Derivatives

Calculus I
Amro Ismail Kasht ..
200802124 .. 19 Mohamed
Al-Khateeb .. 200702985 ..
12
Mohamed Al-Qahtani ..
200601884 .. 8 Mahmud
Baioume .. 200801520 .. 13

The derivative
Theorem:
x dom f

Let

f ( t )f ( x )
tx
lim

t x+
1)

, if exists , is called the right (hand) derivative

of

at

f ( t )f ( x )
tx
lim

t x
2)

, if exists , is called the left (hand) derivative

of
3)

lim
tx

at

f ( t )f ( x )
t x

The derivative of

,if exists , is called the derivative of

f

at

exists only if both the right and left

derivatives are exist and equal.

Example:
Let

f ( x )= 3 x , x 2
6 , x <2

1. At

x=2

3 t6
= 3
t2
t 2+
f (t )f ( 2 )
t 2+
=lim
t2

lim

So the right hand derivative of

at 2 is equal to 3

at

66
=0
t2
f ( t )f (2)
t 2
=lim

t2
lim
t 2

So the left derivative of

at 2 is equal to 0

Since the right derivative of

2, then the derivative of
2. At
lim
tx

the left derivative of

at 2 does not exist

x> 2
f ( t )f (x)
3 t3 x
=lim
=3
tx
tx
t x
f ' ( x )=3 , x>2

So
3. At
lim
tx

So

f at 2

x< 2
f ( t )f ( x )
66
=lim
=0
t x
t x tx

f ' ( x )=0 , x< 2

The power formula and its

extension
The theorem:
Let n N and f(x) = xn

f at

Then f '(x) = n xn-1

And if f(x) = x- n
Then f '(x) = (- n) x- n 1

Example: Find the first derivative for the following

functions.
1)f(x) = x1
f '(x) = 1 x0 = 1

2)f(x) = x2
f '(x) = 2 x1 = 2 x
To confirm using the
definition

3)f(x) = x0
f(x) = 1
f '(x) = 0

4)f(x) = x123456789
f '(x) = 123456789
x123456788

lim
tx

( tx ) ( t+ x )
t 2x 2
=lim
t x
tx
tx

) (

= x + x = 2x

Remember: The
derivative of any
constant equal zero

5)f(x) = x- 12
f '(x) = -12 x-13

6)f(x) = x
f(x) = x

Remember:

1/2

1
2

f '(x) =

1
2x

7)f(x) =

1
x

f(x) = x- 1
f '(x) = -1 x =
-2

1
x2

8)f(x) = 3 x 2
f(x) =
f '(x) =

2/3

2 5 /3
x
3

2
3

3 x5

n x = x n

n xm =

xn

1
x

1
xn

=
=

1
n

x
xn

m
n

Algebra of Derivatives
Theorem:
f and g are functions that are differentiable at x, c is
a constant R
Then:
(c f) '(x) = c f '(x)
(f g) '(x) = f '(x) g '(x)
(f . g) '(x) = f (x) . g '(x) + g (x) . f '(x)

f
g

()

'

(x) =

g ( x ) . f ( x )g ( x ) . f ( x)
2

g (x )

Example: find the first derivative for the following

functions:
1)2 f (x) = x2 + x + 34
2 f '(x) = 2x + 1
f '(x) =

2 x +1
2

2)f (x) = (x4 + 2x + 9) (2x7 x5 + 4x2 + 3)

f '(x) = (x4 + 2x + 9) (14x6 5x4 + 8x) + (2x7 x5 + 4x2 + 3)

(4x2 + 2)

3)f (x) =
f '(x) =

( x7 2 x +3 ) ( 2 x )( 7 x 62 ) (x 2 )
2
( x7 2 x +3 )

4)f(x) =
f '(x) =

x2
x 72 x +3

x 8 +5
3 x 9 + x +3

( 3 x 9 + x +3 ) ( 8 x 7 )( 27 x 8 +1 ) ( x 8 +5)
2
( 3 x 9+ x+3 )

The derivative of the composite function

Theorem (1):
Let

y=f (u ) ,u=g ( x ) , g

continuous at

x0

and

continuous at

u0=g ( x)
Let

f ' (u 0)

be the derivative of
g

the derivative of

respect to

with respect to . If

( fog )' ( x o ) =f ' ( u o ) . g' ( xo )=f ' ( g ( x o ) ) . g' ( x o )

This formula is known as the chair rule
Example:
Let
Then

f ( x )=( 7 x +2 x 2 x +5 )

f ' ( x )=9 ( 7 x 3+ 2 x 22 x+ 5 ) . ( 21 x 2+ 4 x2 )

Theorem (2):
Let
Then

y=f ' ( x )=x n , n Q{0 }

'
'
n1
y =f ( x )=n x

Example:

f ' ( uo )

at

and

u0

and

g' ( x o ) R

g' (x 0)
,then:

f ( x )=

(2 x + x 3 )
3

5
12

5
f ( x )=
. ( 2 x 3+ x3 )
12
'

=( 2 x + x3 )

17
12

. ( 6 x +1 )=

5 ( 6 x 2 +1 )

12

12 . ( 2 x 3 + x3 )

17

Implicit differentiation
A function or (more than one function) maybe given implicitly by the
mean of an equation. In this case, to find the derivative of the function,
we take advantage of theorem (1), as shown in the following example
Example:
Assuming that
derivative
x 2+ y 2 =25

y'

2 x +2 y . y ' =0
2 y . y ' =2 x
y'=

2 x x
=
2y
y

of

represent a function (or more) in , find the

y

with respect to

y 2=25x2

y= 25 x2

If we graph

x + y =25 : we get a circle with radius =5

The Derivative as the Instantaneous Rate

Of change

Let y be a variable that depends on another variable x. let y be elated to x according to the
function: y = f(x)
If x change from xo to t, y changes from f (xo) to f (t). Let's denote the difference
t-xo by

x and the difference f(t) f(Xo) by y . thus ,when x change by mount x

. y change by the amount

the quotient

y
x

is called the average nate of change y with respect to x on the interval

.[xo , t ]
y
t xo x
lim

The

is called the instantaneous nate of change at xo of y with respect to

.x
f (t ) f ( Xo)
t xo
t Xo

f'

Lim

but lim ay/ ax =

(Xo)

thus the instantaneous nate of change of y = f(x) at xo with respect to x is equal to

f'

.(Xo)
This result has many applications in various scientific disciplines
If S (t) , v (t) and a(t) are respectively , the position, the velocity and the acceleration of a

moving object as function of time t then at any instant t

V(t ) =

s'

(t ) and a (t ) =

v'

, we have

(t )

:Example

Let s (t) =

1 3
t
3

5 2
t
2

+ 4t ; t 0

: Find the following

a formula of v(t) and a(t) as function of t-1
the instance t which the object is temporally at halt -2
the instance at which the objet experience no acceleration . Whats its -3
. velocity at moment
what is the velocity of objet at t= 2 and t= 5 -4
what is acceleration of objet at t= 2 and t= 3 -5
:Solution
2

V(t)= t - 5t + 4 = (t-1)(t-4) ; t-10

a(t) = 2t 5 = 2(t -

v(t) = 0

5
2

) ;t0

{1,4} -2

a(1) = 2(1) -5 = -3 m/s

a(4) = 2(4) 5 = 3 m/s

v(

5
2

)=(

5
2

- 1) (

5
2

- 4) = (

3
2

)(-

v(2) = (2 1) (2 4) = -2 m/s -4
v(5) = (5 1) (5 4) = 4 m/s

a(2) = 2( 2 -

a(3) = 2(3 -

5
2

5
2

) = -1 m/s -5

) = 1 m/s

3
2

)=-

9
4

m/s -3

Higher Derivatives
Higher derivatives are obtained by repeatedly differentiating an
expression or equation.
First derivative:
Second derivative:

This is obtained by differentiating y with respect to x twice.

Third derivative:

This is obtained by differentiating y with respect to x thrice.

Obtaining higher derivatives is relative simple. Consider the equation

y = x5 + 3x4 + 2x3 -4x - 7

Example :
If

, then what are the higher derivatives?

Answer
The first derivative:

Now for the second derivative. We just differentiate our previous answer.

Now for the 3rd and 4th derivatives.

Now the 5th derivative is

yv = 120.
The 6th, 7th, 8th and all other derivatives are 0, since the derivative of a constant is 0.

Example 2:
5

(n )

.Let f(x) = x . find f

(x)

;x

IN

: Solution
4

(1)

f
3

(x) = 5 x

( 2)

f
2

(x) = 5. 4. x
( 3)

(x) = 5.4.3. x

( 4)

(x) = 5.4.3.2. x
( 5)

(x) = 5.4.3.2.1

(k )

(x) = 0 ; k

1R 5

(x) = {

(n )

IN

5!
.x 5 n
(5 n)!

(n )

(x) = { 0

; n IN

; n IN

PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

To prove a statement about the positive integers, we can use the principle of mathematical
induction (PMI). Let P(N) denote a proposition about the positive integers. For example,

(II.1)

and
(II.2)

and
(II.3)

are all examples of such propositions.

p(n)

To prove that

is true, the PMI tells us that it is sufficient to do two things.

p(n)

1. Prove that
is true for the first admissible value for
this need not be so: For (II.3) the first value of is 4.

. Usually

, but

Note: This is the induction hypothesis.

2. Prove that

it must follow that

is true.

It may seem strange that we need prove only two statements to show the truth of a
proposition for an infinite set of values of . Consider, however, the following
instructions for stringing an infinite necklace of beads:
1. If the last bead was red, string another red bead.
2. String a red bead first.
Only two instructions suffice to complete the infinite necklace.
p(n)

As an example, consider (II.3), [(II.1) was considered in the text]. Then

is

1. Is

true? Well

so

and

is true.

2. Suppose that

is true. That is, suppose

is true--that is, we need to show that

, we multiply both sides by

. We need to show that

. Starting with

to find

Therefore
By the PMI it is true that

: Example

7x 5

(n )

Let f(x) =
. Find f
. validate your answer

(x) and use the method of mathematical induction to

: Solution

f(x) =
(1)

(x) =

( 2)

(7x + 5)
2

(-1) . (7x + 5) . 7
2

(x) = 7 . 2 .

(7x + 5)

( 3)

f
5

(x) = -7 (3 . 2) .
( 4)

(7x + 5)

(x) = 7 (4 . 3 . 2 ) .

( n 1)

(n )

thus f

(7x + 5)
n

(x) = (-1) . 7 . n! .

(1) n .7 n.n!.
(7 x 5) n 1

(n )

=f

(x)

(7x + 5)

Derivative of trigonometric
functions
Theorems:

(sin x)' = cos x

(cos x)' = - sin x
(tan x)' = sec2 x
(csc x)' = - csc x . cot x
(sec x)' = sec x . tan x
(cot x)' = - csc2 x

Example: find the first derivative for the following

functions, where f(x) = y.
1)y = sin x3
y' = (cos x3) . 3 x2 = 3 x2 cos x3

2)y = sin3 x
y' = 3sin2 x . cos x

3)y = sin (tan 8x5)

y' = cos (tan 8x5) (sec2 8x5) . 40x4

4)y = sin x . sec 5x

y' = (sin x) (sec 5x . tan 5x . 5) + (cos x) (sec 5x)
= 5sin x . sec 5x . tan 5x + cos x . sec 5x

5)y = (cos 3x + x2 + cot x2)100

y' = 100(cos 3x + x2 + cot x2)99 (-sin 3x . 3 + 2x + (csc2 x2 . 2x))
= 100(cos 3x + x2 + cot x2)99 (-3sin 3x + 2x 2x .
csc2 x2)

6)y =

y' =

sin x
2
tan x +3

x
x . sec 2 x
2 tan

2
cos ( tan x +3 ) ( sinx )

Example: find the first derivative when.

Sin (x + y) = y2 cos x

The derivative:
[ cos( x + y )] . (1 + y') = (2y . y') (cos x) + (y2) (-sin x)

cos (x + y) + cos (x + y) y' = -y2 sin x + 2y . y' . cos

x
cos (x + y) y' 2y . y' cos x = -y2 sin x cos (x + y)
x
cos ( x + y )2 y cos
[ ]

y'

= -y2 sin x cos (x + y)

y 2 sin x cos( x + y )
cos ( x + y ) 2 y cos x

then y' =

Derivatives Involving
Exponential &
Logarithmic Functions
:General form
a

=y

Ln a .

:Special case of (1)

e
e

=Y
=

:Special case of (2)

log x

=Y

1
ln a

1
x

y,

:Special case of (3)

Y=ln x
1
x

y,

:Examples
1)

Y=
y,

5tan 2 x

. ln 5 . 2 tan x .

sec 2

5tan 2 x

..
2) Y=
y,

e sinx

e sin x

.cos x

...
3) Y= log(

sin 5

x)

y,

1
5
sin x
5 4
x
ln 3

1
ln3

.csc

.cos
x5

x5

cos

.5

x4

x5

.
4) Y= ln( ln (cot

x3

))

y,

x
cot

ln
1

1
3
cot x

.(

csc 2

x3

).3

x2

"THE END"
"GOOD LUCK"

Amro Ismail Kasht:

The power formula.

The extension of the power formula.
Algebra of derivatives.
Derivative of trigonometric functions.

Mohamed Al-Khateeb:
Differentiation.
The derivative of the composite function.
Implicit differentiation.
Mohamed Al-Qahtani:
The derivative as the instantaneous rate of change.
Higher derivatives.
The principle of mathematical induction.
Mahmud Baioume:
Geometric Interpretation.
Derivative of exponential and logarithmic functions.