
velocity makes an angle with the horizontal whose
tangent is just twice as large as that of the elevation
angle of the edge of the table as seen from the impact point.
P4.11

x = v xi t = vi cos i t
x = ( 300 m s ) ( cos 55.0 ) ( 42.0 s )
x = 7.23 10 3 m
1
1
y = v yi t gt 2 = vi sin i t gt 2
2
2
y = ( 300 m s ) ( sin 55.0 ) ( 42.0 s )

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 70

1
2
9.80 m s 2 ) ( 42.0 s ) = 1.68 10 3 m
(
2

11/28/06 1:16:13 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.12

(a)

71

To identify the maximum height we let i be the launch point and f be the highest point:

v yf2 = v yi2 + 2ay y f yi

0 = v sin i + 2 ( g ) ( ymax 0 )
2
i

ymax =

vi2 sin 2 i
.
2g

To identify the range we let i be the launch and f be the impact point; where t is not zero:
1
y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2
2
1
0 = 0 + vi sin i t + ( g ) t 2
2
2vi sin i
t=
g
1
x f = xi + v xi t + ax t 2
2
2v sin i
d = 0 + vi cos i i
+0
g
For this rock, d = ymax

vi2 sin 2 i 2vi2 sin i cos i

=
2g
g
sin i
= tan i = 4
cos i
i = 76.0
(b)

Since g divides out, the answer is the same on every planet .

(c)

The maximum range is attained for i = 45 :

dmax vi cos 452vi sin 45 g
=
= 2.125
d
gvi cos 762vi sin 76
So dmax =

P4.13

h=

17d
.
8

v 2 ( sin 2i )
vi2 sin 2 i
; R= i
; 3h = R
g
2g

2
2
2
so 3vi sin i = vi ( sin 2i )
2g
g
2
or 2 = sin i = tan i
3 sin 2i
2

4
thus i = tan 1 = 53.1
3

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72

P4.14

Chapter 4

The horizontal component of displacement is x f = v xi t = ( vi cos i ) t . Therefore, the time required

to reach the building a distance d away is t =

d
. At this time, the altitude of the water is
vi cos i

d g d
1

y f = v yi t + ay t 2 = vi sin i
2
vi cos i 2 vi cos i

Therefore the water strikes the building at a height h above ground level of
h = y f = d tan i
P4.15

gd 2
2vi2 cos 2 i

(a)

x f = v xi t = 8.00 cos 20.0 ( 3.00 ) = 22.6 m

(b)

Taking y positive downwards,

1
y f = v yi t + g t 2
2

(c)

1
2
y f = 8.00 sin 20.0 ( 3.00 ) + ( 9.80 ) ( 3.00 ) = 52.3 m
2
1
2
10.0 = 8.00 ( sin 20.0 ) t + ( 9.80 ) t
2
4.90t 2 + 2.74t 10.0 = 0

t=
*P4.16

2.74

( 2.74 )

+ 196

9.80

= 1.18 s

1
The time of ight of a water drop is given by y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2.
2

1
0 = 2.35 m + 0 9.8 m s 2 t 12
2
For t 1 > 0 , the root is t1 =
(a)

1.70 m /s

2.35 m

2 ( 2.35 m )
= 0.693 s.
9.8 m s 2

The horizontal range of the font is

1
x f 1 = xi + v xi t + ax t 2
2
= 0 + 1.70 m s ( 0.693 s ) + 0 = 1.18 m

FIG. P4.16

This is about the width of a town sidewalk, so there is space for a walkway behind the
waterfall. Unless the lip of the channel is well designed, water may drip on the visitors.
A tall or inattentive person may get his head wet.
(b)

1
Now the ight time t 2 is given by 0 = y2 + 0 gt 22.
2
t2 =

2 y2
=
g

2 y1
1
=
)
g (12
12

2 y1
t
= 1 From the same equation as in part (a) for
g
12

horizontal range, x2 = v2t 2 .

x1
t
= v2 1
12
12

v2 =

x1
v
1.70 m s
= 1 =
= 0.491 m s
t1 12
12
12

The rule that the scale factor for speed is the square root of the scale factor for distance is
Froudes law, published in 1870.

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Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.17

(a)

73

We use the trajectory equation:

y f = x f tan i
With

gx 2f
2vi2 cos 2 i

x f = 36.0 m , vi = 20.0 m s, and = 53.0

we nd
y f = ( 36.0 m ) tan 53.0

(9.80

m s 2 ) ( 36.0 m )

2 ( 20.0 m s ) cos 2 ( 53.0 )

2

= 3.94 m

The ball clears the bar by

(3.94 3.05) m =
(b)

0.889 m

The time the ball takes to reach the maximum height is

vi sin i ( 20.0 m s ) ( sin 53.0 )
= 1.63 s
=
g
9.80 m s 2
xf
The time to travel 36.0 m horizontally is t 2 =
vix
36.0 m
t2 =
= 2.99 s
(20.0 m s ) ( cos 53.0 )
t1 =

Since t 2 > t 1
P4.18

the ball clears the goal on its way down .

When the bomb has fallen a vertical distance 2.15 km, it has traveled a horizontal distance x f
given by
x f = ( 3.25 km ) ( 2.15 km ) = 2.437 km
2

y f = x f tan

gx 2f
2v cos 2 i
2
i

2 150 m = ( 2 437 m ) tan i

(9.8

m s 2 ) ( 2 437 m )

2 ( 280 m s ) cos 2 i
2

2 150 m = ( 2 437 m ) tan i ( 371.19 m ) (1 + tan 2 i )

tan 2 6.565 tan i 4.792 = 0
tan i =

1
2
6.565 ( 6.565) 4 (1) ( 4.792 ) = 3.283 3.945
2

Select the negative solution, since i is below the horizontal.

tan i = 0.662, i = 33.5
P4.19

(a)

For the horizontal motion, we have

1
x f = xi + v xi t + ax t 2
2
24 m = 0 + vi ( cos 53 ) ( 2.2 s ) + 0
vi = 18.1 m s .
continued on next page

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74

Chapter 4

(b)

1
As it passes over the wall, the ball is above the street by y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2
2
1
2
2
y f = 0 + (18.1 m s ) ( sin 53 ) ( 2.2 s ) + ( 9.8 m s ) ( 2.2 s ) = 8.13 m
2
So it clears the parapet by 8.13 m 7 m = 1.13 m .

(c)

Note that the highest point of the balls trajectory is not directly above the wall. For the
whole ight, we have from the trajectory equation

2
g
y f = ( tan i ) x f 2
xf
2
2vi cos i
or

2
9.8 m s 2
6 m = ( tan 53 ) x f
2
xf
2
2 (18.1 m s ) cos 53
Solving,

( 0.041 2 m ) x
1

2
f

1.33 x f + 6 m = 0

and
xf =

1.33 1.332 4 ( 0.0412 ) ( 6 )

2 ( 0.0412 m 1 )

This yields two results:

x f = 26.8 m or 5.44 m
The ball passes twice through the level of the roof.
It hits the roof at distance from the wall
26.8 m 24 m = 2.79 m
P4.20

From the instant he leaves the oor until just before he lands, the basketball star is a projectile.
His vertical velocity and vertical displacement are related by the equation v yf2 = v yi2 + 2ay y f yi .
Applying this to the upward part of his ight gives 0 = v yi2 + 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) (1.85 1.02 ) m . From
this, v yi = 4.03 m s. [Note that this is the answer to part (c) of this problem.]

For the downward part of the ight, the equation gives v yf2 = 0 + 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 0.900 1.85) m .
Thus the vertical velocity just before he lands is
v yf = 4.32 m s
(a)

His hang time may then be found from v yf = v yi + ay t:

4.32 m s = 4.03 m s + 9.80 m s 2 t

or t = 0.852 s .
(b)

Looking at the total horizontal displacement during the leap, x = v xi t becomes

2.80 m = v xi ( 0.852 s )
which yields v xi = 3.29 m s .

(c)

v yi = 4.03 m s . See above for proof.

continued on next page

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 74

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Motion in Two Dimensions

(d)
(e)

75

v yi
4.03 m s
The takeoff angle is: = tan 1 = tan 1
= 50.8 .
3.29 m s
v
xi
Similarly for the deer, the upward part of the ight gives
v yf2 = v yi2 + 2ay y f yi :

0 = v yi2 + 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 2.50 1.20 ) m

so v yi = 5.04 m s.

For the downward part, v yf2 = v yi2 + 2ay y f yi yields

v yf2 = 0 + 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 0.700 2.50 ) m and v yf = 5.94 m s

The hang time is then found as v yf = v yi + ay t : 5.94 m s = 5.04 m s + 9.80 m s 2 t

and

t =1.12 s
P4.21

The horizontal kick gives zero vertical velocity to the rock. Then its time of ight follows from
1
y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2
2
1
40.0 m = 0 + 0 + ( 9.80 m s 2 ) t 2
2
t = 2.86 s.
The extra time 3.00 s 2.86 s = 0.143 s is the time required for the sound she hears to travel
straight back to the player. It covers distance

( 343

m s ) 0.143 s = 49.0 m = x 2 + ( 40.0 m )

where x represents the horizontal distance the rock travels.

x = 28.3 m = v xi t + 0t 2
v xi =
*P4.22

28.3 m
= 9.91 m s
2.86 s

We match the given equations

x f = 0 + (11.2 m s ) cos 18.5t
0.360 m = 0.840 m + (11.2 m s ) sin 18.5t

1
(9.80 m s2 ) t 2
2

to the equations for the coordinates of the nal position of a projectile

x f = xi + v xi t
1
y f = yi + v yi t gt 2
2
For the equations to represent the same functions of time, all coefcients must agree: xi = 0,
yi = 0.840 m, v xi = (11.2 m s ) cos 18.5, v yi = (11.2 m s ) sin 18.5 and g = 9.80 m s 2 .
(a)

Then the original position of the athletes center of mass is the point with coordinates

( xi , yi ) = ( 0, 0.840 m )


r = 0 i + 0.840 mj.

. That is, his original position has position vector

continued on next page

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 75

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76

Chapter 4

(b)

His original velocity is v i = (11.2 m s ) cos 18.5 i + (11.2 m s ) sin 18.5 j =
11.2 m s at 18.5 above the x axis.

(c)

From 4.90 m s 2 t 2 3.55 m s t 0.48 m = 0 we nd the time of ight, which must be

positive t =

+3.55 m s +

(3.55 m s)

)(

4 4.9 m s 2 0.48 m

2 4.9 m s

= 0.842 s. Then

x f = (11.2 m s ) cos 18.5 ( 0.8425) = 8.94 m

(d)
0.84 m

0.36 m
8.94 m
FIG. P4.22

The free-fall trajectory of the athlete is a section around the vertex of a parabola opening
downward, everywhere close to horizontal and 48 cm lower on the landing side than on the
takeoff side.
P4.23

For the smallest impact angle

v yf
= tan 1
v xf
we want to minimize v yf and maximize v xf = v xi . The nal y component of
velocity is related to v yi by v yf2 = v yi2 + 2 gh , so we want to minimize v yi and
maximize v xi . Both are accomplished by making the initial velocity
horizontal. Then v xi = v, v yi = 0, and v yf = 2 gh. At last, the impact angle is
v yf
2 gh
= tan 1 = tan 1
v
v xf

Section 4.4

FIG. P4.23

Uniform Circular Motion

v2
, T = 24 h ( 3 600 s h ) = 86 400 s
R
2 R 2 (6.37 10 6 m)
v=
=
= 463 m s
T
86 400 s
( 463 m s )2
a=
= 0.033 7 m s 2 directed toward the center of Earth
6.37 10 6 m

P4.24

a=

P4.25

ac =

v 2 ( 20.0 m s )
=
= 377 m s 2
r
1.06 m
2

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 76

The mass is unnecessary information.

11/28/06 1:16:17 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.26

ac =

77

v2
r

v = ac r = 3 ( 9.8 m s 2 ) ( 9.45 m ) = 16.7 m s

Each revolution carries the astronaut over a distance of 2 r = 2 ( 9.45 m ) = 59.4 m. Then the
rotation rate is
1 rev
= 0.281 rev s
16.7 m s
59.4 m
P4.27

(a)

v = r

(
)(
)(
)
At 6.00 rev s, v = ( 0.900 m )( 6.00 rev s )( 2 rad rev ) = 33.9 m s = 10.8 m s.

At 8.00 rev s, v = 0.600 m 8.00 rev s 2 rad rev = 30.2 m s = 9.60 m s .

6.00 rev s gives the larger linear speed.

v 2 ( 9.60 m s )
=
= 1.52 10 3 m s 2 .
r
0.600 m
2
10.8 m s
At 6.00 rev s, acceleration =
= 1.28 10 3 m s 2 . So 8 rev/s gives
0.900 m
the higher acceleration.
2

(b)
(c)

Section 4.5
*P4.28

Acceleration =

Tangential and Radial Acceleration

The particles centripetal acceleration is v2
r = (3 m
s)2
2 m = 4.50 m
s2. The total acceleration
magnitude can be larger than or equal to this, but not smaller.
(a) Yes. The particle can be either speeding up or slowing down, with a tangential component
of acceleration of magnitude 62 4.52 = 3.97 m /s 2 .
(b) No. The magnitude of the acceleration cannot be less than v2
r = 4.5 m
s2.

P4.29

We assume the train is still slowing down at the instant in question.

ac =

v2
= 1.29 m s 2
r

3
v ( 40.0 km h ) (10 m km ) (1 h / 3600 s )
at =
=
= 0.741 m s 2
t
15.0 s

a = ac2 + at2 =

(1.29

m s 2 ) + ( 0.741 m s 2 )
2

a
0.741
at an angle of tan 1 t = tan 1

1.29
ac

FIG. P4.29

a = 1.48 m s 2 inward and 29.9 backward

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 77

11/28/06 1:16:17 PM

78

P4.30

Chapter 4

(a)

See gure to the right.

(b)

The components of the 20.2 and the 22.5 m s 2 along the rope together
constitute the centripetal acceleration:

ac = ( 22.5 m s 2 ) cos ( 90.0 36.9 ) + ( 20.2 m s 2 ) cos 36.9 = 29.7 m s 2

(c)

ac =

v2
so v = ac r = 29.7 m s 2 (1.50 m ) = 6.67 m s tangent to circle
r

v = 6.67 m s at 36.9 above the horizontal
P4.31

FIG. P4.30

r = 2.50 m, a = 15.0 m s 2
(a)
(b)

ac = a cos 30.0 = (15.0 m s 2 ) ( cos 30 ) = 13.0 m s 2

v2
r
2
so v = rac = 2.50 m (13.0 m s 2 ) = 32.5 m 2 s 2
ac =

v = 32.5 m s = 5.70 m s
(c)

a 2 = at2 + ar2
so at = a 2 ar2 =

P4.32

FIG. P4.31

(15.0 m s2 ) (13.0 m s2 ) = 7.50 m s2

2

Let i be the starting point and f be one revolution later. The curvilinear motion
with constant tangential acceleration is described by

Then tan =

Section 4.6
P4.33

at
4 r t 2
1
= 2
=
2
ar t 16 r 4

ar

1
x = v xi t + ax t 2
2
1
2 r = 0 + at t 2
2
4 r
at = 2
t
and v xf = v xi + ax t , v f = 0 + at t =

at

FIG. P4.32

v 2 16 2 r 2
4 r
. The magnitude of the radial acceleration is ar = f =
.
r
t 2r
t

= 4.55

Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration

v ce = the velocity of the car relative to the earth.


v wc = the velocity of the water relative to the car.


v we = the velocity of the water relative to the earth.

vce

vwe
60

vwc

These velocities are related as shown in the diagram at the right.

(a) Since v we is vertical, vwc sin 60.0 = vce = 50.0 km h or
v we = v ce + v wc


v wc = 57.7 km h at 60.0 west of vertical .
FIG. P4.33


(b) Since v ce has zero vertical component,
vwe = vwc cos 60.0 = ( 57.7 km h ) cos 60.0 = 28.9 km h downward

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 78

11/28/06 1:16:18 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.34

(a)

79

v H = 0 + a H t = 3.00 i 2.00 j m s 2 ( 5.00 s )

v H = 15.0 i 10.0 j m s

v J = 0 + a j t = 1.00 i + 3.00 j m s 2 ( 5.00 s )

v J = 5.00 i + 15.0 j m s

v HJ = vH vJ = 15.0 i 10.0 j 5.00 i 15.0 j m s

v HJ = 10.0 i 25.0 j m s

v HJ = (10.0)2 + (25.0)2 m s = 26.9 m s
(b)

1

1


2
rH = 0 + 0 + a H t 2 = 3.00 i 2.00 j m s 2 ( 5.00 s )
2
2


r = 37.5i 25.0 j m

1
2
rJ = 1.00 i + 3.00 j m s 2 ( 5.00s ) = 12.5i + 37.5j m
2





r = r r = 37.5i 25.0 j 12.5i 37.5j m

HJ

rHJ = 25.0 i 62.5j m

(c)

2
2
rHJ = ( 25.0 ) + ( 62.5) m = 67.3 m






a HJ = a H a J = 3.00 i 2.00 j 1.00 i 3.00 j m s 2

a HJ =
P4.35

( 2.00 i 5.00 j)

Total time in still water t =

m s2

d 2 000
=
= 1.67 10 3 s.
v 1.20

Total time = time upstream plus time downstream:

1000
= 1.43 10 3 s
(1.20 0.500)
1000
= 588 s.
t down =
1.220 + 0.500

t up =

Therefore, t total = 1.43 10 3 + 588 = 2.02 10 3 s .

This is 12.0% larger than the time in still water.
P4.36

The bumpers are initially100 m = 0.100 km apart. After time t the bumper of the leading car
travels 40.0 t, while the bumper of the chasing car travels 60.0t. Since the cars are side by side
at time t, we have
0.100 + 40.0t = 60.0t
yielding

t = 5.00 10 3 h = 18.0 s

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 79

11/28/06 1:16:19 PM

80

P4.37

Chapter 4

To guess the answer, think of v just a little less than the speed c of the river. Then poor Alan will
spend most of his time paddling upstream making very little progress. His time-averaged speed
will be low and Beth will win the race.
Now we calculate: For Alan, his speed downstream is c + v, while his speed upstream is c v .
Therefore, the total time for Alan is
2L / c
L
L
+
=
c+v cv
1 v2 / c 2
For Beth, her cross-stream speed (both ways) is

t1 =

c 2 v2
Thus, the total time for Beth is t 2 =

2L

2L / c

.
1 v2 / c 2
c v
v
Since 1 2 < 1, t 1 > t 2 , or Beth, who swims cross-stream, returns rst.
c
2

*P4.38

We can nd the time of ight of the can by considering its horizontal motion:
16 m = (9.5 m
s) t + 0

t = 1.68 s

(a)

For the boy to catch the can at the same location on the truck bed, he must throw it
straight up, at 0 to the vertical .

(b)

For the free fall of the can, yf = yi + vyit + (1
2)ayt2:

0 = 0 + vyi (1.68 s) (1
2)(9.8 m
s2)(1.68 s)2 vyi = 8.25 m
s

(c)

The boy sees the can always over his head,

traversing a straight line segment upward and then downward .

(d)

The ground observer sees the can move as a projectile on

a symmetric section of a parabola opening downward . Its initial velocity is
1
(9.52 + 8.252)1
2 m
s = 12.6 m/s north at tan (8.25/9.5) = 41.0 above the horizontal

P4.39

Identify the student as the S observer and the professor as

the S observer. For the initial motion in S, we have
v y
v x

= tan 60.0 = 3

Let u represent the speed of S relative to S. Then because

there is no x-motion in S, we can write v x = v x + u = 0
so that v x = u = 10.0 m s . Hence the ball is thrown
backwards in S. Then,
v y = v y = 3 v x = 10.0 3 m s
Using v y2 = 2 gh we nd
h=

(10.0

3 ms

2 ( 9.80 m s 2 )

= 15.3 m

The motion of the ball as seen by the student in S is

shown in diagram (b). The view of the professor in S
is shown in diagram (c).

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 80

FIG. P4.39

11/28/06 1:16:19 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

*P4.40

(a)

81

To an observer at rest in the train car, the bolt accelerates downward and toward the rear of
the train.
a=
tan =

( 2.50

m s ) + ( 9 . 80 m s ) = 10 . 1 m s 2
2

2 . 50 m s 2
= 0 .255
9 . 80 m s 2

= 14 . 3 to the south from the vertical

To this observer, the bolt moves as if it were in a gravitational eld of 9.80 m
s2 down +
2.50 m
s2 south.

P4.41

(b)

a = 9.80 m s 2 vertically downward

(c)

If it is at rest relative to the ceiling at release, the bolt moves on a straight line downward
and southward at 14.3 degrees from the vertical.

(d)

The bolt moves on a parabola with a vertical axis.

x

Choose the x axis along the 20-km distance. The

y components of the displacements of the ship
and the speedboat must agree:

( 26

N
25

40

km h ) t sin ( 40 15 ) = ( 50 km h ) t sin

15

11.0
= sin
= 12.7.
50
1

The speedboat should head

15 + 12.7 = 27.7 east of north

FIG. P4.41

Additional Problems
P4.42

(a)

The speed at the top is v x = vi cos i = (143 m s ) cos 45 = 101 m s .

(b)

In free fall the plane reaches altitude given by

v yf2 = v yi2 + 2ay y f yi

0 = (143 m s sin 45 ) + 2 ( 9.8 m s 2 ) y f 31 000 ft

2

(c)

3.28 ft
y f = 31 000 ft + 522 m
= 3.27 10 4 ft .
1m
For the whole free fall motion v yf = v yi + ay t

101 m s = +101 m s 9.8 m s 2 t

(d)

v2
ac =
r

t = 20.6 s

v = ac r = 0.8 ( 9.8 m s 2 ) 4,130 m = 180 m s

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 81

11/28/06 1:16:20 PM

82

*P4.43

Chapter 4

(a)

At every point in the trajectory, including the top, the acceleration is 9.80 m/s2 down .

(b)

We rst nd the speed of the ball just before it hits the basket rim.
v2xf + v2yf = v2xi + v2yi + 2ay( yf yi )
v2f = v2i + 2ay(yf yi) = (10.6 m
s)2 + 2(9.8 m
s2)(3.05 m 0) = 52.6 m2
s2
vf = 7.25 m
s. The balls rebound speed is vyi = (7.25 m
s)
2 = 3.63 m
s
Now take the initial point just after the ball leaves the rim, and the nal point at the top of
its bounce.
v2yf = v2yi + 2ay(yf yi):

0 = (3.63 m
s)2 + 2(9.8 m
s2)( yf 3.05 m)

yf = (3.63 m
s)2
2(9.8 m
s2) + 3.05 m = 3.72 m

*P4.44

(a)

Take the positive x axis pointing east. The ball is in free fall between the point just after it
leaves the players hands, and the point just before it bonks the bird. Its horizontal component of velocity remains constant with the value
(10.6 m
s)cos 55 = 6.08 m
s
We need to know the time of ight up to the eagle. We consider the balls vertical motion:
vyf = vyi + ayt 0 = (10.6 m
s)sin 55 = (9.8 m
s2)t t = (8.68 m
s)
(9.8 m
s2) = 0.886 s
The horizontal component of displacement from the player to the bird is
xf = xi + vxt = 0 + (6.08 m
s)(0.886 s) = 5.39 m
The downward ight takes the same time because the ball moves through the same vertical distance with the same range of vertical speeds, including zero vertical speed at one
endpoint. The horizontal velocity component of the ball is 1.5(6.08 m
s) = 9.12 m
s.
The final horizontal coordinate of the ball is
xf = xi + vxt = 5.39 m + (9.12 m/s)(0.886 s) = 5.39 m 8.08 m/s = 2.69 m
The ball lands a distance of 2.69 m behind the player .

(b)

The angle could be either positive or negative. Here is a conceptual argument: The horizontal bounce sends the ball 2.69 m behind the player. To shorten this distance, the bird
wants to reduce the horizontal velocity component of the ball. It can do this either by sending the ball upward or downward relative to the horizontal.
Here is a mathematical argument: The height of the bird is (1
2)(9.8 m
s2)(0.886 s)2 = 3.85 m.
The balls ight from the bird to the player is described by the pair of equations
1
y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2
2
and

xf = xi + vxt

0 = 3.85 m + (9.12 m
s)(sin ) t + (1
2)( 9.8 m
s2)t2

0 = 5.39 m + (9.12 m
s)(cos ) t

Eliminating t by substitution gives a quadratic equation in . This equation has two solutions.

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 82

11/28/06 1:16:21 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.45

83

Refer to the sketch. We find it convenient to solve part (b)

f irst.
(b)

x = v xi t ; substitution yields 130 = ( vi cos 35.0 ) t .

1
y = v yi t + at 2; substitution yields
2
1
20.0 = ( vi sin 35.0 ) t + ( 9.80 ) t 2
2

FIG. P4.45

Solving the above by substituting vi t = 159

gives 20 = 91 4.9 t2 so t = 3.81 s .
(a)

substituting back gives vi = 41.7 m s

(c)

v yf = vi sin i gt , v x = vi cos i
At t = 3.81 s, v yf = 41.7 sin 35.0 ( 9.80 ) ( 3.81) = 13.4 m s
v x = ( 41.7 cos 35.0 ) = 34.1 m s
v f = v x2 + v yf2 = 36.7 m s .

P4.46

At any time t, the two drops have identical y-coordinates. The distance between the two drops is
then just twice the magnitude of the horizontal displacement either drop has undergone.
Therefore,
d = 2 x ( t ) = 2 ( v xi t ) = 2 ( vi cos i ) t = 2vi t cos i
v 2 ( 5.00 m s )
=
= 25.0 m s 2
r
1.00 m
2

P4.47

(a)

ac =

at = g = 9.80 m s 2

P4.48

(b)

See gure to the right.

(c)

a = ac2 + at2 =

(a)

( 25.0

m s 2 ) + ( 9.80 m s 2 ) = 26.8 m s 2
2

a
9.80 m s 2
= 21.4
= tan 1 t = tan 1
25.0 m s 2
ac
FIG. P4.47
The moons gravitational acceleration is the probes centripetal acceleration:
(For the moons radius, see end papers of text.)
a=

v2
r

1
v2
9.80 m s 2 ) =
(
6
1.74 10 6 m
v = 2.84 10 6 m 2 s 2 = 1.69 km s
(b)

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 83

v=

2 r
T

T=

2 r 2 (1.74 10 6 m)
=
= 6.47 10 3 s = 1.80 h
v
1.69 10 3 m s

11/28/06 1:16:21 PM

84

*P4.49

Chapter 4

(a)

We nd the x coordinate from x = 12 t. We nd the y coordinate from 49 t 4.9 t2. Then we

nd the projectiles distance from the origin as (x2 + y2)1/2, with these results:
t (s)
0
r (m) 0

*P4.50

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
45.7 82.0 109 127 136 138 133 124 117 120

(b)

From the table, it looks like the magnitude of r is largest at a bit less than 6 s.








The vector v tells how r is changing. If v at a particular point has a component along r, then






r will be increasing in magnitude (if v is at an angle less than 90 from r) or decreasing




(if the angle between v and r is more than 90). To be at a maximum, the distance from the
origin must be momentarily staying constant, and the only way this can happen is for the


angle between velocity and displacement to be a right angle. Then r will be changing in
direction at that point, but not in magnitude.

(c)

The requirement for perpendicularity can be dened as equality between the tangent of the




angle between v and the x direction and the tangent of the angle between r and the y direction. In symbols this is (9.8t 49)
12 = 12t
(49t 4.9t2), which has the solution t = 5.70 s,
giving in turn r = 138 m. Alternatively, we can require dr2
dt = 0 = (d
dt)[(12t)2 + (49t
4.9t2)2], which results in the same equation with the same solution.

(a)

The time of ight must be positive. It is determined by yf = yi + vyit (1
2)ayt2

0 = 1.2 + v0 sin 35 t 4.9t2 from the quadratic formula as t =

0.574 v0 + 0.329v02 + 23.52

9.8

Then the range follows from x = vxit + 0 = v0t as

( )

x v0 = v0 0.164 3 + 0.002 299 v02 + 0.047 94 v02 where x is in meters and v0 is in

meters per second.
(b)
(c)
(d)

Substituting v0 = 0.1 gives x ( v0 ) = 0.0410 m

Substituting v0 = 100 gives x ( v0 ) = 961 m

When v0 is small, v20 becomes negligible. The expression x ( v0 ) simplies to

v0 0.164 3 + 0 + 0 = 0.405 v0 Note that this gives nearly the answer to part (b).

(e)

When v0 is large, v0 is negligible in comparison to v20 . Then x ( v0 ) simplies to

( )

x v0 v0 0 + 0.002 299 v02 + 0.047 94 v02 = 0.0959 v02 This nearly gives the answer
to part (c).
(f )

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 84

The graph of x versus v0 starts from the origin as a straight line with slope 0.405 s. Then
it curves upward above this tangent line, getting closer and closer to the parabola
x = (0.095 9 s2
m) v20

11/28/06 1:16:22 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.51

85

The special conditions allowing use of the horizontal range equation applies.
For the ball thrown at 45,
D = R45 =

vi2 sin 90
g

For the bouncing ball,

vi2 sin 2 ( vi / 2 ) sin 2
+
g
g
2

D = R1 + R2 =

where is the angle it makes with the ground when thrown and when bouncing.
(a)

We require:
vi2 vi2 sin 2 vi2 sin 2
=
+
g
g
4g
4
sin 2 =
5

= 26.6
FIG. P4.51

(b)

The time for any symmetric parabolic ight is given by

1
y f = v yi t gt 2
2
1
0 = vi sin i t gt 2 .
2
2v sin i
If t = 0 is the time the ball is thrown, then t = i
is the time at landing.
g
So for the ball thrown at 45.0
t 45 =

2vi sin 45.0

g

For the bouncing ball,

t = t1 + t 2 =

2vi sin 26.6 2 ( vi / 2 ) sin 26.6 3vi sin 26.6

+
=
g
g
g

The ratio of this time to that for no bounce is

3vi sin 26.6 / g 1.34
=
= 0.949
2vi sin 45.0 / g 1.41

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 85

11/28/06 1:16:23 PM

86

P4.52

Chapter 4

y 2 = 16 x
x = vi t
1
y = gt2
2

Equation of bank:
Equations of motion:

(1)
( 2)
( 3)

1 x2
Substitute for t from (2) into (3) y = g 2 . Equate y
2 vi

FIG. P4.52

from the bank equation to y from the equations of motion:

2

1 x2
g2 x3

g2 x 4

=
16 x = g 2
16
x
x
16 = 0
4
4

4 vi

4 vi
2 vi
10 4
64 v 4
From this, x = 0 or x = 2 i and x = 4
9.80 2
g

1/ 3

= 18.8 m . Also,

1 x2
1 ( 9.80 ) (18.8 )
y = g 2 =
= 17.3 m
2 vi
2
(10.0 )2
2

P4.53

(a)

1
y = g t 2 ; x = vi t
2
Combine the equations eliminating t:
1 x
y = g
2 vi

2 y 2
2
From this, ( x ) =
vi
g
thus x = vi

2 y
2(3 000)
= 275
= 6.80 10 3 = 6.80 km .
g
9.80

FIG. P4.53

(b)

The plane has the same velocity as the bomb in the x direction. Therefore, the plane will be
3 000 m directly above the bomb when it hits the ground.

(c)

When is measured from the vertical, tan =

x
y

6 800
x
= 66.2 .
= tan 1
therefore, = tan 1

3 000
y

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 86

11/28/06 1:16:23 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.54

87

Measure heights above the level ground. The elevation yb of the ball follows

with x = vi t so yb = R
(a)

1
yb = R + 0 gt 2
2

gx 2
.
2vi2

The elevation yr of points on the rock is described by

yr2 + x 2 = R 2
We will have yb = yr at x = 0, but for all other x we require the ball to be above the rock
surface as in yb > yr. Then yb2 + x 2 > R 2
2

gx 2
+ x 2 > R2
R

2v 2
i

R2

gx R g 2 x 4
+
+ x 2 > R2
vi2
4 vi4
g2 x 4
gx 2 R
2
+
x
>
.
4 vi4
vi2

If this inequality is satised for x approaching zero, it will be true for all x. If the balls
parabolic trajectory has large enough radius of curvature at the start, the ball will clear the
gR
whole rock:1 > 2
vi
vi > gR
(b)

With vi = gR and yb = 0, we have 0 = R

or x = R 2 .

gx 2
2 gR

The distance from the rocks base is

xR=
P4.55

(a)

2 1 R

From Part (c), the raptor dives for 6.34 2.00 = 4.34 s
undergoing displacement 197 m downward and
(10.0 ) ( 4.34 ) = 43.4 m forward.
d (197 ) + ( 43.4 )
= 46.5 m s
t
4.34
2

v=

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 87

(b)

197
= tan 1
= 77.6
43.4

(c)

197 =

1 2
gt , t = 6.34 s
2

FIG. P4.55

11/28/06 1:16:24 PM

88

P4.56

Chapter 4

(a)

1 2
1
at ; 70.0 = (15.0 ) t 2
2
2
70.0 = vi t
Roadrunner: x = vi t ;
Coyote: x =

Solving the above, we get

vi = 22.9 m s and t = 3.06 s
(b)

At the edge of the cliff,

v xi = at = (15.0 ) ( 3.06 ) = 45.8 m s
1
ay t 2 , we nd
2

Substituting into y =

1
100 = ( 9.80 ) t 2
2
t = 4.52 s
1
1
2
x = v xi t + ax t 2 = ( 45.8 ) ( 4.52 s ) + (15.0 ) ( 4.52 s )
2
2
Solving,
x = 360 m
(c)

For the Coyotes motion through the air

v xf = v xi + ax t = 45.8 + 15 ( 4.52 ) = 114 m s
v yf = v yi + ay t = 0 9.80 ( 4.52 ) = 44.3 m s

P4.57

(a)

While on the incline

v 2f vi2 = 2ax
v f vi = at
v 2f 0 = 2 ( 4.00 ) ( 50.0 )
20.0 0 = 4.00t
v f = 20.0 m s
t = 5.00 s

(b)

FIG. P4.57

Initial free-ight conditions give us

v xi = 20.0 cos 37.0 = 16.0 m s
and
v yi = 20.0 sin 37.0 = 12.0 m s
v xf = v xi since ax = 0

)(

) (

v yf = 2 a y y + v yi = 2 9.80 30.0 + 12.0

v f = v 2 + v 2yf =
xf

(c)

t1 = 5 s ; t 2 =

(16.0) + ( 27.1)

v yf v yi
ay

= 27.1 m s

= 31.5 ms at 59.4 below the horizontal

27.1 + 12.0
= 1.53 s
9.80

t = t1 + t 2 = 6.53 s
(d)

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 88

x = v xi t 2 = 16.0 (1.53) = 24.5 m

11/28/06 1:16:25 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

P4.58

89

Think of shaking down the mercury in an old fever thermometer. Swing your hand through a
circular arc, quickly reversing direction at the bottom end. Suppose your hand moves through
one-quarter of a circle of radius 60 cm in 0.1 s. Its speed is
1
4

( 2 ) ( 0.6 m )
0.1 s

and its centripetal acceleration is

9 m s

v 2 (9 m s )2

~ 10 2 m s 2 .
r
0.6 m

The tangential acceleration of stopping and reversing the motion will make the total acceleration
somewhat larger, but will not affect its order of magnitude.
P4.59

(a)

1
x = v xi t , y = v yi t + gt 2
2
d cos 50.0 = (10.0 cos 15.0 ) t
and

1
d sin 50.0 = (10.0 sin 15.0 ) t + ( 9.80 ) t 2
2

Solving, d = 43.2 m and t = 2.88 s.

(b)

Since ax = 0,
v xf = v xi = 10.0 cos 15.0 = 9.66 m s

FIG. P4.59

v yf = v yi + ay t = 10.0 sin 15.0 9.80 ( 2.88 ) = 25.6 m s

Air resistance would ordinarily decrease the values of the range and landing speed. As an
airfoil, he can deect air downward so that the air deects him upward. This means he can
get some lift and increase his distance.
P4.60

(a)

The ice chest oats downstream 2 km in time t, so that 2 km = vw t. The upstream motion
of the boat is described by d = (v vw )15 min. The downstream motion is described by
2 km
d + 2 km = (v + vw )(t 15 min) . We eliminate t =
and d by substitution:
vw
2 km

15 min

vw

( v vw )15 min + 2 km = ( v + vw )
v (15 min ) vw (15 min ) + 2 km =
v ( 30 min ) =
vw =
(b)

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 89

v
2 km + 2 km v (15 min ) vw (15 min )
vw
v
2 km
vw
2 km
= 4.00 km h .
30 min

In the reference frame of the water, the chest is motionless. The boat travels upstream for
15 min at speed v, and then downstream at the same speed, to return to the same point.
Thus it travels for 30 min. During this time, the falls approach the chest at speed vw ,
traveling 2 km. Thus
x
2 km
vw =
=
= 4.00 km h
t 30 min

11/28/06 1:16:25 PM

90

P4.61

Chapter 4

Find the highest ring angle H for which the projectile will clear the mountain peak; this will
yield the range of the closest point of bombardment. Next nd the lowest ring angle; this
will yield the maximum range under these conditions if both H and L are >45; x = 2500 m,
y = 1800 m, vi = 250 m s.
1
1
y f = v yi t gt 2 = vi ( sin ) t gt 2
2
2
x f = v xi t = vi ( cos ) t
Thus
t=
Substitute into the expression for y f
y f = vi ( sin )
but

xf
vi cos

gx 2f
1 xf
=
ta
g
x
n

f
vi cos 2 vi cos
2vi2 cos 2
xf

gx 2f
1
2
y
=
x
tan

so
=
tan

+
1
( tan 2 + 1) and
f
f
2vi2
cos 2
gx 2f
gx 2f
0 = 2 tan 2 x f tan + 2 + y f
2 vi
2vi

Substitute values, use the quadratic formula and nd

tan = 3.905 or 1.197 , which gives H = 75.6 and L = 50.1
Range ( at H ) =

vi2 sin 2 H
= 3.07 10 3 m from enemy ship
g
3.07 10 3 2 500 300 = 270 m from shore

Range ( at L ) =

vi2 sin 2 L
= 6.28 10 3 m from enemy ship
g
6.28 10 3 2 500 300 = 3.48 10 3 from shore

Therefore, safe distance is < 270 m or > 3.48 10 3 m from the shore.

FIG. P4.61

P4.62

We follow the steps outlined in Example 4.7, eliminating t =

d cos
to nd
vi cos

vi sin d cos gd 2 cos 2

2
= d sin
vi cos
2vi cos 2
Clearing of fractions,
2vi2 cos sin cos gd cos 2 = 2vi2 cos 2 sin
To maximize d as a function of , we differentiate through with respect to and set
2vi2 cos cos cos + 2vi2 sin ( sin ) cos g

dd
= 0:
d

dd
cos 2 = 2vi2 2 cos ( sin ) sin
d

We use the trigonometric identities from Appendix B4 cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 and
1
sin
= tan and cot 2 =
tan 2
cos

give cot 2 = tan = tan ( 90 2 ) so = 90 2 and = 45 .

2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos to nd cos cos 2 = sin 2 sin . Next,

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 90

11/28/06 1:16:26 PM

Motion in Two Dimensions

91

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P4.2

(a) r = 18.0ti + ( 4.00t 4.90t 2 ) j

(e) (18.0 m s ) i ( 25.4 m s ) j

(d) ( 54.0 m ) i ( 32.1 m ) j

P4.4

(a) v = 5.00 i + 0 j m s ;

(b) v = 18.0 i + ( 4.00 9.80t ) j

(f ) ( 9.80 m s 2 ) j

a = 0 i + 5.00 2 j m s 2

(b) r = 4.00 m j +5.00 m sin t i cos t j ;


a = 5.00 m 2 sin t i + cos t j

(c) a = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) j

v = 5.00 m cos t i + sin t j ;

(c) a circle of radius 5.00 m centered at ( 0, 4.00 m )

P4.6

(a) v = 12.0t j m s; a = 12.0 j m s 2

P4.8

(a) r = 5.00ti + 1.50t 2 j m; v = 5.00 i + 3.00tj m s

P4.10

(a) d

P4.12

(a) 76.0

g
horizontally
2h

(b) r = 3.00 i 6.00 j m; v = 12.0 j m s

2h
(b) tan 1 below the horizontal
d

(b) the same on every planet. Mathematically, this is because the acceleration of

gravity divides out of the answer.

(c)

17d
8

P4.14

d tan i

gd 2
( 2v cos2 i )

P4.16

(a) Yes.

(b) (1.70 m
s)
12 = 0.491 m
s

P4.18

33.5 below the horizontal

P4.20

(a) 0.852 s; (b) 3.29 m s;

(d) 50.8; (e) 1.12 s

P4.22

)


(b) r = (10.0 i + 6.00 j) m; 7.81 m s

2
i

(c) 4.03 m s;

(a) ri = 0 i + 0.840 m j (b) 11.2 m
s at 18.5 (c) 8.94 m (d) The free-fall trajectory of the
athlete is a section around the vertex of a parabola opening downward, everywhere close to horizontal and 48 cm lower on the landing side than on the takeoff side.

P4.24

0.033 7 m s 2 toward the center of the Earth

P4.26

0.281 rev s

P4.28

(a) Yes. The particle can be either speeding up or slowing down, with a tangential component of
acceleration of magnitude

62 4.52 = 3.97 m /s 2 .

(b) No. The magnitude of the acceleration

cannot be less than v
r = 4.5 m
s .

2

P4.30

(a) see the solution

P4.32

4.55

P4.34

(a) 26.9 m s

P4.36

18.0 s

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 91

(b) 29.7 m s 2

(b) 67.3 m

(c) 6.67 m s at 36.9 above the horizontal

(c) 2.00 i 5.00 j m s 2

11/28/06 1:16:27 PM

92

Chapter 4

P4.38

(a) 0 (b) 8.25 m
s (c) The can traverses a straight line segment upward and then downward
(d) A symmetric section of a parabola opening downward; 12.6 m
s north at 41.0 above the
horizontal.

P4.40

(a) 10.1 m s 2 at 14.3 south from the vertical (b) 9.80 m s 2 vertically downward (c) The
bolt moves on a parabola with its axis downward and tilting to the south. It lands south of the
point directly below its starting point. (d) The bolt moves on a parabola with a vertical axis.

P4.42

(a) 101 m s

P4.44

(a) 2.69 m (b) The angle could be either positive or negative. The horizontal bounce sends the
ball 2.69 m behind the player. To shorten this distance, the bird wants to reduce the horizontal
velocity component of the ball. It can do this either by sending the ball upward or downward
relative to the horizontal.

P4.46

2vi t cos i

P4.48

(a)1.69 km s ;

P4.50

(a) x = v0(0.1643 + 0.002 299 v20 )1
2 + 0.047 98 v20 where x is in meters and v0 is in meters per
second, (b) 0.410 m (c) 961 m (d) x 0.405 v0 (e) x 0.095 9 v20 (f ) The graph of x
versus v0 starts from the origin as a straight line with slope 0.405 s. Then it curves upward above
this tangent line, getting closer and closer to the parabola x = (0.095 9 s2
m) v20 .

P4.52

(18.8 m; 17.3 m )

P4.54

(a)

P4.56

(a) 22.9 m
s

P4.58

Imagine you have a sick child and are shaking down the mercury in an old fever thermometer.
Starting with your hand at the level of your shoulder, move your hand down as fast as you can
and snap it around an arc at the bottom. ~102 m
s2 ~ 10 g

P4.60

4.00 km
h

P4.62

see the solution

13794_04_ch04_p065-092.indd 92

gR ;

(b) 3.27 10 4 ft

(c) 20.6 s

(d) 180 m s

(b) 6.47 10 3 s

(b)

2 1 R

(b) 360 m from the base of the cliff

(c) v = (114 i 44.3 j ) m
s

11/28/06 1:16:28 PM