SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

1. Read all of these instructions and precautions and save them for later references.
2. Follow all warnings and instructions marked of the product.
3. Unplug this product from the wall outlet before cleaning. Do not use liquid cleaner or
aerosol cleaners. Use a damp cloth for cleaning.
4. Do not use this product near water.
5. Do not place this product on an unstable cart, stand, or table. The product may fall,
causing serious damage to the product.
6. Slots and openings in the cabinet back and bottom are provided for ventilations; to
ensure reliable operation of the product and to protect it from overheating, these
openingsmust not be blocked or covered. The penings should never be blocked by
placing the product on a carpet, rug, or other similar surface. This product should
never be placed near or over a radiator or heat register. This product should not be
place in a built-in instalation unless proper ventilation is provided.
7. This product should be operated from the type of power source indicated on the
marketing label. If you are not sure of the type of power available, consult your dealer
or local power company.
8. This product is equipped with a 3-wire grounding type plug, a plug havibg a third
(grounding) pin. This plug will only fit into a grounding power outlet. This is a safety
feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into the outlet, contact your electrician to
replace your obsolete outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding-type plug.
9. Do not use attachmenths not recommended by the equipment manufacturer as they
may cause hazards.
10. If an extension card is used with this product, make sure that the total of the ampere
ratings on the products plugged into the extension cord do not exceed the ectension
cord ampere rating. Also, make sure that the total of all products plugged into the wall
outlet does not exceed 15 amperes.
11. Do not allow anything to rest on the powerd cord. Do not locate this equipment where
the cord will be abused by persons walking on it, or otherwise damaged.
12. Do not overload wall outlets and extension cords as this can result in fire or electric
shock.
13. For added protection for this product during a lighnting storm, or when it is left
unattended and unused for long periods of time, unplug it from the wall outlet. This
will prevent damage to the product due to lightning and power-line surges.
14. Never push objects of any kind into this product through cabinet slot as they may
touch dangereous voltage points or short out parts that could result in a risk of fire
electric short. Never spill liquid of any kind on the product.
15. Permanent wall or shelf mounting is not recommended.

16. Except as specifically explained in the Users manual, do ot attempt to service this
product yourself. Opening or removing the front back panel may axpose you to
dangereous voltage points or other risks. Refer all servicing inside the cabinet to
quallified service personnel.
17. Unplug this product from the wall outlet and refer servicing to qualified service
personnel under the following conditions:
A. When the power cord or plug is damafed or frayed.
B. If liquid has been spilled into the product.
C. If the product has been exposed to rain or water.
D. If the product does not operate normally when the operating instructions are
followed. Adjust only the controls that are covered by the operating
instructions since improper adjusment of other controls may result in damage
and will often require extensive work by a qualified technician to restore the
product to normal operation.
E. If the product has been dropped or the cabinet has been damaged.
F. If the product exhibits a distinct change in performance, indicating a need for
service.
18. If the product will be connected to a power source that may supply voltage surges or
spikes, connect this product through a surge suppressor.

MODEL 490 ELECTRICAL GENERATION FUNDAMENTALS TRAINER

2.0 INTRODUCTION AC MACHINES
2.1 AC Generators
Whenever a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, a voltae is developed in the
conductor. The motion of the conductor must cut across the lines of force of the magnetic
field. The magnetude of the voltage depends upon the strenght of the magnetic field, the
lenght of the conductor in the field, and the speed with which the conductor cuts across the
lines of force. It does not matter if the magnetic field is stationary and the conductor moves,
or the magnetic field moves and the conductor is stationary. The principle remains the same
as long as there is relative motion between the magnetic field and the conductor.
2.2 generator-System Operation
To realistically discuss generator operation, one must consider the interconenected electrical
system since anything that happens in the system will affect the generator and viceversa.figure 6, illustrates a simplifiedsystem with two power plants each containing two
generating units. The two units in each plant are connected to a common bus and a large load
is connected in parallel between the two atation buses. The load requires a certain amount of
true power (megawatts MW) and a certain amount of reactive power(megavolt - amperes
reactive MVAR). The total amount of MW and MVARS required, at any one time, is
always determined by the load. The four generations in this system must be operated so that
the system load requirements are met. The power plants operator has no control over the load
requirements, but does have control over the manner in which the total load is divided
between the individual generating units. One other requirement must be kept in mind and that
is, all the electrical equipment that makes up the system load is designed to operate at a
specific voltage. The power company has the responsibility of supplying power at a constant
voltage. In actual practice, this voltage varies slightly between maximum and minimum load
requirements due to losses in the transmission lines. To a very small degree, teh operator has
control of the generator voltages.
2.3 Reactive Power Control
Consider the effect of the generators when the system reactive power load requirements
change. This condition must be discusssed for two separate cases; with and without the
automatic voltage regulation. Automatic voltage regulation is normally always used, and by
discussing the result with and without it, the function of this control can be analyzed.
2.4 Control and Distribution of MW Load
Generator load is determined by turbine steam flow and with relatively constant steam
conditions and condenser bacj pressure, the turbine output is basically proportional to steam
flow. For explanation purpose, it can bbe said that the turbine output torque varies directly
with steam flow.

2.5 Loss of Generation

Assume that all four generators in figure 6, are carrying equal MW and MVAR loads. The
system power factor is lagging and all units are supllying VARS to the system. If both units
of Plant A trip off the line, consider the conditions at the remaining plant. The two generators
at Plant B must now supply of the MW and MVAR requirements of the system. The loss of
Plant A appears to the Plant B generators as if a large block of load was sudddenly added to
the system. Teh additional MW or true power will cause an increase in the in-phase atator
current flow in each generator. This increased current will stengthen the stator magnetic field
and cause it to exert more force on the rotor conductors. The increased force will increase the
restraining torque and cause both generators to slow down. If the turbines are being operated
on their speed governors, which is the normal mode, the turbine control valves will open by
governor action to supply more steam to the turbines. Turbine steam flow increase untl the
turbineoutput torque equals the generator restraining torque and a new balance is achieved. If
the turbines were being controlled bytheir load limiter, the units would slow down until the
operators took corrective action by manually increasing steam flow. Regardless of how the
steam flow is increased, when conditions stabilize, the two generators will have increased
stator current flow and increase MW output. If the two turbines at Plant B have identical
governor characteristic, they will divide the load equally.
2.6 Loss od Load
Loss of load is exact opposite os loss of generation. The instantaneous system load will be
immadiately reflected by a decrease in the stator current flow of each generator. The reduced
current will produce a weaker stator magnetic field and a reduction in the rstraining torque.
The turbines are still supplying their previous valves of torque and a torque unbalance results.
The effect of this unbalance is to increase the speed and frequency of each generator. If the
turbines are all operating on their speed governors, this speed increase will be detected and
the governors will close the turbine control valves to reduce steam flow. The steam flow to
each turbine will be reduced until the torque balance is re-established. When this occurs, the
system will be stablized with each unit carrying a smaller load. If the governor characteristics
of each turbine are identical, the load decrease will be shared equally among the four
macvhines. However, for example, if there of the units were being operated on the load
limiter and only one machine on the governor, some complications may arise. The machine
on the governor may not have the capacity to accept the entire load decrease and may be
driven down to zero load or even to a motoring condition. The remaining machines being on
their load limiters will maintain steam flow and torque output. The system speed will increase
until a torque balance is re-established. As speed increase the generator voltage, current flow
increases. The speed will increase until the increased current flow provides the required
restraining torque to balance out the turbine torque. If this occurs, the operator must manually
reduce steam flow until system returns to normal.