Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
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Review 1
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Review 2
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Mounting Methods
Fixed Circuit Breaker
Drawout Circuit Breaker
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Governing Standards
ANSI
UL
IEC
Closing Comments on Standards
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Testing
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Page 2
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Review 3
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Review 4
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Construction Method
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Review 5
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Operational Techniques
Primary Opening and Closing Contacts
Moving Contact Assembly
Stationary Contact Assembly
Operating Arm (Link)
Magnum DS Primary Contact System
Operating Mechanism
Magnum DS Operating Mechanism
Arc Chamber (Chutes)
Magnum DS Arc Extinguishing
Integral Trip Unit
Programmable Protection and Coordination
Circuit Breaker Coordination
Circuit Breaker Coordination Example
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Review 6
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Protective Systems
Long Delay Protection (L)
Short Delay Protection (S)
Instantaneous Protection (I)
Ground Fault Protection (G)
Overcurrent Protection Combinations
Characteristic Curve Review
Advance Warnings and Alarms
System Diagnostics and Testing
System Monitoring
Power Quality Monitoring
Energy Monitoring and Management
Communications
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Page 3
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Review 7
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Review 8
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Glossary
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Review 1 Answers
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Review 2 Answers
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Review 3 Answers
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Review 4 Answers
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Review 5 Answers
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Review 6 Answers
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Review 7 Answers
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Review 8 Answers
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Page 4
You will find the Advanced Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers on page 39 to be
an advanced discussion of the low voltage power circuit breaker. It is intended to
be a continuation of the discussion of low voltage power circuit breakers and Module 5, Fundamentals of Circuit Breakers. It also addresses many of the same
topics in a more detailed fashion. Because Eatons Cutler-Hammer Magnum DS
Low Voltage Power Circuit Breaker is the latest and most advanced product in the
industry, it will be the low voltage power circuit breaker used for most examples.
Like the other modules in this series, this one presents small, manageable sections of new material followed by a series of questions about that material. Study
the material carefully then answer the questions without referring back to what
youve just read. You are the best judge of how well you grasp the material.
Review the material as often as you think necessary. The most important thing is
establishing a solid foundation to build on as you move from topic to topic and
module to module.
A Note on Font Styles
Printed versions have the glossary at the end of the module. You may also browse
the Glossary by clicking on the Glossary bookmark in the left-hand margin.
Page 5
There are both low voltage DC power circuit breakers and low voltage AC
power circuit breakers. The interruption of direct current is distinctly different
from the interruption of alternating current, and generally more difficult at comparable voltages and currents. Large quantities of low voltage AC power circuit
breakers are used throughout industry in comparison to very small numbers of DC
devices. For this reason and the fact that this is an introduction to low voltage
power circuit breakers, only AC designs will be covered. Keep in mind, however,
low voltage DC power circuit breakers do exist and are used in a number of specialty applications, such as rapid transit.
Circuit Breakers are often classified by certain modifying words, such as low voltage power. Low voltage AC power is considered to be for applications at 1000
volts AC and below. For comparison reasons then, medium voltage AC power is
considered to be for application above 1000 volts AC. In general, however, low
voltage power circuit breakers are viewed as 600 volt circuit breakers applied at a
number of different voltage levels, such as 240 or 480 volts.
Sound confusing? Lets try to clear it up a bit by taking a brief look at why a low
voltage power circuit breaker might be used along with some background information.
Why use a low voltage power circuit breaker over another type of low voltage circuit breaker? Most often the determination is made by the specific application. Lets consider a number of the more prominent reasons why a low voltage
power circuit breaker is ideally suited for certain applications. Keep these reasons
in mind as you proceed through this module. You will learn about the features and
requirements that support and further explain the following reasons for applying
low voltage power circuit breakers:
Maintainability - A low voltage power circuit breaker is designed to be maintained in the field. This extends the useful service life of the circuit breaker.
Especially for heavy, repetitive duty applications, maintenance of the circuit
breaker is quite an important feature. Low voltage power circuit breakers
allow for the inspection and replacement of parts on site.
Safety - Low voltage power circuit breakers are tested as drawout devices in
an enclosure. As such, four distinct circuit breaker positions relative to its
enclosure are provided for maximum operator safety. The four drawout circuit
breaker positions allow for the following uniquely different functions:
Connected Position: The circuit breaker is fully connected and functional.
Test Position: The circuit breakers primary connections are disconnected.
Secondary connections are not disconnected and testing can be safely performed because the circuit breaker is not energized. This is not possible with
a circuit breaker that is permanently mounted.
Disconnect Position: Neither the primary nor secondary electrical connections
of the circuit breaker are made. This position is often used as a storage position for the circuit breaker within its enclosure.
Withdrawn Position: In this position, the circuit breaker has no electrical conPage 6
This is the primary differentiating feature between a power circuit breaker and a
molded case circuit breaker. The importance of this difference will be discussed a
number of times later in this module.
For many years, low voltage power circuit breakers were essentially an assembly
of parts on a welded metal frame, thus the phrase metal-frame circuit breaker.
Distinguishing one low voltage circuit breaker from another at that point was
rather simple. If it was a metal-frame circuit breaker, it was probably a power circuit breaker. If the circuit breaker parts were enclosed by an insulating material, it
was called a molded case circuit breaker (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Metal-Frame Low Voltage Power Circuit Breaker
Certain hybrid low voltage circuit breakers were later developed and quite successful in certain markets. These circuit breakers had their parts encased in an
insulating material, not unlike a molded case circuit breaker. From a performance
standpoint, however, they performed more like a power circuit breaker. They had
several of the same physical attributes as the power circuit breaker, but were
never able to achieve the short time ratings of a power circuit breaker or pass all
the power circuit breaker test standards.
Page 7
What is a Low
Voltage Power
Circuit Breaker?
Like much other terminology in the industry, the designation low voltage power circuit breaker can be confusing at times. For now, lets just say that the set or sets
of standards a circuit breaker complies with determines whether or not the circuit
breaker can be classified as a low voltage power circuit breaker. Applicable standards will be discussed later in this module.
As you might imagine by now, there is a wide variety of low voltage power circuit
breakers available in the market today. We will not concentrate on what circuit
breakers are called. Instead, we will look at characteristics, features and governing standards. Then, no matter who the manufacturer or what a circuit breaker is
called, you will be better prepared to discuss the subject.
Low voltage power circuit breakers are considered rugged, long-lived, flexible
and, to varying degrees, field-maintainable. Lets briefly look as some of the areas
that might set a low voltage power circuit breaker apart from other types of low
voltage circuit breakers, such as:
Ratings
Construction/Maintainability
Operating Mechanisms
Testing
Because they make and break power circuits in air using Arc Chutes, as opposed
to Vacuum, SF6 or oil, they are considered Air Circuit Breakers.
Ratings
Low voltage power circuit breaker interrupting ratings and frame size designations
can vary to some degree from one manufacturer to another or from one part of the
world to another. One thing that is common to most power circuit breakers is the
fact that they are rated for continuous operation at 100% of their current rating in their enclosure. What you see on the nameplate is what you get. There is
Page 8
Trip Units today used on low voltage power circuit breakers are almost universally
of the solid state, microprocessor-based design. Years ago this same type circuit breaker used only electromechanical type trip units. Because this type of trip
unit used with a low voltage power circuit breaker is almost non-existent, it is only
mentioned briefly in this module. It is important to note that ANSI Standards
require that the trip units on low voltage power circuit breakers be integrally
mounted.
Operating Mechanisms
Low voltage power circuit breakers operate through two-step stored-energy spring
mechanisms. The springs used to close the circuit breaker contacts, called closing
springs, can be manually or electrically charged. The springs used to open the circuit breaker, called opening springs, are usually charged automatically when the
breaker is closed.
Because of the increased closing forces required and the closing speed, low voltage power circuit breakers use two-step, stored energy mechanisms. That is,
the closing springs are charged and remain charged with the breaker open until a
close button or some other type of release is activated to close the breaker. As
mentioned in Module 5, the low voltage power circuit breaker is required by ANSI
Page 9
In the Workplace
Low voltage power circuit breakers are most commonly applied in switchgear
assemblies like the one shown here.
Figure 5. Typical Low Voltage Metal-Enclosed Assembly
Frequently, low voltage power circuit breakers are used to control (and protect
against overloads and short-circuits on) fans, pumps and lighting panels.
An assembly such as this one could be used to serve the HVAC needs of a manufacturing facility.
Because they are built to withstand such intense service conditions, low voltage
power circuit breakers are ideal for industrial applications such as this.
Principles of
Operation and
Terminology
A low voltage power circuit breaker can be applied on any system within the interrupting rating of the circuit breaker. Low voltage power circuit breakers are ideally
suited for applications where there is a requirement for the circuit breakers to
be selective when faced with short-circuit conditions. In addition to our earlier discussion of selectivity, we could also say that selective means that the circuit
breaker is capable of remaining closed for a certain period of time with a short-circuit present to allow the problem to be cleared up by a downstream device before
the power circuit breakers open and the larger system is shut down (short time
delay rating capacity). This is the area where short time delay ratings from 0 to 30
cycles play a key role. Obviously, it is assumed that the circuit breaker is applied
properly and will not face short-circuit conditions beyond its capabilities. If it does
see a condition beyond its short time rating, it will open instantaneously.
Time will be taken here to introduce several additional principles and common
terms associated with low voltage power circuit breakers and their application.
This material will be especially helpful from a practical standpoint. These are the
types of terms and topics encountered on the job when working with low voltage
power circuit breakers and their assemblies. Principles and terms presented here
are certainly not all inclusive. Even after this module is completed and you return
to your work location, new terms will surface that should be part of your low voltage power circuit breaker vocabulary. The intent here is to provide a solid background on which to build.
Page 10
Stored energy was briefly touched on earlier in this module and in Module 5.
Because this is a phrase frequently heard with respect to circuit breakers, it
deserves some elaboration. All low voltage power circuit breakers, whether manually or electrically operated, utilize two-step stored energy mechanisms.
Stored energy mechanisms are needed to overcome inherent forces opposed to
the closing process. They also make it possible to close the circuit breaker very
quickly, 5 cycles or less time.
Stored energy is energy held in waiting, ready to open or close the low voltage
power circuit breaker in five cycles or less. Designs are such that the energy
required to open a low voltage power circuit breaker is always available.
On manually operated circuit breakers, closing springs are charged by hand. For
electrically operated circuit breakers, springs are normally charged by a small
electric motor, although they can also be charged manually if power is not available (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Typical Low Voltage Metal Frame Power Circuit Breaker Being Manually Charged
Bus
Control Voltage
The Control Voltage (or secondary voltage), is usually secondary with respect to
the voltage rating of the circuit in which the circuit breaker is applied. Control voltage is used to operate secondary devices. The voltage used to run the motor that
charges a circuit breakers springs automatically is an example.
Drawout
Page 11
Connected
Test
Disconnect
Remove (Withdrawn)
In the Connected position, the circuit breaker is into its compartment as far as it
will go with both primary and secondary electrical connections made. The circuit
breaker is now ready for normal operation (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Connected Position
In the Test position, the circuit breaker is farther out of its compartment with the
primary electrical connections no longer made (Figure 9). Secondary electrical
connections are still made in this position to provide the secondary power required
to test the circuit breakers operation, including the trip unit.
Figure 9. Test Position
In the Disconnect position, the circuit breaker is even farther out of its compartment with the main Contacts open (Figure 10). Neither the primary nor secondary
electrical connections are made. This is a typical compartment storage position
for a circuit breaker not in use.
Page 12
In the Remove (or Withdrawn) position, the circuit breaker is out of the compartment on extension rails with the main contacts open and the closing springs discharged (Figure 11). There are neither primary nor secondary electrical
connections. This is the typical last position for a circuit breaker to be in before it is
physically removed from its rails to another location.
Figure 11. Remove (Withdrawn) Position
This is related to the specific drawout breaker design (Figure 12). Behind the door
drawout means that the breaker compartment door usually must be opened to
Lever (or rack) the breaker from one position to another as just discussed under
Drawout.
The breaker normally has a Faceplate Shield (or deadfront shield) to protect the
operator from dangerous voltages while the door is open. This type of design usually permits the breaker to be in any of three positions (Disconnect, Test, Connected) with the door closed. This design does not permit an individual to know
the status of the circuit breaker or its trip unit without opening the compartment
door.
Page 13
This is also a drawout related circuit breaker design (Figure 13). Through the
door drawout permits the operator to lever the circuit breaker from the
Connected position to the Test position to the Disconnect position
and vice versa without opening the compartment door. The door has a hole in
it to accommodate protrusion through the door of some small portion of the circuit
breaker as it reaches a position well to the front of the compartment. The operator
is also protected by a deadfront shield, usually a combination of the door and the
faceplate of the circuit breaker. The benefits associated with this design are that a
full view of the circuit breaker front is given along with access to the racking (drawout) device without opening the compartment door.
Figure 13. Three Typical Through-the-Door Drawout Positions of
Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers in its Compartment
Continuous Current
Rating
The Continuous Current Rating of a circuit breaker is the maximum current rating
the breaker is designed to carry on a continuous basis and remain within the
applicable guidelines for the breaker. It is also referred to as the Frame Rating or
the Frame Size.
100% Rated
ANSI specifies that low voltage power circuit breakers are to be rated for continuous operation at 100% of their current ratings in their compartment. To meet these
requirements, they are tested for operation within a specific enclosure and, therefore, do not need to be de-rated.
Interrupting Rating
The interrupting rating is the maximum short-circuit current that the circuit breaker
can safely interrupt. ANSI prescribes its minimum preferred ratings for power circuit breakers to meet.
The short time rating of a low voltage power circuit breaker is the maximum value
of current the circuit breaker is designed to handle safely for a short period
of time (30 cycles or 0.5 seconds) in the closed position, without damage to the
circuit breaker. This test is repeated twice for a total of one (1) second. The short
time rating is usually equal to the 600 volt interrupting capacity. This attribute is
one of the main features that differentiates a power circuit breaker from
Page 14
Current Sensor
Sensor, as used with respect to a circuit breaker, is a common term for a current
transformer which steps current down to useful levels for a specific purpose,
such as providing an input to a trip unit (circuit breakers intelligence package).
Page 15
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
Begin the next section when you are confident that you understand what youve
already read.
1. A power circuit breaker has either an interrupting rating or a short time rating.
TRUE FALSE
2. While inside their compartments, most low voltage drawout power breakers
can be in any of the following positions with compartment doors closed:
a. Connected Position
b. _______________ Position
c. _______________ Position
3. Both manually and electrically operated low voltage power breakers use
stored energy mechanisms for opening and closing.
TRUE FALSE
4. The frame rating or the frame size of a low voltage power breaker refers to the
_______________ ________________ rating of the breaker.
5. All low voltage power breakers that meet applicable ANSI Standards are
capable of continuous operation at 100% of their current rating.
TRUE FALSE
6. The _______________ _______________ Rating of a power breaker is one
of the main features that differentiates a power breaker from other types of circuit breakers.
7. ANSI Standards requires low voltage power breakers to have integrally
mounted trip units.
TRUE FALSE
8. One reason a low voltage power breaker utilizes a two-step stored energy
mechanism is so that it is able to provide an ______________________________-_______________ duty cycle.
Page 16
In Module 5, you learned that all circuit breakers have a number of design and
functional characteristics in common:
Specific methods used for mounting and using low voltage power circuit breakers
will be covered in the next section. In this section, the concentration will be on how
low voltage power circuit breaker operate to accomplish their tasks and what
accessory items are available to enhance their capabilities.
Basic low voltage power circuit breakers are generally composed of:
Frame or Chassis
Primary Contacts
Arc Extinguishers
Operating Mechanism
Accessory Items
You will recall from Module 5 that all circuit breakers utilize some method to hold
all the parts that make up a circuit breaker, usually called the frame or chassis. A
low voltage power circuit breaker chassis today will be one of two types (Figure 14
and 15):
Page 17
The open type metal-frame has a number of pieces welded and/or bolted
together on which the different circuit breaker components are assembled. Components have a tendency to be larger, heavier, and may need to be adjusted.
In the Workplace
The new Magnum DS power circuit breaker utilizes a rigid frame molded from
engineered thermoset composite resins.
Figure 16. Magnum DS Power Circuit Breaker
Molding improves the structural rigidity of the frame, allowing for higher interrupting and short time ratings.
Many individual circuit breaker parts are molded as integral assemblies. This
improves the design by making it smaller and stronger with fewer individual parts,
unlike the metal-frame approach.
Primary Contacts
Page 18
Arcing also occurs when opening and closing low voltage power circuit breakers
under load, except to a much larger degree. The primary contact design challenge
is to ensure that the arcing is dealt with first to protect the surface of the
main contacts from arc damage. For this reason, primary contacts are mechanically designed such that on closing of the circuit breaker, the arcing contacts
touch (make) before the main contacts. Also on opening of the circuit breaker,
the main contacts part (break) before the arcing contacts. This construction
ensures that arcing takes place on the heat resistant arcing contacts. Usually, primary contacts are replaceable on low voltage power circuit breakers, which can
be needed in time if the operating duty of the breaker is severe enough.
A primary contact assembly is composed of:
moving part
A rigid insulating piece through a pushing or pulling motion is used to operate the
moving part of the primary contact assembly.
The fixed and moving main and arcing portions of the assembly can be in any
number of configurations, some more efficient than others (Figures 18 and 19).
Usually the designs for a particular type circuit breaker are the same. The only
variable is the number of parts used to handle the amount of current available.
Larger circuit breaker frames require more and/or larger arcing and main contact
pieces.
Keep in mind that the design goal is to efficiently handle arcing through the heat
resistant arcing contacts so that the main contacts are protected from unnecessary damage. This approach permits the main contacts to be made from low resistance materials, such as silver or silver alloys to minimize the heat developed
during normal operation.
Page 19
Finally, it was pointed out in Module 5 that some newer low voltage power circuit
breaker designs take full advantage of certain natural facts of physics to assist
with the opening process. You will recall that the concept centers around magnetic
fields established in conductors when current is flowing in the conductors.
The low voltage power circuit breaker design takes full advantage of this electromagnetic force to assist with opening and keeping the circuit breaker closed. In
certain configurations, the force and also the insulator are used to help hold
the contacts closed temporarily during a fault condition, which is where a
power circuit breakers short time rating comes from. Circuit breaker designs
taking advantage of this concept can be smaller and lighter and still maintain the
higher withstand (short-time) capabilities associated with low voltage power circuit
breakers. When it is time for the contacts to open, this same force can be used in
the opposite direction to speed the opening action.
Think about the concept of electromagnetic assistance with opening and closing
of contacts in the following fashion (Figure 20). A door could be viewed as the
movable contact. Our super-hero can be considered the rigid insulator used to
push closed or pull open the door (contact). Assistance from the wind (electromagnetic force) in the proper direction would help our super-hero open or keep
the door closed.
Page 20
Arc Extinguishers
Figure 22. One Arc Chute Removed From a Magnum DS Circuit Breaker (Bottom View)
During the arcing process, ionized gases are generated and normally vented, in
some fashion, harmlessly away from the circuit breaker, breaker compartment,
and any operator who might be in close proximity to the equipment. It is also
Page 21
You learned in Module 5 that some type of a mechanism is provided with all circuit
breakers for opening and closing. Low voltage power circuit breakers are no
exception. A low voltage power circuit breaker operating mechanism is composed
of a number of different parts, assemblies and accessories, all dedicated to ensuring that the circuit breaker opens and closes consistently.
The mechanism is a two-step spring charged stored energy type providing
three basic functions:
A means to close/open the circuit breaker using the stored energy of the closing and opening springs
Manual
The manually operated circuit breaker has its closing springs charged manually
through the use of some type of charging handle. The circuit breaker is closed
using a manual close button which is a mechanical process. As the circuit breaker
closes, a set of smaller opening springs are charged. The circuit breaker is
opened using a manual trip (open) button, which is a mechanical process.
Safety interlocks, accessory items and trip units can also cause the circuit breaker
to trip through mechanical means. Most manually operated power circuit breakers
can be equipped with an optional device to electrically release the springs stored
energy, thus closing the circuit breaker.
Previously, it was not practical or even possible to convert manually operated low
voltage power circuit breakers to electrically operated circuit breakers in the field.
This is no longer impossible with newer low voltage power circuit breaker designs.
Such designs permit manually operated circuit breakers to be converted to
electrically operated circuit breakers by field installing UL Listed electrical
operators.
Page 22
For a circuit breaker to do its job, a means must be provided enabling the circuit
breaker to perform automatically or in response to other commands. In short, the
circuit breaker is a rather dumb device without a brain (intelligence source). This
source of intelligence is the trip unit.
As required by ANSI Standards, low voltage power circuit breakers must be provided with an Integrally Mounted Trip Unit. This means that the trip unit must be
inside of, or part of, the circuit breaker. Prior to the advent of the first solid state
trip unit, electromagnetic type tripping devices, commonly called dual-overcurrent
magnetic trips, were used with all low voltage power circuit breakers. In recent
times, this type of tripping device on low voltage power circuit breakers has disappeared from the scene. For this reason, only microprocessor-based trip units will
be discussed in this module.
A typical microprocessor-based trip unit used with low voltage power circuit breakers offers the following capabilities (Figure 24):
Programming
Monitoring
Diagnostic
Communication
Testing
Figure 24. Integrally Mounted Trip Units
Page 23
(L) Long delay protection - protection against overloads and short circuits
A trip unit offering all four of these protection at one time is commonly called an
LSIG Trip Unit. Other combinations are also available, such as LI, LS, LSI, LIG
and LSG.
The long, short and ground functions would have programmable values of
current and time. Obviously, instantaneous has no associated time because
the trip is instantaneous (Figure 26). Trip units have these different programmable
features programmed so they coordinate with one another and with the requirements of the system being protected to provide the closest possible system coordination and protection against all eventualities. This coordination discipline is
where you start hearing phrases like curve shaping and close coordination. No
attempt will be made in this module to get into the details of this discipline. It is
quite specialized and best left to individuals with the proper training.
Page 24
More advanced trip units are able to monitor and display currents, energy,
power, power quality and power factor. They also may be able to diagnose
problems and provide advance warnings of potential problems, such as harmonics. Two way communications for remote monitoring and control is also
available. This affords the user a cost effective way to monitor and control expansive, multi-location facilities with a wide array of protective equipment and operational machinery.
Trip and no trip tests can usually be performed on the trip unit and circuit
breaker utilizing integral testing capabilities or separate test kits. Normally, the
tests can be performed with the circuit breaker in service and full protection provided during the testing. This type of testing is secondary testing. Primary testing
involves specialty testing equipment and a testing expertise, and is not discussed
in this module.
Accessory Items
Accessories used with low voltage power circuit breakers are usually added to the
circuit breaker to provide additional features, such as status indication and remote
operation. It is possible, however, that some accessories for some circuit breaker
designs might be mounted remotely from the circuit breaker. These devices might
be totally mechanical, totally electrical or a combination. The intent here is to
briefly discuss the function of commonly used accessory items, although all low
voltage power circuit breakers do not necessarily offer all of the devices being discussed, nor is this list all inclusive.
Page 25
Shunt Trip (ST) - A shunt trip is an electromechanical device which is standard on most electrically operated power circuit breakers. When added to a
manually operated circuit breaker, it provides for remote controlled electrical tripping.
Spring Release (SR) - The spring release device is standard on most electrically operated power circuit breakers. When added to a manually operated
circuit breaker, it permits the circuit breaker to be closed electrically from
a remote location.
Bell Alarm (OTS) - The bell alarm, frequently called an overcurrent trip
switch (OTS) on a power circuit breaker, is normally circuit breaker mounted.
Its function is to provide a signal to indicate that the circuit breaker has
tripped open automatically (trip unit command). It will not operate if the
circuit breaker is tripped open by other means, such as the use of a manual
trip button, an electrical control switch, or the operation of an undervoltage
release device.
Locking Devices - Low voltage power circuit breakers normally have a wide
array of mechanical locking devices to prevent unauthorized circuit
breaker operation (Figure 28).
Figure 28. Padlock Shown Mounted on Front of Molded Frame Type Power Breaker
Preventing Unauthorized Use of Open and Close Buttons
Mechanical Interlocks - These devices provide a way to mechanically interlock two circuit breakers. A typical use for such a device is to prevent one circuit breaker from closing while another circuit breaker is already closed.
Capacitor Trip Device - A capacitor trip device is normally mounted externally from the circuit breaker. It uses a small storage capacitor for AC control
Page 26
Lifting Device - Because some low voltage power circuit breakers can be sizable and heavy, a variety of devices is usually available to lift and move the
circuit breaker once it is out of its compartment (Figure 29).
Figure 29. Rail Mounted Lifting Device Being Used to Lift a Magnum DS Power Circuit Breaker
From Its Compartment Extension Rails
Truck Operated Cell Switch (TOC) - A TOC switch is usually mounted in the
circuit breaker compartment and is activated by movement of a drawout
circuit breaker into and out of the Connected position. As the circuit
breaker moves, the contacts are activated providing a means for remote indication of the circuit breakers position.
Page 27
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
Begin the next section when you are confident that you understand what youve
already read.
1. For many years low voltage power circuit breakers were open type metalframe circuit breakers. Today, newer low voltage power circuit breaker
designs are _________________ frame type designs.
2. When a low voltage power circuit breaker opens, its arcing contacts part
before the main contacts part to draw any arcs formed away from the main
contacts.
TRUE FALSE
3. Low voltage power circuit breakers are considered air circuit breakers and
use _______________ _______________ to eliminate the arc by confining,
dividing and cooling it.
4. The operating mechanism springs of both manually operated and electrically
operated low voltage power circuit breakers can be charged manually.
TRUE FALSE
5. A low voltage power circuit breakers source of intelligence is its
_______________ _______________.
6. Current transformers used in a low voltage power circuit breaker to monitor
and reduce the current to useful levels are also known as _______________.
7. Time-current characteristic curves graphically represent the operating
response of the _______________ ______________.
8. Circle the type or types of protection from the four types listed below that offer
some degree of protection against short circuits.
(a) Long Delay Protection (b) Instantaneous Protection
(c) Short Delay Protection (d) Ground Fault Protection
9. An auxiliary switch is graphically represented below. On the graphic, label
each of the four contacts as either a or b type contacts.
Page 28
As briefly discussed earlier, low voltage power circuit breakers are usually available in the two following mounting configurations:
Fixed
Drawout
Total usage of low voltage power circuit breakers today is dominated by the drawout configuration because it provides for easier maintenance and continuity of service. Most circuit breaker manufacturers, however, offer both types.
Fixed Circuit Breaker
Fixed low voltage power circuit breakers usually have fixed primary conductor
stabs protruding from the rear of the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is bolted in
position within its assembly compartment, and the rear conductor stabs are bolted
to primary bus connections (Figure 30). Secondary connections are also made
manually. Power must be turned off to the assembly to connect a fixed circuit
breaker into the system or to remove it from the system.
Figure 30. Fixed Type DSII Circuit Breaker
Drawout low voltage power circuit breakers have a levering device to move the
circuit breaker from one compartment position to the next. Usually part of the
levering mechanism is on the circuit breaker with a corresponding part is in its
compartment. Working together, they provide the mechanical means required to
move the circuit breaker. Drawout circuit breakers are designed to be removed
and connected without cutting power to the entire assembly under load conditions
because the circuit breaker, by design, automatically opens before racking can
take place. This means that power to the assembly does not have to be turned off
when a circuit breaker is removed from or inserted into the assembly, thus ensuring continuity of service.
Drawout circuit breaker compartments are provided with extension rails which,
when not in use, are stored inside the compartment (Figure 31). The extension
rails provide a means by which a drawout circuit breaker can be easily removed
from its compartment for inspection, maintenance or movement to another area.
Figure 31. Drawout Molded Case Circuit Breaker Shown on Compartment Extension Rails
Page 29
Governing
Standards
You will recall from Module 5 that circuit breakers are designed, built and tested in
accordance with one or more specific sets of standards. In this module, you will be
introduced to the standards specific to low voltage power circuit breakers. The
intent here is not to present and study the different applicable standards word for
word. That type of undertaking would be a course unto itself. Our goal is to understand a little about low voltage power circuit breaker related standards, where
they were, and where they are today.
Figure 33. Many Standards
Page 30
UL
Underwriters Laboratories Incorporateds UL1066, for the most part, calls for testing to demonstrate compliance with ANSI C37.50 just mentioned. A UL Label is
affixed to the breaker to indicate successful compliance.
IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 947-2 is a more general international testing standard covering a variety of devices, including circuit breakers
of all types, and is entitled Low Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear.
Closing Comments on
Standards
Before concluding this section, it might help to minimize confusion if you remember that there is often a great deal of referencing to other standards that takes
place within a specific standard. Successful testing with respect to one standard
often includes automatic compliance with other standards.
Example 1 - ANSI C37.13 details the physical attributes, such as stored energy,
that a low voltage AC power circuit breaker must have, while ANSI C37.50 references C37.13 and details how the described breaker should be tested. The key
Page 31
Testing
The testing required and the standards that must be met by a low voltage power
circuit breaker depend on the area of the world where the circuit breaker is
applied. To play a major international role, low voltage power circuit breakers
should be able to meet the requirements of ANSI, UL and IEC (Figure 34).
Figure 34. Dominant Worldwide Standards
As you continue through this module, you will become well aware that the
required testing is the key factor in defining the type of circuit breaker. In a very
general and simplistic way, low voltage power circuit breakers undergo a
sequence of four rigorous tests.
1. The first sequence consists of a temperature rise, an overload, and a shortcircuit test.
2. The second sequence is a series of short-circuit tests.
3. The third sequence is an endurance test.
4. The fourth is a momentary rating test.
Molded case circuit breakers, for example, are subjected to tests similar to numbers 1, 2 and 3. The fourth test sequence, momentary rating test, is specific to
power circuit breakers and to some IEC molded case circuit breakers.
Specific testing details will not be covered in this module. It should be pointed out,
however, that the momentary rating test just mentioned (test sequence 4) subjects
the circuit breaker to tremendous physical forces and severe heating effects. Very
simply speaking, the circuit breaker is subjected to its full short time current rating
for two (2) time periods up to 30 cycles each. The short time rating indicates
what magnitude of current the circuit breaker can stand with its contacts
closed for a short period without being damaged. The circuit breakers short
time rating is often equal to its 600 volt interrupting capacity. A low voltage power
circuit breaker must be strong enough to survive this test and function properly
after completion.
Page 32
Selection of the proper low voltage power circuit breaker for a specific application
is not a difficult process. There are some important questions, however, you must
be able to answer. Fortunately, the most difficult part of the job has already been
done by other qualified individuals when they determined the requirements of the
system.
This includes determining things like:
Application voltage
System frequency
Programmable functions
Accessory needs
Mounting configuration
Special requirements
Your job is to make sure these types of questions are answered. The more familiar you are with what a particular circuit breaker line has to offer, the easier the
task. Lets start by looking at what circuit breaker manufacturers do to help.
Manufacturers normally provide a great deal of assistance in the way of printed
material, computer accessible information and direct contact. This does not mean,
however, you should not put forth that extra effort to know personally what is available. Learn to use all the information provided.
Most selection factors fall into one of two categories:
Standard Selection
Factors
Standard selection factors normally are associated with the circuit breakers ratings/standards, operation method, accessory items, and how the breaker will be
mounted. The most common points to consider will be discussed.
1. Standards - Applicable standards were discussed in this module and earlier
modules. You should be told or it will appear in a written specification what
standards the circuit breakers must meet. Newer low voltage power circuit
breakers meet a wide array of standards which will make them acceptable in
most parts of the world. In addition, make sure you are aware of any special
local requirements and/or standards.
2. Ratings - This is a critical part of the selection process. You should already
know what is required. Now you must determine what specific circuit breakers
will meet the rating requirements. Manufacturers normally provide easy to
read tables outlining the ratings of every circuit breaker frame. Keep in mind
there could be more than one table. This is especially true for newer circuit
breaker designs that meet both ANSI and IEC requirements. A manufacturer
might choose to present it as one combined table or two tables. If you know
what is required, you will be able to make a selection from the tables under
normal circumstances.
Page 33
Lets take a look at a typical type ANSI table for a low voltage power circuit
breaker and see what it has to offer (Figure 35). The table used in this example
will not cover every circuit breaker rating for a particular design.
Enough of the table is presented to give you a good working knowledge on how to
proceed. Each area of the table that is discussed is identified by a circled letter to
simplify the discussion. One last important point should be made before beginning. Always read footnote references carefully. They provide important information and could be critical to the proper selection.
Figure 35. Example ANSI Ratings Table
A: The Breaker Type is usually the name given to the circuit breaker by the manufacturer along with some general information about the ratings of that specific circuit breaker type. In the example ratings table shown, XYZ-508 is the first circuit
breaker listed. The XYZ is the circuit breakers name. The first number 5 gives
you a general idea what the interrupting rating is of the XYZ-508 circuit breaker at
a voltage of 480 volts. This is a common presentation method because the widest
used application voltage domestically is 480 volts. The last two numbers, 08 in
this case, usually tell you the maximum continuous current rating of the circuit
breaker. XYZ-508 can, therefore, carry 800 amperes continuously, and interrupt
50,000 amperes at 480 volts.
B: This column outlines specifically the maximum continuous current the circuit
breaker will carry. Notice that circuit breaker type XYZ-616 in the example table
will carry a maximum continuous current of 1600 amperes. Notice also that the
last two numbers of the circuit breaker type XYZ-616 (16) give you the same
information, with 16 meaning 1600. Take the time to make this same comparison
with circuit breaker type XYZ-632.
C: Notice that the rest of this table is devoted to the interrupting capabilities in
amperes of the different circuit breaker types at different application voltages. Also
notice that the application voltages listed are:
208-240 volts
480 volts
600 volts
The nominal voltage range for the ANSI market is 208 to 600 Volts AC at a frequency of 50 or 60 hertz. Get comfortable with seeing these voltages when talking about ANSI rated low voltage power circuit breakers.
D: You will notice that these two columns are labeled differently. The first column
entitled With Instantaneous Trip outlines the interrupting capabilities of each
circuit breaker frame at the different application voltages. These ratings are applicable when the circuit breakers trip unit provides instantaneous protection.
Page 34
Low voltage power circuit breakers are applied at their nameplate ratings.
Low voltage power circuit breakers are sized and selected for application to
handle the maximum fault that could be encountered where they are applied.
Low voltage power circuit breakers are provided with a means to trip (open)
instantaneously if they are closed in on an existing fault.
E: Lets just briefly take a look at the footnote. It tells you that these ratings are
also the short time ratings of the circuit breaker. The material in D was discussed
Page 35
IEC Example - An IEC example similar to the one just presented will not be
offered here. Ratings tables and their appearance as to how data is presented can
change from country to country and even manufacturer to manufacturer. The
information presented, however, is usually similar. You should be aware of some
of the noticeable differences in the presented data, and start now to become
familiar with IEC rated breakers. For now, consider the following to get started:
The voltage range for the international market is 380 through 690 Volts AC
at a frequency of 50 or 60 hertz.
The general continuous current range for low voltage power circuit breakers is
800 through 6300 amperes.
The voltage and current abbreviations and names are different, such as:
Ue application voltage, such as 380 or 690 volts.
In rated current such as 800 or 6300 amperes.
Ics rated service short circuit breaking capacity.
Icu rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity.
Icw rated short time withstand current (similar to the ANSI short time rating
and the circuit breaker is expected to function properly again after having
dealt with the Icw).
Lets make a quick comparison from a presentation standpoint. Keep in mind, the
important things are:
1. Will the circuit breaker being considered do the job?
2. Will the circuit breaker being considered meet the standards in effect where
the circuit breaker is to be used?
It is not possible to simply take a product designed and tested to one standard
(ANSI or IEC) and certify it to the other standard. A manufacturer must undertake
a concerted design effort to satisfy both standards individually.
Breaker Frame (A)
Interrupting (kA)
415
690
480
600
40 or 65 or 130
40 or 65 or 85
42 or 100 or 200
42 or 100 or 200
This is by far not an all inclusive example. It is only intended to draw some simple
ANSI and IEC comparisons between some of the most common selection points
that must be considered when selecting low voltage power circuit breakers. You
can see that although not exactly the same, it is primarily a matter of familiarization.
3. Operation Method - As discussed earlier, low voltage power circuit breakers
are either manually or electrically operated. You must always specify the
method of operation. At some point, you will need to know the secondary control voltage being used for an electrically operated circuit breaker. Even if the
circuit breakers are manually operated, it is a good idea to find out the sec-
Page 36
There may not be special conditions to consider, although this should be determined as soon as possible. You may be able to deal with certain special conditions and others might call for assistance from the manufacturer. Do not hesitate
to ask for help. Some conditions or requirements to look for that might not be considered standard are:
Altitude
Page 37
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
1. Of the two most common low voltage power circuit breaker mounting methods, the fixed configuration is most commonly used because it is less expensive.
TRUE FALSE
2. When a drawout type low voltage power circuit breaker is in the Connected
position, both _______________ and _______________ electrical connections are made.
3. If you were called upon to select a low voltage power circuit breaker, name at
least five selection factors, standard or special factors, you might consider
during the selection process.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. In a low voltage power circuit breaker ratings table, the Frame Size indicates
the circuit breakers interrupting rating in amperes.
TRUE FALSE
5. The nominal voltage range for low voltage power circuit breakers in the
domestic market governed by ANSI Standards is _______________ to 600
Volts AC.
6. In terms of the international market governed by IEC Standards, Ue stands for
the _______________ _______________, such as 415 volts.
7. In todays global market, standards are usually so similar that a low voltage
power circuit breaker designed and tested to IEC Standards can simply be
certified to ANSI Standards and vice versa, without the need for additional
testing.
TRUE FALSE
8. A low voltage power circuit breaker is always provided with instantaneous
protection against closing in on a fault current.
TRUE FALSE
9. Low voltage power circuit breakers are sized, selected, and applied to safely
handle the _______________ fault current it could possibly be exposed to.
10. Circle the letter next to the testing standard that most influences the design
and testing of low voltage power circuit breakers used in the United States.
(a) ANSI C50.51
(b) UL1866
(c) IEC 947-2
(d) ANSI C37.50
Page 38
The Magnum DS Family of low voltage power circuit breakers is not an extension
of any other low voltage design (Figure 36). It is at the forefront of technology and
development. For this reason, it is an excellent design to discuss when certain
specific examples are required in this module. Keep in mind, however, all low voltage power circuit breakers do not necessarily offer as many features or use the
same advanced technology as Magnum DS. Even though this might be the case,
it does not mean that another design does not qualify as a low voltage power circuit breaker, or that there are not other capable low voltage power circuit breakers.
Figure 36. Magnum DS Family of Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers 2 Frame Sizes
800 Through 5000 Amperes)
Magnum DS is a low voltage power circuit breaker. It is built and tested to all
applicable ANSI Standards for low voltage AC power circuit breakers and Underwriters Laboratories Listed. Because of its flexible design, an International Electrotechnical Commission rated version of Magnum DS is also available to
address international requirements. This IEC version is called Magnum. Everything that is expected of an ANSI rated low voltage power circuit breaker is delivered by Magnum DS, and then some. If you think this sounds a bit biased, it is.
Eaton Electrical is justifiably proud of Magnum DS, and as you learn more and
more detailed information about low voltage power circuit breakers, you will most
certainly agree.
You will recall a discussion of the areas that might set a low voltage power circuit
breaker apart from other types of low voltage circuit breakers. Namely:
Ratings
Construction/Maintainability
Operating Mechanisms
Testing
You were initially introduced to the primary factors that make the low voltage
power circuit breaker unique. Other factors and methods that were rather common with low voltage power circuit breakers but not necessarily unique were also
discussed. You will revisit a number of the areas just mentioned. Each topic discussed, however, will be presented in more detail with special emphasis placed
on those factors that set the low voltage power circuit breaker apart from other
types of low voltage circuit breakers, such as molded case and insulated case circuit breakers. The general topics to be discussed are:
Construction Methods
Page 39
Operational Techniques
Applications
The last section reiterates many of the facts learned with special attention given to
the unique factors associated with low voltage power circuit breakers. This summary can serve as a review and a future quick reference.
Standards and
Testing
The standards that are applicable to low voltage power circuit breakers and the
testing involved to prove compliance by a specific low voltage power circuit
breaker design are in Module 5 and previously in this module. You learned from
those discussions that standards and testing go to the heart of the matter. This is
true from three very important standpoints:
1. This is the industrys determination as to whether or not a particular circuit
breaker design is capable of meeting a wide range of published operational
and physical requirements.
2. The proven and stated compliance to specific standards tells potential users
that the equipment from the manufacturers under consideration all meet certain basic standards, which makes the users evaluation process much simpler. Once this determination is made, a particular manufacturer can still gain
an evaluated advantage by offering additional unique features and/or an operational design approach preferred by the user.
3. It is a solid way of defining specific types of circuit breakers within a larger
general grouping. For example: The larger general grouping is Low Voltage
Circuit Breakers. Specific types within the Low Voltage Circuit Breaker grouping would be Low Voltage Power, Insulated Case, Molded Case and Miniature.
As you can see, when a specific type circuit breaker is specified, such as a low
voltage power circuit breaker, the specifier already knows what the base expectations are from each manufacturer.
You will recall, from both Module 5 and previous sections, a map of the world
showing the standards most influential in different parts of the world (Figure 37). It
bears revisiting the map again to emphasize the importance, in todays global
economy, of having flexible designs capable of complying with all major standards
around the world. In this module the emphasis will be primarily on ANSI and IEC
Standards. You should never lose sight of the fact, however, that there are a number of other standards that can play a critical role in determining what equipment
is acceptable for application in a given area of the world. Even local and/or individual city codes and requirements may have to be considered.
Page 40
In previous modules, references other than ANSI and IEC were made with respect
to standards and testing, such as UL, IEEE. There is a strong relationship
between ANSI, UL and IEEE. As a matter of fact, you will notice in manufacturers
publications for low voltage power circuit breakers and even low voltage metal
enclosed switchgear references made to all. The following two samples are typical statements you might encounter when reading publications for both the power
circuit breaker and the metal enclosed switchgear:
Typical Low Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Statement: Type XYZ low voltage
power circuit breakers are UL listed, and built and tested to applicable NEMA,
ANSI, IEEE and UL standards (ANSI C37.50, C37.13, UL 1066).
Typical Low Voltage Metal Enclosed Switchgear Statement: Type XYZ low
voltage metal enclosed switchgear conforms to NEMA SG3, NEMA SG5, ANSI
C37.20.1, ANSI C37.51 and UL1558.
It may seem to you like a confusing web at this point. Once the relationship is
understood, it will be clear as to why these references are made. There will be no
detailed discussion of the standards relating to low voltage metal enclosed in this
module, only those relevant to the power circuit breaker. Keep in mind, however, it
works the same way. The standards state different requirements for the different
pieces of equipment, but the intent is the same - an uncompromised piece of
equipment with proven performance capabilities.
For the purpose of this section, lets identify the key players as a minimum and
elaborate on a couple. This should not be considered as a substitute for the standards themselves. For a full explanation of any standard, consult the standard
itself for details and proper conformance instructions.
IEEE (Institute of
Electrical and Electronic
Engineers)
NEMA (National
Electrical Manufacturers
Association)
Page 41
The applicable low voltage power circuit breaker NEMA Standard is SG-3,
and it adopts ANSI C37.16 in its entirety.
CSA (Canadian
Standards Association)
The Canadian Standards Association is in the category of a major international standard. Its design and testing requirements are essentially the same
as required by UL. In fact, harmonization programs between UL and CSA are
ongoing to close the gap and/or eliminate differences. The Canadian Standards Association standard most associated with low voltage power circuit
breakers is CSA 22.2-31 for Switchgear Assemblies.
You were briefly introduced to ANSI. Now lets take the time to get to know ANSI
much better because ANSI is the key to low voltage power circuit breakers. It is
the recognized North American Authority on equipment standards.
UL (Underwriters
Laboratories Inc.)
Provide the means for the U.S. to influence development of international and
regional standards
IEC presides over the standardization of equipment for a number of other parts of
the world. In view of todays global markets, there is a significant amount of interaction between the organizations just discussed and IEC.
IEC 947-2 is a multi-part international testing standard covering a variety of
devices, including circuit breakers of all types. It is entitled Low Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear.
As far as IEC is concerned, every device tested to IEC 947-2 must be subjected to
several test sequences in order to be approved. Because IEC 947-2 covers both
low voltage power circuit breakers and low voltage molded case circuit breakers,
the exact test sequences performed are not necessarily the same. They depend
on the category of the device.
Category A Device - In general, this is a device without a short time Withstand
Rating, such as a molded case circuit breaker.
Category B Device - This is a device with a short time withstand rating, such as a
power circuit breaker and certain molded case circuit breakers. Typically, these
devices are referred to as Air Circuit Breakers or just ACBs.
IEC 947-2 was developed with assistance from members of the U.S. National
Committee. Still, a number of significant differences exist between IEC 947-2 and
applicable ANSI standards. In particular, the various ratings of a circuit breaker
can differ when tested to each standard. Therefore, any product comparisons
made between products tested to these different standards (domestic versus
international) should only be made with a thorough understanding of the differences.
Standards Conclusion
Testing of a low voltage power circuit breaker in keeping with required ANSI Standards provides the first glimpse at what makes a low voltage power circuit breaker
unique. Remember, low voltage power circuit breakers are applied at or below
their nameplate ratings. That nameplate rating is a result of having successfully
completed a series of rigorous tests. This is referred to as a 100% rating.
Although every detail of the testing will not be covered here, you will have an
appreciation for just how demanding these ANSI defined tests are for low voltage
power circuit breakers. The tests will be described as four test sequences. It
should be pointed out here that all tests are performed using a Drawout circuit
breaker in its enclosure for each frame size.
The first three test sequences are similar in many ways to the tests performed on
other types of low voltage circuit breakers, such as a molded case circuit breaker.
It is the fourth test sequence performed on a low voltage power circuit breaker
that differentiates the power circuit breaker from other types of circuit breakers.
Note that all the following test sequences, except for Test Sequence 4 in which the
circuit breaker has no Trip Unit, are preceded and followed by a calibration test
and dielectric check.
Test Sequence 1 - This test sequence consists of a temperature rise test, an
overload switching test, and then a short circuit test. The circuit breaker is
equipped with an instantaneous trip.
1. The circuit breaker is loaded to 100% of the maximum rating of the frame size
(in normal enclosure) until the temperature is constant. The standard lists the
maximum permissible temperature rises at various parts of the circuit breaker.
2. The circuit breaker is then subjected to number of opening operations on
over-load switching.
3. The circuit breaker is then given a 3-phase short circuit test at its maximum
voltage rating, which is 635 volts for this 600 volt rated circuit breaker. The
short circuit current in this case can be no less than the 600 volt interrupting
capacity of the circuit breaker being tested. The three maximum voltages
used during testing and typically listed on the nameplate are listed below
along with their corresponding application voltages:
Maximum Voltage
Application Voltage
635 volts
508 volts
254 volts
600 volts
480 volts
240 volts
4. The short circuit test consists of initiating current through the closed circuit
breaker, causing it to trip. After 15 seconds, the circuit breaker is re-closed on
the fault, and then allowed to trip open to clear the fault. This is known as an
O-CO (open-close open) test.
5. The short circuit test is followed by a calibration check and a dielectric test.
Test Sequence 2 - This test sequence consists of a series of short circuit tests on
a circuit breaker equipped with selective tripping (no instantaneous).
Page 45
Figure 40. Low Voltage Molded Case and Insulated Case Circuit Breaker Endurance Ratings (Per UL
489)
Test Sequence 4 - This test sequence includes a short time current (withstand)
test. Molded case and insulated case circuit breakers are not usually subjected
to this type of test and, therefore, have no full 30 cycle Short Time Rating. This
is one of the key differences.
1. For this test, the circuit breaker does not have a trip unit or the trip unit is disconnected. During the short-circuit testing, the circuit breaker can be tripped
instantaneously by a shunt trip.
Page 46
Page 47
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
Begin the next section when you are confident that you understand what youve
already read.
1. ANSI is the recognized North American Authority on equipment standards.
TRUE FALSE
2. Cutler-Hammers Magnum DS low voltage power circuit breakers are built
and tested to all applicable ANSI Standards. The IEC Standards version of
this Cutler-Hammer low voltage power circuit breaker is called
___________________.
3. Magnum DS low voltage power circuit breakers carry a UL Label which indicates the circuit breakers successful compliance with UL Standard Number
___________________.
4. The primary North American testing procedures for low voltage power circuit
breakers used in an enclosure are stated in ANSI Standard C37._____
_____.
5. All low voltage circuit breakers have full 30 cycle short time rating because all
of them must pass a momentary rating test.
TRUE FALSE
Page 48
You learned that low voltage power circuit breakers are essentially an assembly of
parts on a metal frame or in an encased housing of insulating material. Because
the makeup of both approaches was adequately discussed, the details will not be
repeated. One point, however, that should be repeated centers around what applicable standards are required relative to the construction method. The frame construction used must hold all the circuit breaker parts in place and be capable of
withstanding the tremendous physical forces and severe heating effects a power
circuit breaker could be subjected to while performing its function. Standards do
not specify the exact nature of the construction or the construction material.
Those decisions are left to the circuit breaker manufacturer.
Obviously, the construction method and materials used must result in a strong,
rigid design. For many years, the preferred approach was the open type metalframe which had a number of pieces welded and/or bolted together. With the significant technological strides made in the areas of insulating material and molding
processes, versatile rigid frame housings of high strength engineered thermoset
composite resins have become available. Not only does the rigid frame housing
type low voltage power circuit breaker meet the stringent requirements of ANSI, it
exceeds them in a number of instances.
The Magnum DS circuit breaker uses a 3-piece construction (Figure 42):
A 2-piece engineered thermoset composite resin case completely encloses
the current paths and arc chambers.
The operating mechanism sits on the front of the case and is electrically isolated from the current contact structures. It is in turn covered by an insulating
front cover.
Figure 42. Magnum DS Low Voltage Power Circuit Breaker
Rigid Frame Construction (Right Side View)
The rigid frame construction results in a more compact, lighter weight low voltage
power circuit breaker. Previous circuit breaker designs with many parts that were
once produced and attached individually to the frame can now be molded as an
integral part of the rigid frame. The overall strength and rigidity of the engineered
thermoset composite resin design can even contribute to higher performance
capabilities by the power circuit breaker. This was the result with Magnum DS
which has higher short time ratings (withstand) than previously available power
circuit breakers, along with higher interrupting capabilities. In the way of
review, remember that the short time rating consists of the following two components:
Insulate and isolate Arcing from other poles, the rest of the circuit breaker,
and personnel
Ratings and
Performance
The rigid frame housing also provides for the rigid mounting of circuit breaker
components which:
Some of the most useful information about a low voltage power circuit breaker can
be found in its ratings table. Ratings tables were briefly covered during the Circuit
Breaker Selection discussion. The ratings published in these tables are backed up
by testing as outlined in applicable standards. These ratings tell quite a story.
They indicate how a particular circuit breaker will perform during a given set of
application circumstances. In a similar regard, the ratings indicate what circuit
breaker should be selected for a specific application.
Although ratings tables from different manufacturers often look similar and even
reflect many of the same ratings, it is not a good idea to assume that all low
voltage power circuit breakers have the same ratings. Get into the habit of
reviewing different tables and comparing the published ratings. There is no room
for unexpected surprises in circuit breaker selection.
Figure 44. Example ANSI Ratings Table
Page 50
Page 51
Altitude and Ratings: Low voltage power circuit breakers are applicable at their
full voltage and current ratings up to a maximum altitude of 6600 feet (2000
meters) above sea level. When a circuit breaker is installed at higher altitudes,
the ratings are subject to correction factors in accordance with ANSI Standards.
Fortunately, you are not often faced with this situation. Even if you are, it probably
has already been taken into account by the specifier. It is good, however, to be
aware of such application exceptions.
Current Waveforms and Ratings: The subject of current waveforms and their
effect on circuit breaker ratings will not be discussed in great detail in this module.
Once again this consideration is usually made by the specifier and taken into
account when a particular circuit breaker is specified. You should be somewhat
familiar with the concepts. If for no other reason, it could help to explain why a certain circuit breaker rating selection was made for a particular application. It will
also be good background information later in this module when applications are
discussed. You noticed in the ratings table just discussed that interrupting ratings
and short time ratings were expressed in symmetrical amperes. For most discussions and selections involving low voltage power circuit breakers, this will be the
case. Without getting into too much detail, it is important to know that there are
two common ways to rate protective devices in amperes. These ratings are symmetrical and asymmetrical. The symmetrical and asymmetrical ampere ratings
can be quite different for the same device. To clarify the significance of the two
terms, lets briefly discuss each individually.
The graphic shown of a Symmetrical AC Current represents a fault current flowing in a circuit (Figure 46). The fault current has a sine wave shape and is symmetrical with respect to the horizontal axis. That is, the current rises and falls
equally above and below the horizontal axis, so the shapes are symmetrical.
The graphic shown of an Asymmetrical Current becoming Symmetrical represents an offset fault current wave (Figure 47). It rises above the horizontal axis
considerably more than it goes below for the first few cycles. This wave is said to
be offset from or asymmetrical with respect to the horizontal axis. This condition
occurs in circuits containing reactance which are short-circuited at some time
Page 52
Continuing this discussion of current waveforms, lets take a look at some background information. Low voltage power circuit breakers typically part their Contacts after several cycles of fault current, assuming there is no intentional time
delay. In short, contact parting only begins once time delays are expired. The circuit breaker can be called upon to interrupt more than the symmetrical value of
fault current, as calculated from the impedance of the circuit. This is because of
the presence of the DC component just discussed.
We will not discuss here why the degree of asymmetry can be different, just know
that the degree can vary. What is of real importance is the rate at which the DC
component decays and the change to symmetrical takes place. This rate, and
hence the current value, can be related directly back to the ratio of circuit reactance to circuit resistance or the X/R ratio.
For this reason, the X/R ratio is a significant and specified factor for standards testing. It is also an important ratio to know when selecting circuit breakers
for application on a system. As long as the X/R ratio for the system does not
exceed the tested X/R for the circuit breakers, you are home free.
If the system X/R ratio exceeds the tested X/R for the circuit breakers, the circuit
breakers would have to have their published interrupting capacity and short
delay current capability de-rated. A circuit breaker with a higher interrupting
capacity and higher short delay current rating might be needed to accommodated
the de-rating factor.
Page 53
Example: The total available fault current from all sources that this low voltage
power circuit breaker could see was calculated to be 48,000 amperes symmetrical. For this example, we are only considering what circuit breaker could be used
to deal instantaneously with a potential fault of this magnitude. From some selection chart you might select a circuit breaker with a 50,000 ampere interrupting
capability.
In this example that would not be a good selection because it has also been
determined that the system X/R ratio is 9.94. You can see from the de-rating table
that a 9.94 ratio equates to a de-rating factor of 0.937. This factor used on the circuit breakers interrupting capability of 50,000 amperes reduces it to 46,850
amperes, not sufficient to deal with the potential fault current of 48,000 amperes
[50,000 x 0.937 = 46,850].
Obviously, a circuit breaker with a higher interrupting capability must be selected
for this application. If a circuit breaker with an interrupting capability of 65,000
amperes is selected, you can see from the calculation that it would do the job
[65,000 x 0.937 = 60,905].
Page 54
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
Begin the next section when you are confident that you understand what youve
already read.
1. The frame or housing of a low voltage power circuit breaker is not required by
applicable standards to be manufactured from any specific type of material.
The manufacturer of the circuit breaker makes that decision.
TRUE FALSE
2. The short time rating of a low voltage power circuit breaker is also known as
the ___________________ rating.
3. Two different components combine to make a low voltage power circuit
breakers short time rating. One is the short delay time component and the
other is the __________________ __________________
__________________ component.
4. All low voltage power circuit breakers meeting the same applicable ANSI
Standards must offer all the same ratings.
TRUE FALSE
5. Magnum DS low voltage power circuit breaker interrupting ratings are the
same for all application voltages on 3200 ampere frame circuit breakers and
below.
TRUE FALSE
6. The highest interrupting rating available from any unfused 3200 ampere
frame and below low voltage power circuit breaker is offered by Magnum DS.
That interrupting rating is ___________________ amperes.
7. Two parts of the graphic below are labeled. One component has an arrow
pointing to it but is not labeled. Label the unlabeled component next to the
arrow pointer.
8. Use the information provided here to determine what would be the minimum
interrupting capacity a low voltage power circuit breaker should have to safely
deal with a maximum available fault current of 63 kA on an instantaneous
basis. The system in which this circuit breaker will be applied has an X/R ratio
of 6.59. Circle the correct multiple choice answer, (a), (b), (c) or (d).
(a) 42,000 amperes interrupting capacity
(b) 65,000 amperes interrupting capacity
(c) 85,000 amperes interrupting capacity
(d) Enough information is not provided to determine the answer
Page 55
Generally, all low voltage power circuit breakers use the same functional parts to
accomplish their task. You learned earlier that all of them have:
Does this mean that all low voltage power circuit breakers are virtually the same?
No.
You will recall that ANSI Standards provide for the minimum requirements to be
classified as a low voltage power circuit breaker. In addition, the standards do not
state how something must be accomplished, only what must be accomplished. It
was already pointed out earlier in this module that ANSI Standards do not dictate
the construction method. If there is a better way to accomplish the same results,
do it. What differentiates one low voltage power circuit breaker from another are
the design techniques used to accomplish the task. Techniques that can result in:
higher ratings
additional features
Low voltage power circuit breakers generally have separate arcing and main current carrying contacts. This does not necessarily mean, however, the arcing
and main contacts are physically two separate pieces. On some designs, they
are two distinct parts of the same assembly. On other designs, the arcing and
main contacts are just different contact areas on the same contact.
The arcing and main contacts are designed mechanically so that on closing, the
arcing contacts make before the main contacts. On opening, the main contacts part before the arcing contacts. This type of construction ensures that arcing takes place on the more heat resistant arcing contacts. Because the damaging
arcing takes place on the arcing contacts, the main contacts are protected and
can be made of pure silver or a silver alloy. This main contact composition is much
lower in resistance and minimizes the heat developed during operation. Contacts
are usually maintainable and/or replaceable, a key feature for a low voltage
power circuit breaker.
A complete primary contact assembly generally consists of three primary parts
(Figures 49 and 50):
Operating Arm
Page 56
Figure 50. DSII Type Primary Contact Assembly Mounted (Rear View)
Moving Contact
Assembly
The moving contact assembly is hinged or pivoted in some manner within the circuit breaker permitting it to open and close as required. It is made up of a main
contact and an arcing contact.
1. The moving main contact is connected to the load conductor through
either a hinged or flexible connection. It also varies in size depending upon
the amount of current. When it closes, it butts up against the stationary portion
of the contact completing the circuit. It opens the circuit when it pivots in the
opposite direction and breaks contact with the fixed portion.
2. The moving arcing contact makes first with its fixed counterpart upon closing,
and separates last upon opening. It can be a Butt type design or a Finger
(wedge) type design.
Stationary Contact
Assembly
The stationary contact assembly is in a fixed (stationary) position within the circuit
breaker. It is made up of a main contact and a fixed arcing contact or some part
that acts as a fixed arcing contact.
1. The stationary main contact is rigidly connected to the line conductor.
The contact itself is often a butt type contact, and varies in size depending
upon the amount of current it is designed to carry. By butt contact, it is meant
that a connection is made when the moving part of the contact butts solidly up against the stationary part of the contact.
Page 57
A rigid operating arm (link), usually made of an insulating material, is the connection between the moving contact assembly and the circuit breakers operating
mechanism. It operates the moving contact assembly during the opening
and closing process in conjunction with the operating mechanism. The operating link is sometimes considered to be part of the operating mechanism.
Now that primary opening and closing contacts have been reviewed in a general
way, lets take a closer look at how all of this works together. We will review the
innovative Magnum DS approach. Keep in mind, however, that all designs are not
the same and some are more effective than others.
Magnum DS Primary
Contact System
All low voltage power circuit breaker designs try, with varying degrees of success,
to maximize the combination of two important design aspects:
The Magnum DS primary contact system features a very effective and efficient
combination of these two design aspects.
1. The Magnum DS movable contact design centers around a single contact
finger that performs both the main contact and arcing contact functions.
These two functions are performed on different parts of the same contact
finger. A highly conductive alloy pad is part of the copper contact finger and
functions as the moving main contact. The upper portion of the same copper
contact finger functions as the moving arcing contact. A complete movable
contact assembly is merely a combination of a number of single contact fingers. The exact number of contact fingers required depends upon the frame
size and interrupting rating of the circuit breaker (Figures 51 and 52).
Figure 51. Graphic of Single Magnum DS Contact Finger
Page 58
You learned that design efficiencies often separate one circuit breaker from
another. The contact design used from one circuit breaker to another is a great
example of just such a difference in efficiency. If a visual comparison is made
between the Magnum DS moving contact assembly and its counterpart on a number of other low voltage power circuit breakers, one thing will be obvious - the difference in the total mass (Figure 53). This is especially true in the area of arcing
contacts. The finger and wedge type arcing contact design, used on DS II for
example, is not nearly as efficient at controlling an arc as the butt type arcing contact used by Magnum DS. Consequently, the finger and wedge design makes up
for this shortcoming with additional mass. On the other hand, Magnum DS can
reduce mass and weight because of its more efficient arc control.
Figure 53. Magnum DS (Left) and DS II (Right) Moving Contact Assembly Comparison
To simplify this discussion, lets talk in terms of a single contact finger. Once you
grasp the concept in terms of one contact finger, it will not matter how many fingers are needed to carry the current. The design concept remains constant.
Improved overall reliability is the result of this simple design.
The opening and closing action of the single contact finger can best be described
as a Heel-Toe motion (Figure 54). The main contact portion can be viewed
as the Heel and the arcing contact portion the Toe. If you rock your foot
forward and backward from heel to toe and toe to heel, you demonstrate the
movement of the contact design. Notice as your foot rocks, there are times when
only the toes touch, times when only the heel touches, and a brief time when they
touch simultaneously.
Page 59
When the circuit breaker is closed, the Heel (main contact portion) is in contact with the stationary contact and carrying current (Figure 55). At the same
time, the Toe (arcing contact portion) is separated from the stationary arcing contact (arc runner). At this point, it is similar to your foot resting on its heel
with your toes off the floor. Under short circuit conditions, the force on the Heel
(main contact portion) to keep the main contact closed is enhanced by the positioning of the fulcrum point, which is located in close proximity to the contact, and
electromagnetic force on the moving conductor.
As the circuit breaker is called upon to open, the Toe touches down before
the Heel lifts off. During the brief time that both the Heel and Toe are in contact with their fixed counterparts, the current that is present commutates
(changes its path) from the main contact portion of the contact finger to the arcing portion. When the Heel (main contact portion) lifts off, any remaining current
is driven to the Toe (arcing contact portion) by the arc voltage produced.
Remember, the voltage drives the current. The path the current travels is very
short and the transfer is made quickly. The result is very little arcing damage to
the Heel (main contact portion). This protection of the main contacts is a primary reason why the main contacts have a longer life, and can be made of higher
conductive materials. This use of purer conductive materials results in better thermal performance. Once the main separation is made, it is followed by separation
of the Toe (arcing contact portion) where the main arc is created. How the circuit
breaker deals with the arcing that takes place will be discussed when Arc Chutes
are discussed.
Page 60
Simultaneously Touching of
All Contacts (Heel and Toe)
When the circuit breaker is called upon to close, the Heel-Toe action functions to
first touch down the Toe followed by the Heel. Most of the impact on the
contacts during closing is absorbed by the Toe portion. Once again the main
contacts are protected resulting in a longer life. As was the case during the opening operation, the Heel and Toe are simultaneously closed for a short period of
time to ensure that any arcing is handled by the Toe (arcing contact portion).
Closing is completed as the contact finger rocks back on its Heel and the Toe
lifts off the fixed arcing contact area (arc runner).
In general, the movable contact can be attached to the load conductor through a
hinged connection or attached with a flexible connector. Because of its complex
opening and closing action, Magnum DS utilizes two braided connectors (flexible shunts) to attach each contact finger. Not only do the flexible braided connectors eliminate extra bolted joints which are natural hot spots, they help to
reduce the mounting space required for the primary contacts. The flexible connectors (shunts) also allow the finger to have the motion necessary for the Heel-Toe
(rocking) motion.
2. Naturally generated electromagnetic forces are cleverly used by Magnum
DS to assist with the withstand and opening process (Figure 56). A compact
C Loop current path design permits electromagnetic forces, primarily produced as a natural result of a fault current, to supplement the contact forces
provided by the operating mechanism. The contact fingers are pivoted in such
a way that the magnetically induced forces create a force which Levers the
main contact onto the stationary contact (blow-on force), temporarily increas-
Page 61
Furthermore, when the circuit breaker is tripped, the fulcrum (pivot point) is
released and the electromagnetic forces on the contact fingers are converted to
an opening force to speed up the opening action. You might consider these
uses of electromagnetics as design magic, actually they are design ingenuity.
These natural laws of physics were around before the circuit breaker. It is now that
designs are making good use of electromagnetic forces to help keep the contacts
closed when necessary, and to help to open them quickly.
Operating Mechanism
Low voltage power circuit breakers operate through spring stored energy mechanisms to perform the opening and closing functions. Both manually operated
and electrically operated mechanisms are available. The closing springs can
be manually or electrically charged with an electrically operated mechanism, and
manually charged only with the manually operated mechanism (Figure 57). Manual charging is accomplished through the use of some type of manual charging
handle on the front of the circuit breaker. The mechanism is such that when the
circuit breaker is closed, the opening springs are simultaneously charged. The
spring mechanisms are two-step stored energy mechanisms. That is, the closing springs are charged and remain charged with the circuit breaker open until a
close button or electrical solenoid releases them, closing the circuit breaker.
Figure 57. Magnum DS Closing Springs Being Manually Charged
Circuit breaker closing, once the spring is charged, is rapid and occurs within
five cycles. The spring charging time is typically several seconds.
Page 62
These two basic parts are normally combined into one overall operating mechanism. There are two varieties as previously mentioned: manually operated and
electrically operated. In the past, low voltage power circuit breakers were either
manually operated or electrically operated, and could not be converted from one
to the other in the field. Today, a number of manufacturers offer circuit breakers
that can be converted from manual to electrical in the field by the addition of an
electrical operator. If a circuit breaker is manually operated, it can be:
Once again, all operating mechanisms are not designed or constructed the same,
although they perform the same general function. Some are larger and heavier
than others, while some are more efficient than others. Lets take a brief look at
some features of the Magnum DS operating mechanism.
Magnum DS Operating
Mechanism
The Magnum DS operating mechanism is based on the well proven DSII power
circuit breaker design, which has a recognized reputation for reliability. It is compact and light in weight for a number of reasons. Two of the most important are:
1. The clever use of naturally generated electromagnetic forces to create a
blow-on force to assist the mechanism with keeping the primary contacts
closed. This design technique led to a lighter more compact mechanism.
2. The rigid frame (housing) provides for very rigid mounting conditions for
the operating mechanism. This leads to a longer mechanism life and
improved operations with lighter and fewer mechanism parts.
Page 63
Whether you call the arc extinguishing part of the circuit breaker an arc chamber
or arc chutes, all low voltage power circuit breakers utilize somewhat similar
means to extinguish arcs that are generated when contacts part. Once again,
however, some methods are more effective than others. The purpose is to extinguish the arc as soon as possible. This is accomplished by combining a number of
well proven techniques, such as:
For a long time, low voltage power circuit breakers have had an individual arc
chute mounted on the top of each circuit breaker pole. The arc chute is designed
such that it fits well down over the circuit breakers arcing contacts. This arc chute
positioning confines the arc inside the arc chute at all times.
The arc chute housing is made of a strong insulating material. This housing holds
a number of pieces called splitters, usually in a vertically stacked arrangement.
The splitters are often made of steel in a special shape and/or configuration to aid
arc interruption. When a fault occurs and the contacts separate, the splitters
attract the arc further up into the arc chute where the arc is stretched, cooled, deionized and extinguished.
In open metal-frame low voltage power circuit breakers, individual insulating barriers are mounted as required between the different circuit breaker poles, which
also separates individual arc chutes (Figure 60). This is often necessary to help
maintain the proper electrical clearances.
Figure 60. DSII Metal-Frame Circuit Breaker with One Arc Chute Shown Removed
Page 64
The Magnum DS low voltage power circuit breaker takes full advantage of the
fact that its rigid frame housing is molded from high strength thermoset engineered composite resins. The arc chamber is actually an integral part of the circuit breaker frame. The arc chamber insulates and isolates each pole from one
another, from the rest of the circuit breaker, and from operating personnel. It also
provides the space required to mount and enclose individual arc chutes over each
set of contacts.
It is a well known fact that a high pressure in the arc chamber contributes to
improved interruption. The top of the arc chutes (arc chute exits) are baffled with a
cover to create the back pressures. Magnum DS also uses an arc chamber seal
to:
Prevent undesirable back flow of gas generated during arcing into the rest of
the circuit breaker
By designing the contact carrier assembly to be a close fit with the molded enclosure, and by including the arc chamber seal, the reverse flow of gas is minimized.
The arc chamber seal design not only permits Magnum DS to increase the interruption performance, it is also a safety feature to protect the mechanism and operators from potentially harmful gases. This precise fit type design is able to be
accomplished because of Magnum DSs engineered frame design. Metal-frame
construction, by nature, cannot be constructed to such close tolerances.
You will recall during the discussion of Magnum DS contact operation that a compact C Loop current path is used during normal operation. This design permits
the circuit breaker to take advantage of electromagnetic forces to keep the contacts closed - the blow-on effect. When the circuit breaker is called upon to open
and deal with the interruption of a fault current and the generated arc, the same
blow-on force is converted to an opening force to help speed the opening
action.
After the main contacts part, any remaining current is transferred to the arcing
contacts by the arcing voltage (Figure 61). Magnetic action is enhanced and the
arc is drawn to the arc chute. As the arcing contacts separate, the moving arcing
contact discharges into the arc chute plates while the integral arc runner helps to
draw the arc up into the arc chute. Remember, the integral arc runner serves a
dual purpose. It functions as the fixed arcing contact and is also a critical part of
the arc chute itself.
Figure 61. Magnum DS Arc Running System
Page 65
All low voltage power circuit breakers must have the intelligence to operate automatically or to respond to specific commands. This intelligence package is the trip
unit. You will recall that ANSI Standards require that trip units used with low voltage power circuit breakers be part of (integral to) the circuit breaker (Figure 63).
We discussed a low voltage power circuit breakers tripping system. The system
included a trip actuator, a current sensor (transformer) for each phase, and
the trip unit (brains of the system). You also know that trip units come in a wide
variety of shapes and sizes with an even wider array of capabilities. Most low voltage power circuit breaker trip units used today are RMS sensing microprocessor-based designs. Usually they are selected based on the system requirements
for protection and other needs, such as communications capabilities.
Figure 63. Magnum DS Microprocessor-Based Trip Unit
Shown Mounted on Left and Unmounted on Right
The discussion here will focus on what types of features, protective and otherwise, are available today with digital microprocessor-based trip units. Keep in
mind, some of the most sophisticated electrical systems might utilize every feature a family of trip units has to offer. Other system applications might just need
the most basic protection package. In short, these tripping systems can be tailored to meet very precise system requirements. Generally, sophisticated microprocessor-based trip units are capable of providing combinations of a number of
capabilities, such as:
Page 66
Programmable
Protection and
Coordination
System monitoring
Communications
Precise system coordination can be achieved when an expansive number of timecurrent curve shaping adjustments are part of the trip units capabilities. This
means that a large number of incremental set points must be available for both
current pickup and time settings. To offer the most flexibility, the slope of a timecurrent curve should be adjustable along with the current and time settings. To
optimize the coordination effort, programmable adjustments should include the
following:
Current (pickup) settings, delay time settings and slope selections determine the
resultant characteristic curve. Lets take the time here to review several of these
issues. We will briefly look at the different types of protection available with special
attention given to short delay protection (withstand capabilities), a premier feature
of low voltage power circuit breakers.
Circuit Breaker
Coordination
The word Coordination is used quite often in these training modules and out in
industry. All of us have an idea what the process involves. It is a big responsibility
to consider all the variables in a distribution system, do the analysis and make the
ultimate equipment decisions. Equipment decisions that must place safety first
followed by a number of other considerations, like equipment protection,
power outages, cost, space limitations, and unusual application conditions.
Coordination is the process of selecting and applying circuit breakers in an
electrical distribution system to localize a fault condition and restrict power
outages to the equipment affected. The goal of coordination is improved selectivity. Proper coordination requires a comparison of the operating characteristics
of the circuit breakers in the system. Time-current characteristic curves are used
to determine if coordination will exist when choosing the size of the circuit breakers or just analyzing an existing system.
By overlaying the time-current curves of two circuit breakers or comparing them in
some other manner, you can determine whether selectivity exists. If the curves of
the two circuit breakers intersect, for example, the intersection area indicates conditions under which both circuit breakers may trip. If such a pair of circuit breakers
were used in an electrical distribution system, those conditions could result in both
circuit breakers tripping. This would be a needless interruption of power to some
portions of the system. On the other hand, if the curves of the circuit breakers are
distinctly separate and do not intersect, the circuit breakers are said to be coordinated.
Page 67
Refer to Figure 64 for this example. A system one-line diagram is prepared first
showing pertinent data, like types and ratings of circuit breakers and available
short circuit currents. For convenience, the one-line diagram for this example is
shown superimposed on the coordination curve.
A coordination study begins with the circuit breaker nearest the load and works
toward the source. For this example, a small motor is the load. The time-current
characteristics for the motor during starting and normal running might look like the
curve superimposed on the coordination curve. The downstream 50 ampere
molded case circuit breaker one (MCCB1) is selected first with its corresponding
curve put in place. This is followed in a similar manner by the curve for the 200
ampere molded case circuit breaker two (MCCB2), and the upstream 800 ampere
power circuit breaker 1 (PCB1) curve. Notice that all three circuit breaker curves
are distinctly separate, which means coordination exists between the circuit
breakers.
Because the curve representing the motors startup and normal running does not
intersect the curve for MCCB1, MCCB1 should not trip under normal conditions.
Should the motors rotor become locked and continuously draw some potentially
harmful level of current, MCCB1 would be the first in line to deal with the problem.
MCCB2 and PCB1 are positioned to deal with higher, more potentially destructive
current levels.
Although this is a very minor example, it demonstrates the procedure. The more
involved the system, the more involved and time consuming the coordination process.
Page 68
Page 69
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
Begin the next section when you are confident that you understand what youve
already read.
1. When a low voltage power circuit breaker closes, its arcing contacts make
before its main contacts. The arcing contacts also break before the main contacts when the same circuit breaker opens.
TRUE FALSE
2. The Magnum DS movable contact design centers around a single contact finger as shown graphically below. Two parts of a contact finger are being
pointed to by arrows. Identify those two parts by filling in the blank spaces
next to the arrows.
A_____________ ____________ contact
B_____________ ____________ contact
3. A Heel-Toe contact structure is utilized by Magnum DS power circuit breakers. When all the Heels of all the contact fingers are touching and all the
Toes are not, the circuit breaker is in what position? Circle the best answer
from the choices below.
(a) the circuit breaker is ready to close
(b) the circuit breaker is open
(c) the circuit breaker is closed
(d) None of the above
4. The naturally generated force used by Magnum DS power circuit breakers to
temporarily increase the closing contact pressure is called the
________________-________________ force.
5. Magnum DS power circuit breakers also use a similar naturally generated
force to speed up the circuit breakers opening action.
TRUE FALSE
6. The stored energy spring mechanism of both manually operated and electrically operated low voltage power circuit breakers can be charges manually.
TRUE FALSE
7. The arc chamber of a Magnum DS power circuit breaker _____________ and
______________ each circuit breaker pole from one another, from the rest of
the circuit breaker, and from operating personnel.
8. Because Magnum DS power circuit breakers use arc chambers, they do not
use arc chutes like older power circuit breaker designs.
TRUE FALSE
9. Most modern low voltage power circuit breaker trip units are true
_________________ sensing microprocessor-based designs.
Page 70
Page 71
All electrical power distribution systems are intended to provide power to equipment with the utmost in safety. System protection, with the primary goal of safety,
is designed to balance the remaining goals of conductor/equipment protection and
service continuity at the most reasonable cost. To meet these goals, protective
equipment, under fault or overload conditions, must isolate the affected section of
the power system to maintain service to other sections, minimize equipment damage, and limit the duration of any outage. Depending on the design, these functions are performed by protective systems with varying degrees of effectiveness.
There are three basic approaches for designing a power system protection package. The system can be:
Series-Combination Rated
Fully Rated
Selectively Coordinated
Each approach safely protects the system. The degree, however, to which service
continuity is preserved on unfaulted portions of the system and the initial cost of
the system differs by the system design selected.
Low voltage power circuit breakers are capable of functioning on any system
selected. Because of their short time ratings, however, low voltage power circuit
breakers are ideally suited for selectively coordinated systems. Only the
selectively coordinated system will be discussed.
The Selectively Coordinated Protective System maximizes service continuity. All circuit breakers are fully rated to interrupt the maximum fault current
available at their point of application on the system. With selective coordination,
only the circuit breaker nearest the fault operates to isolate the faulted circuit from
the power source.
A selectively coordinated system requires that each upstream circuit breaker
have short time protection. The upstream circuit breakers must be capable of
withstanding the thermal and magnetic stresses delivered by the fault current for the period of time it takes the circuit breaker nearest the fault to
interrupt the fault. This type of duty requires the withstand capabilities only available with a low voltage power circuit breaker.
In most instances, the initial cost of a selectively coordinated system is
higher than the other systems mentioned. The continuity of service, however,
cannot be matched.
The selectivity of a system can be based on any one of the following alternatives:
Duration of time during which system experiences fault current (time selectivity)
Lets take a look at a simple system example to illustrate each of the just mentioned alternatives.
Selectively Coordinated System Example:
Take a look at the graphic of a simple power system using all low voltage power
circuit breakers (Figure 65). The large X marked C represents where a fault
occurs. Circuit breaker B is the downstream circuit breaker and A the
upstream circuit breaker.
Page 72
Breaker A is completely
selectively coordinated
for all values of fault current; breaker B isolates
all faults at C.
Breaker A is current
selectively coordinated
for all fault conditions of
less than 50kA; both A
and B trip for faults above
50kA at C.
Long Delay Protection reacts to overload conditions and certain short circuit
conditions. The protection consists of a long delay current setting, a long delay
time setting, and quite often a curve slope adjustment for the time setting.
Short Delay Protection reacts to short circuit conditions (Figure 66). It is similar
to long delay protection in that it has a current setting, a time setting, and quite
often a curve slope adjustment for the time setting. Good system coordination
depends heavily on the flexibility of the trip units short delay protection and the
withstand capabilities of the circuit breaker. Low voltage power circuit breaker time
adjustments are adjustable up to 0.5 seconds or 30 cycles. Low voltage power
circuit breakers are designed, built and tested to withstand faults in the system in
which they are applied for this extensive amount of time.
Page 73
Typical Short Delay Time Adjustment Typical Short Delay Time Adjustment
With Flat Slope
With (I2T) Slope
Instantaneous
Protection (I)
Instantaneous Protection reacts to high level fault conditions. The instantaneous setting establishes the current level at which the trip units instantaneous
tripping function will trip the circuit breaker with no intentional time delay.
Ground Fault Protection reacts to ground fault conditions. The protection also
consists of a ground fault current setting, a ground fault time setting, and quite
often a curve slope adjustment for time.
Overcurrent Protection
Combinations
Page 74
Characteristic Curve
Review
The operating response of a trip unit is graphically represented by time-current characteristic curves. These curves show how and when a particular trip
unit will act for given values of current. The more versatile the trip unit, the easier
it is to accomplish close coordination and achieve optimum protection.
The programmable or adjustable parts of a trip unit permit movement of its characteristic curve or parts of the curve. The movement can be done both horizontally
and vertically on the time-current grid (Figure 67).
Figure 67. Advanced Trip Unit Time-Current Curve Adjustments
The more capable microprocessor-based trip units using various methods offer
early warnings of a specific condition or alarms of detected conditions. Many of
these features can be indicated directly by the trip unit, indicated by an accessory
device, or indicated on the screen of a remote computer. What is available and
how it is accomplished is a function of the specific trip unit. Some typical examples
of these advance warnings and alarms are:
1. High Load Alarm - The high load alarm is activated when the load current
exceeds a selected current level to give an advanced warning of the condition.
2. Long Delay Trip Alarm - The long delay trip alarm operates after the circuit
breaker trips due to an overload condition.
3. Short Circuit Trip Alarm - The short circuit trip alarm operates after the circuit breaker trips due to conditions, such as an instantaneous trip or a short
delay trip.
4. Ground Fault Trip Alarm - The ground fault trip alarm operates after the circuit breaker trips due to conditions that exceed the ground fault settings.
Depending upon the sophistication of the trip unit, microprocessor-based trip units
can store information in memory for use during diagnostic activities. In a number
of instances, the reason for certain situations or operations can be directly determined from the trip unit.
Integral testing capabilities are also part of most microprocessor-based trip units
(Figure 68). The circuit breaker can usually be tested so the circuit breaker will
actually trip (Trip Test Mode) or tested without the actual operation of the circuit
breaker (No Trip Test Mode). Most circuit breaker designs usually continue to provide protection during the testing process
Page 75
System Monitoring
Power Quality
Monitoring
Communications
Cause of trip
The most sophisticated trip units are capable of calculating and displaying in
some manner power quality information. Typical displayed information would be:
Once again, the more sophisticated trip units can monitor and display in some
manner power and energy values, such as:
Power in kilowatts
Applications
You learned that low voltage power circuit breakers have a number of unique features and/or capabilities. Some of the features make them the ideal or, in some
instances, the only choice in circuit breakers. Most of this centers around short
time capabilities. The more and/or closer the required system coordination, the
more valuable a low voltage power circuit breaker becomes. Because a number of
topics have been discussed, lets take a look at several application examples.
This will help to pull a number of these capabilities together in a real way.
Page 76
Todays modern microprocessor-based trip units are usually available with zone
selective interlocking. Zone selective interlocking is provided for the short delay
and ground fault delay tripping functions for improved system protection.
The zone selective interlocking feature is a means of communications over a
pair of wires between two or more compatible trip units. Zone selective interlocking makes it possible for programmed trip unit settings to be altered automatically
to respond to different fault conditions and locations. This results in the effects of
the interruption being localized and provides positive coordination between circuit
breakers provided.
A typical ground fault protection scheme using zone selective interlocking is
graphically illustrated (Figure 69). For circuit breakers outside the zone of protection, the trip unit on the circuit breaker nearest the fault sends an interlocking signal to the trip unit of the upstream circuit breakers. This interlocking signal
restrains immediate tripping of the upstream circuit breakers until their programmed coordination times are reached. Thus correctly applied zone selective
interlocking can reduce damage due to short circuit or ground fault conditions.
Figure 69. Ground Fault Protection Scheme Using Zone Selective Interlocking
These facts, when applied to a real world application, result in interesting results.
Lets take a look at an industrial user with a large transformer feeding a facility.
This user has multiple service entrances utilizing an outdoor liquid filled 3750 kVA
transformer. Each of the connections from the transformer enter the facility and
each feed separate 3000 ampere main circuit breakers (M1 and M2). Each main
circuit breaker in turn feeds a number of 800 ampere feeder circuit breakers (F1
through F6). This might be a good time to review the one-line diagram for this
example (Figure 70). The diagram represents an example using insulated case
circuit breakers first and then Magnum DS power circuit breaker.
Page 77
Prior to Magnum DS low voltage power circuit breakers, the user utilized insulated case circuit breakers in order to obtain a high enough interrupting capacity
for the application. It was calculated that this system had a potential fault capability of 93,500 amperes when everything that could contribute was considered.
From the calculation, it was obvious that the system required circuit breakers with
an interrupting rating of 100,000 amperes. The user would not consider the
expense of fused power circuit breakers and did not have enough floor space anyway. The only acceptable solution at that time was using insulated case circuit
breakers with an interrupting capacity of 100,000 amperes.
There was a drawback to this solution. The insulated case circuit breakers only
had a short delay current rating of 25,000 amperes for the feeder circuit breakers
and 35,000 amperes for the main circuit breakers. Thus, for a fault greater than
35,000 amperes on the load side of the starters within any of the motor control
centers, total coordination would be lost.
A 50,000 ampere fault, for example, at point A on a branch circuit of motor control center 1 (MCC1) would take the entire motor control center 1 (MCC1) out of
service because of circuit breaker (F1) opening. In addition, all the other motor
control centers connected to Bus #1 would be lost because of main circuit
breaker (M1) opening.
With the availability of Magnum DS low voltage power circuit breakers, the picture
and the results would be quite different. If Magnum DS circuit breakers with a
short delay rating of 85,000 amperes and an interrupting rating of 100,000
amperes were used, the coordination achieved would be much better with far less
equipment out of service. In addition, Magnum DS circuit breakers would require
less floor space.
Lets conclude this application example by tabulating a comparison between the
insulated case circuit breaker, the Magnum DS power circuit breaker and a DSLII
(integrally fused DSII) power circuit breaker. For the sake of comparison and this
tabulation, lets assume that floor space is not limited and that fused power circuit
breakers could be applied.
By comparing the data presented in Figure 71, it is clear that the DSLII power circuit breaker could handle the 50,000 ampere fault condition just described. There
are, however, three drawbacks associated with using the DSLII power circuit
breaker in lieu of the Magnum DS power circuit breaker. They are:
1. The initial installation cost for DSLII would be the highest of the three circuit
breakers.
Page 78
Page 79
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
Begin the next section when you are confident that you understand what youve
already read.
1. Of the three approaches to system protection listed below, circle the one that
offers the best service continuity.
(a) Series-Combination Rated
(b) Selectively Coordinated
(c) Fully Rated
2. The short delay time adjustment of a low voltage power circuit breaker is
adjustable up to ___________________ seconds or ___________________
cycles.
3. The area represented by dotted lines on the time-current graphic below represents a typical short delay ___________________ adjustment.
Page 80
Low voltage power circuit breakers are applied at their nameplate ratings. This
is a good time to elaborate a bit on the subject, especially because we just covered a real application situation with Magnum DS circuit breakers. Lets take a
closer look at a Magnum DS nameplate and see what can be learned.
Nameplates are prominently displayed on the front of the circuit breaker. Some of
the information presented is general in nature, but most of it is specific to that circuit breaker. Refer to the Magnum DS nameplate graphic, and lets briefly cover
the referenced areas (Figure 72).
Figure 72. Typical Magnum DS Nameplate
AMagnum DS, this is the name of the family of low voltage power circuit breakers.
BThis is the identification number for this particular low voltage power circuit
breaker. Refer to the Magnum DS Identification System Graphic to interpret this
number (Figure 38). Identification numbers present a significant amount of information. In addition, identification numbers are frequently used in industry when
discussing and/or ordering circuit breakers. This is a good time to start getting
used to the concept of a product numbering system, whether it is called a catalog
number or an identification number.
The Magnum DS Identification System Table is rather self explanatory. Lets just
consider and interpret the identification number on the nameplate, MDS-C32.
Figure 73. Magnum DS Identification System
Page 81
In this training module, many points were made about Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers. Issues were presented that applied to all low voltage power circuit
breakers, and to specific low voltage power circuit breakers. In this summary, we
will briefly review many of the points made. Some of the issues are unique to low
voltage power circuit breakers while others are common, but not necessarily
unique. A general summary is presented first followed by a Magnum DS summary. This summary is not intended to be all inclusive, especially as it relates to
Magnum DS. It will, however, be an excellent review and act as a good future reference.
1. ANSI and IEC are the two most dominant standards relating to low voltage
power circuit breakers worldwide.
2. ANSI Standards are the recognized North American Authority on low voltage power circuit breaker design.
3. ANSI C37.50 is the primary standard for testing low voltage power circuit
breakers.
4. ANSI C37.50 testing is composed of four test sequences. The fourth test
sequence is unique to low voltage power circuit breakers. Other types of low
voltage circuit breakers are not subjected to this test sequence. This fourth
test sequence determines whether or not a low voltage power circuit breaker
has withstand capabilities to receive a 30 cycle short time rating. During
the actual testing, the circuit breaker is subjected to two 30 cycle tests.
Page 82
1. Precise system coordination with unmatched short time ratings and withstand capabilities
2. Applied in a system at nameplate ratings
3. 5 cycle closing maximum
4. Strong, rigid frames to deal with the physical stresses associated with
short time ratings (withstand capabilities)
5. Two-step stored energy spring operating mechanism
6. Both manual and electrical operation
7. Integral trip units
8. Typically supplied as four position drawout circuit breakers
9. Through the door or behind the door drawout
10. Fixed mount configurations
11. Fused configuration for 200,000 ampere interrupting
12. Maintainable design
Magnum DS Summary
1. Meets or exceeds ANSI/UL Standards for low voltage power circuit breakers
2. 3 cycle closing
3. Rigid frame housing of engineered composite resins
4. Rugged, maintainable construction
5. Compact and lightweight
6. Through the door drawout or Fixed
7. Higher short time ratings (withstand) than DSII
8. Higher interrupting ratings than DSII
9. Field convertible manual to electrical operation
10. Field installable UL listed accessories
11. Front viewable and mounted electrical accessories
12. Only two frame sizes, 800 through 5000 amperes (smallest 3200 ampere
frame in industry)
13. Heel-toe contact structure
14. Improved contact material
15. Compact C loop current path
Page 83
Page 84
Answer the following questions without referring to the material just presented.
1. A Magnum DS power circuit breaker identified as MDS-616 is a
___________________ ampere frame circuit breaker.
2. What is the interrupting capacity of a Magnum DS power circuit breaker with
an identification number of MDS-C32?
___________________ kA interrupting
3. The Magnum DS family of power circuit breakers uses only two different
frame sizes to cover _________________ through _________________
amperes.
4. All low voltage circuit breakers are rated for continuous operation at 100% of
their current ratings in their enclosure.
TRUE FALSE
5. The two-step spring store energy mechanism used in a low voltage power circuit breaker makes it possible for the circuit breaker to perform an openclose-open duty cycle, which is required by ANSI Standards.
TRUE FALSE
6. A drawout Magnum DS power circuit breaker can be levered into or out of
three different positions within its enclosure without ever opening the enclosures front door. Name these three positions.
(a) ______________________________ position
(b) ______________________________ position
(c) ______________________________ position
7. Magnum DS power circuit breakers have field installable electrical accessories which can be viewed from the front of the circuit breaker. They must, however, be installed at the factory to be UL listed.
TRUE FALSE
8. Magnum DS power circuit breakers offer higher short time ratings as well as
higher _____________________ ratings.
Page 85
Arcing
Arc Chute
Arc Extinguisher
ANSI
Butt
Circuit Breaker
Connected Position
Contacts
Continuous Current
Rating
Control Voltage
Coordination
CSA
Disconnect Position
Drawout
Faceplate Shield
Finger
Finger Clusters
Fixed
Ground Fault
Protection
IEEE
Page 86
The trip unit is inside of, or part of, the circuit breaker.
International
Electrotechnical
Commission
Interrupting Rating
Instantaneous
Protection
Lever
Long Delay
Protection
NEMA
SF6
Short Delay
Protection
Stored Energy
Test Position
Trip Free
Trip Unit
Underwriters
Laboratories
Vacuum
Withdrawn Position
Withstand Rating
Page 87
1. False
2. b. Test, c. Disconnect
3. True
4. Continuous current
5. True
6. Short time
7. True
8. Open Close Open
Review 2 Answers
1. Molded
2. False
3. Arc chutes, arc extinguishers
4. True
5. Trip unit
6. Sensors
7. Trip unit
8. Circles around a, b, and c
9. Left to right: b, b, a
10. Shunt trip
11. False
12. Truck, Operated, Cell
Review 3 Answers
1. False
2. Primary, secondary
3. Any 5 of the following:
Standards
Ratings
Operation Method
Accessory Items
Mounting Method
High or Low Ambient Temperatures
Moist or Corrosive Atmospheres
Altitude
High Shock Conditions
Unusual Circuit Breaker Mounting Conditions
4. False
5. 208
6. Application Voltage
7. False
8. True
9. Maximum
10. D
Page 88
1. True
2. Magnum
3. UL1066
4. C37.50
5. False
Review 5 Answers
1. True
2. Withstand
3. Short delay current
4. False
5. True
6. 100,000
7. DC Component
8. B
Review 6 Answers
1. False
2. upper right blank: Moving Arcing
lower left blank: Moving Main
3. C
4. Blow-on
5. True
6. True
7. Insulates, Isolates
8. False
9. RMS
10. True
Review 7 Answers
1. B
2. 0.5, 30
3. Short Delay Current
4. Long Delay Protection, Short Delay Protection, Ground Fault Protection
5. False
6. Pair, Wires
Review 8 Answers
1. 1600
2. 100 kA
3. 800, 5000
4. False
5. True
6. a: connected b: test c: disconnect
7. False
8. Interrupting
Page 89