COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector:

METALS AND ENGINEERING

Qualification:

Technical Drafting NC II
Unit of Competency:

Interpreting Technical Drawings And Plans

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

AUTHORITY
East Service Road, South Superhighway, Taguig City, Metro Manila

Technical
Drafting NC II

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
I

Page Number

LEARNINGGUIDEOVERVIEW........................................................................................3

II HOWTOUSETHISGUIDE..............................................................................................4
III LEARNINGACTIVITIES....................................................................................................5
IV INFORMATIONSHEET1:ALPHABETOFLINES...............................................................6
INFORMATIONSHEET2:ORTHOGRAPHICPROJECTION
A) ORTHOGRAPHICPROJECTION..........................................................................9
B) STEPSINSELECTINGCORRECTVIEWSOFANOBJECT......................................9
C) PRINCIPALDIMENSIONSOFANOBJECT............................................................10
D) STEPSINPROJECTINGTHETHREEMAINVIEWSOFANOBJECT.......................11
V SELFCHECK1..................................................................................................................8
SELFCHECK2.................................................................................................................13
VI ACTIVITYSHEETNO.1:SKETCHINGTHREEMAINVIEWSOFANOBJECT.......................14
VII ANSWERKEYS................................................................................................................1617
VIII RECORDOFCOMPETENCE..........................................................................................18

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LEARNING GUIDE OVERVIEW

In the broad field of technical drawings, various projection methods are used to
represent objects. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The normal technical drawing is shown in orthogonal projection, in which more than
one view is used to draw and completely define an object.
However, to be able to represent the different views of an object one must be
acquainted with the different forms of lines. The various lines used in drawing form the
alphabet of the drafting language.
In this learning material, the students should be able to apply the alphabet of lines in
projecting the principal views of an object.
Competencies will be demonstrated by completing the job sheet and the unit test with
a minimum score of 75 percent.

OBJECTIVES

When you have successfully completed the learning activities in

this material, you will be able to:
1. Identify the different alphabet of lines;
2. Steps in selecting correct views of an object;
3. Identify the dimensions of an object; and
4. Project the three main views of an object.

CONTENTS

This learning material includes the following:

1. Alphabet of lines
2. Orthographic Projection
3. Steps in Selecting Correct Views of an Object
4. Principal Dimensions of an Object
5. Steps in Projecting the Three Main Views

PRE-REQUISITES

The completion of this learning material requires you to have a

basic understanding of:
If you are unfamiliar with any of the above concepts, work
on________ before working on this learning guide.

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HOW TO USE THIS LEARNING GUIDE

This Learning Guide will lead you through a series of activities which will require you to work
at your own pace. These activities will ask you to complete associated learning and practice
activities in order to gain the knowledge and skills you need to achieve the learning
objectives stated earlier.
Refer to Learning Activity Page to know the sequence of learning tasks to undergo and the
appropriate resources to use in each task. This page will serve as your road map towards
the achievement of objectives.
Read the information sheets. This will give you an understanding of the work, and why
things are done the way they are.
Complete the activities as directed in the activity/practice sheets. These will test your
knowledge and give you practice of doing the tasks involved. Performance criteria for
assessing practical exercise are shown to guide you in undertaking the practical exercises.
Always be aware of safety requirements highlighted in this material. Ask for clearance in
using some tools and equipment. Should you require some assistance and clarification,
consult your trainer or facilitator. They should be available anytime you need them.
Answer self-checks found in each section of the learning guide. Do not write anything on
this learning guide; provide separate sheets for your answers. Self-checks will let you know
how you are going. To know how you fared with self checks, review the answer keys found
at the end of the learning guide.
When you had completed all the tasks required in this learning guide, an assessment
exercise will be given to evaluate if you are already competent with the specified learning
outcomes in and ready for the next task. .If you feel ready for the assessment, consult the
facilitator.
A record of competency is provided on the last page to reflect how much of the required
assessment criteria have been met.
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learners
guide.
Talk to your trainer about having them formally recognized. If you have qualification or
certificate of competence from previous training, show it to your trainer. If the skills you
acquired are still current and relevant to the unit of competency they may become part of the
evidence you can present for Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). If you are not sure
about the accuracy of your skills, discuss it with your trainer.

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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
In order to accomplish the objectives stated in this leaning guide, you must perform
the learning steps below. Beside each step are the resources or special instructions you will
use to accomplish the corresponding activity.

RESOURCES/SPECIFIC
INSTRUCTIONS

LEARNING STEPS
1. Student will ask the instructor of the

1. Instructor will provide the learning

materials to be used

materials in Interpreting Technical

Drawing

2. Read: Information Sheet No. 1

2. Information Sheet No 1: Alphabet of

Lines

3. Answer: Self Check 1

3. Self Check No. 1: Alphabet of Lines

4. Information Sheet No. 2:

4. Read: Information Sheet No. 2

Orthographic Projection

5. Answer: Self Check 2

5. Self Check 2: Orthographic Projection

6. Perform: Activity Sheet No. 1

6. Activity Sheet No. 1: Sketching three

Main Views of an Object

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INFORMATION SHEET NO: 1

ALPHABET OF LINES
I

Basic Types of Lines and their Uses

A) Visible lines Used to show visible
edges or contours of an object
(NOTE: Visible lines are sometimes
called object lines.)
B) Hidden lines Used to show
surfaces or features on an object that
are not visible
C) Center lines Used to show the
centers of holes, round shapes, or
the travel of a center (path or motion)
D) Section lines Used to show a
surface that has been cut in a
section view
E) Extension lines Used for
placing dimensions; these extend
(but do not touch) from the
lengths and widths of objects
F) Dimension lines Used to show
the size (dimensions) of an
object; spans from one extension
line to the next, has arrowhead at
both ends, and is broken in the
middle for the measurement
number (dimension)
G) Leader lines Used to direct
descriptive information, notes, or
special dimensions to features on
the drawing
H) Cutting-plane lines Used to show
where a section has been taken;
arrows on the end show the
direction in which the section was taken

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I)

Break lines Used to show that

part of the object has been
removed or broken away
1) Short breaks are for
freehand, jagged lines
2) Long breaks are solid with a Z
symbol inserted in several
places

J) Phantom lines Used to show the

position of an object that moves
(rotated position)
K) Border lines Used to define the outer
edges or margins on the drafting media;
the drawing and all other information is inside this border.

Figure 1. Application of alphabet of lines.

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SELF- CHECK NO. 1

Check your mastery in Alphabet of lines by completing the tasks below.
1. Identify the alphabet of lines by writing your answer on the space provided.

1.___________________
2.___________________
3.___________________

4.___________________

5.___________________

6.___________________

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INFORMATION SHEET NO: 2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
A. Orthographic Projection
An orthographic projection is a representation of separate views of an object on a two
dimensional surface. It reveals the width, depth and height of the object.
Ortho means straight or at right angle and graphic means written or
drawn. Projection comes from two Latin words: pro, meaning forward,
and jacere, meaning to throw.
The projection is achieved by viewing the object from a point assumed to be at
infinity (an indefinitely great distance away). The line of sight or projectors are parallel to
each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection.

Figure 1. Visualizing one view of an orthographic projection

B. Steps in Selecting Correct Views of an Object

1. Select the number of views necessary to represent the object. This may require only
one view or as many as all six views. Only draw as many views as are necessary.
2. Select the front view which:
a. Best describes contour shape.
b. Contains the least number of hidden lines.
c. Is usually the longest view.
d. Shows object in normal position.

Figure 2. Objects with very little thickness require only one view

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Figure 3. Two-view drawing

3. Select alternate position for right side view if drawing area is crowded.

Figure 4. Normal location

4.

Figure 5. Alternate location

Select view positions to avoid crowding of dimensions and notes.

C. Principal Dimensions of an Object

Figure 6. Principal dimensions of an object

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Width. This is a perpendicular distance between two profile planes.

Height. This the perpendicular distance between two horizontal planes
Depth. This is the perpendicular distance between two frontal planes.

D. Steps in Projecting the Three Main Views of an Object

1. Study the given object

2. Determine the number of views

3. Locate the views

4. Block in the views with light, thin lines

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5. Lay off the principal measurements

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6. Draw the principal lines & lay off the

7. Draw the circles and arcs

measurements for the details ( center

8. Draw any additional lines needed to

for arcs, circles, and triangular ribs)

complete the views

9. Darken the lines where necessary to make them

sharp and black and of the proper thickness

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SELF- CHECK NO. 2

Check your mastery in orthographic projection by completing the tasks below.
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Write only the letter that corresponds to your answer.
1. Method of representing separate views of an object on a two-dimensional surface
a. orthographic projection

b. orthographic drawing

c. isometric drawing

d. perspective

2. Found below top view which show s the shape, width and depth of the object.
a. top view

b. front view

c. bottom view

d. rear view

c. frontal plane

d. none of the above

3. Found at the back of the front view.

a. rear view

b. side view

4. The perpendicular distance between two profile plane

a. length

b. width

c. depth

d. height

5. The perpendicular distance between two horizontal plane

a. height

b. depth

c. width

d. length

6. The word orthographic comes from the two Greek words ortho and graphos meaning
a. forward

b. straight/at right angle

c. to write/to draw

d. both b & c

7. The perpendicular distance between two frontal plane

a. width

b. length

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c. depth

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d. height

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ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 1

Sketching Three Main Views of an Object
A. Objectives:
After completing the activity you should be able to:
1. Identify the three main views of the given object; and,
2. Draw the necessary orthographic views of the given object to show its exact shape.
B. Materials:
A4 size drawing paper
Eraser
C. Tools:
Drawing pencil
T-square
Triangles (30x60, 45x45)
Erasing shield
D. Procedure:
Study the example below and then complete the assigned problem.
Example:
1. Sketch the horizontal lines to locate the height of
the object.
(NOTE: The distance at the top and bottom of
the paper should be the same. The distance
between the top and front views can be the
same as the top and bottom or slightly less than
that space.)
2. Sketch the vertical lines to locate the width and depth of
the object.
3. (NOTE: The distance at the left side and the right side of
the paper should be the same. The distance between the
views can be the same as that on the left side and right
side or slightly less than that space. In the top and side)

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4. Block in details using diagonals to locate centers, if necessary, and lightly construct
the circles and arcs.
5. Add line features to the views of the object.

Problem:
Layouts for Orthographic drawing problem will be explained by the instructor. Sketch
the three main views of the given isometric drawing below using the grid provided for

measurement. on an A4 size drawing sheet. Do not erase light construction lines.

ANSWER KEY NO. 1

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Check your answer with the answer key below. If you fail to get it right, refer back to
corresponding resources until you make it perfect.
1. Center line
2. Hidden line
4. Cutting-plane line
5. Object line
6. Section line

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ANSWER KEY NO. 2

Check your answer with the answer key below. If you fail to get it right, refer back to
corresponding resources until you make it perfect.
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. C

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RECORD OF COMPETENCE
Below are your assessment ratings:

ASSESSMENT /PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA

YES

NO

1. Components, assemblies or objects recognized

as required
2. Dimensions of the key features of the objects
depicted in the drawing correctly identified
3. Symbols used in the drawing identified and
interpreted correctly
4. Drawing checked and validated against job
requirements or equipment in accordance with
standard operating procedures

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