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Cracking
INTRODUCTION
PREHARDENING CRACKS
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wind speed;
relative humidity;
concrete temperature;
air temperature.
Cracking
Figure 1:
The effect of concrete
and air temperatures,
relative humidity, and
wind velocity on the
rate of evaporation of
surface moisture from
concrete.
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Cracking
Beaufort Scale
F
Wind Speed
(kph)
General
Description
Sea State
Land Description
1.5
Calm.
1.5
Light.
11
Light breeze.
12
19
Gentle breeze.
Flags extended,
leaves move
constantly.
20
29
Moderate
breeze.
30
38
Fresh breeze.
39
50
Strong breeze.
51
60
Near gale.
Trees in motion,
resistance is felt when
walking.
61
75
Gale.
Walking impeded.
76
86
Strong gale.
Some structural
damage begins.
rate of bleeding;
the slump.
Cracking
CRACKS IN HARDENED
CONCRETE
Figure 3: Differential Settlement Cracking
Cracking
Prevention of Crazing
To avoid crazing on trowelled surfaces:
Crazing
evaporation.
THERMAL MOVEMENT
CRACKS
Heat of Hydration
Cracking
External Restraint
As concrete cools it contracts. If this contraction is
prevented by external restraints it can crack.
ISSN 0114-8826
February 2004. Cement & Concrete
Association of New Zealand, Level 6, 142
Featherston Street, PO Box 448, Wellington,
telephone (04) 499-8820, fax (04) 499-7760, e-mail
admin@ccanz.org.nz, www.ccanz.org.nz.
Since the information in the bulletin is for general
guidance only and in no way replaces the services
of professional consultants on particular projects,
no liability can be accepted by the Association by
its use.
Internal Restraint
The usual rule of thumb used to prevent the first
Table 1:
Section
thickness
(mm)
Range of temperature rises above mean ambient temperature (C) for concretes.
Steel Formwork
Cement content (kg/m3)
220
290
360
400
220
290
360
400
<300
57
710
913
1015
1014
1419
1826
2131
500
913
1317
1623
1927
1519
2027
2736
3143
700
1317
1824
2333
2739
1823
2532
3443
4049
>1000
1823
2432
3343
3949
2227
3137
4248
4756
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Cracking
Table 2:
Mix Design
Factor
Most heat
Cementitious materials
HE
Admixtures
None
Aggregate Size
Small diameter
Least heat
GP
GP/Pfa
GP/GGBFS
GP/Silica fume
Water reducers
Superplasticisers
Large diameter
Comments
Cement type has a significant
influence on the heat generated.
Cement selection will depend
upon economic risk and
consequence consideration.
Modest reduction in heat achieved
as a cementitious material
remover.
Consider implications of
aggregate size on placing around
reinforcing.
Construction Technique
Factor
Lower risk
Placing temperature
High
Low
Ambient temperature
High
Low
Comments
Insulated
Steel
plywood
GRP
GRP
steel
plywood insulated
Long period
Short period
Short period
Long period
Reducing restraint
(a)
(b)
Construction
sequence
Movement joints
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Alternate bay
Sequential construction
or short infill bays
Long period
between
successive
lifts
Short
period
between
lifts
None
Slipforming
Partial
Full
movement joints movement
joints
Cracking