GAS

PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (TKK 564)

Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/
staf/istadi )
Email: istadi@undip.ac.id

Instructors Background
! BEng. (1995): Universitas Diponegoro
! Meng. (2000): Institut Teknologi Bandung
! PhD. (2006): Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
! Specialization:
! Catalyst Design for Energy Conversion
! Chemical Process Design for Energy Conversion
! Plasma Chemical Reactor Design for Energy Conversion

Course Syllabus: (Part 1)

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Denitions of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir, Gas Drilling

and Gas production (Pengertian gas alam, gas reservoir,
gas drilling, dan produksi gas)
Overview of Gas Plant Processing (Overview Sistem
Pemrosesan Gas) and Gas Field Operations and Inlet
Receiving (Operasi Lapangan Gas dan Penerimaan Inlet)
Gas Treating: Chemical Treatments (Pengolahan Gas:
secara kimia) and Sour Gas Treating (Pengolahan Gas
Asam)
Gas Treating: Physical Treatments (Pengolahan Gas:
secara sika)
Gas Dehydration (Dehidrasi Gas)
Gas Dehydration (Dehidrasi Gas)
Hydrocarbons Recovery (Pengambilan Hidrokarbon)

Course Syllabus: (Part 2)

1. Gas Compression System
2. Nitrogen Rejection and Trace Component Removal
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

(Penghilangan Nitrogen dan Komponen lainnya)

Natural Gas Liquid Processing and Sulfur Recovery
(Pemrosesan Cairan Gas Alam dan Penghilangan
Sulfur)
Gas Transportation and Storage (Transportasi dan
Penyimpanan Gas)
Liquied Natural Gas #1 (Gas Alam Cair)
Liquied Natural Gas #2 (Gas Alam Cair)
Second Assignment
Ujian Akhir Semester

SISTEM UJIAN
! TUGAS (assignment) (bobot nilai: 10). Bentuk online

quiz assignment

! UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER (bobot nilai: 40).

Bentuk soal pilihan ganda

LITERATURES
1. A. J. Kidnay, W.R. Parrish, (2006),

Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processsing,

Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton

2. H.K. Abdel-Aal, M. Aggour, and M.A. Fahim,

(2003). Petroleum and Gas Field Processing.

Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.


Denitions of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir, Gas
Drilling, and Gas production (Pengertian gas
alam, gas reservoir, gas drilling, dan produksi gas)


Week #1

DeniBons of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir,

Gas Drilling, and Gas ProducBon
! What is Natural Gas?
! The gas obtained from natural underground reservoirs
either as free gas or gas associated with crude oil
! Contains large amounts of methane (CH4) along with
decreasing amounts of other hydrocarbon
! Impurities such as H2S, N2, and CO2 are often found
with the gas
! generally comes saturated with water vapor.

Why are Oil and Gas so Useful?

! Oil is liquid. Meaning that oil may be transported

and delivered through pipe

! The primary use of natural gas is as a fuel, it is also
a source of hydrocarbons for petrochemical
feedstocks and a major source of elemental sulfur
! Natural gas presents many environmental
advantages over petroleum and coal
! Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas linked to global
warming, is produced from oil and coal at a rate of
about 1.4 to 1.75 times higher than from natural gas

Pollutants per Billion Btu of Energy

Primary Sources of Energy in the

World in 2003

Major proven natural gas reserves

by country

United States energy consumpBon

by fuel

Source of Natural Gas (Gas Reservoirs)

! Conventional natural gas generally occurs in deep

reservoirs
! either associated with crude oil (associated gas) or in
reservoirs that contain little or no crude oil (non
associated gas)
! Associated gas is produced with the oil and separated at
the casinghead or wellhead.
! Gas produced in this fashion is also referred to as
casinghead gas, oilwell gas, or dissolved gas.
! Nonassociated gas is sometimes referred to as gas-well
gas or dry gas. However, this dry gas can still contain
signicant amounts of NGL components.
! Roughly 93% of the gas produced in the United States is
nonassociated

Natural Gas ComposiBons

! Water is almost always present at wellhead

conditions but is typically not shown in the analysis

! Unless the gas has been dehydrated before it reaches
the gas processing plant,
! the common practice is to assume the entering gas is
saturated with water at the plant inlet conditions.

Typical gas ComposiBons

Typical ComposiBon of Indonesian Gas

Processing and Principal Products

! Two primary uses of natural gas:
! As a fuel
! As a petrochemical feedstock
! Three reason of natural gas processing:
! Purication. Removal of materials, valuable or not, that
inhibit the use of the gas as an industrial or residential fuel
! Separation. Splitting out of components that have greater
value as petrochemical feedstocks, stand alone fuels (e.g.,
propane), or industrial gases (e.g., ethane, helium)
! Liquefaction. Increase of the energy density of the gas for
storage or transportation
! What is dierent of Purication and Separation?

Generic Raw Gas and Product Slate

Product SpecicaBons
! Natural Gas:
! The composition of natural gas varies considerably from
location to location, and
! as with petroleum products in general, the specications for
salable products from gas processing are generally in terms
of both composition and performance criteria
! For natural gas these criteria include: Wobbe number,
heating value, total inerts, water, oxygen, and sulfur content.
! The rst two criteria relate to combustion characteristics.
! The latter three provide protection from pipeline plugging
and corrosion.

SpecicaBons for Pipeline Quality Gas

Liquid product SpecicaBon

! As with gases, specications for liquid products are

based upon both composition and performance

criteria.
! For liquid products, the performance specications
include: Reid vapor pressure, water, oxygen, H2S, and
total sulfur content.
! Safety considerations make vapor pressure especially
important for the liquid products because of
regulations for shipping and storage containers.

CombusBon CharacterisBcs
! Natural gas is as a fuel ! pipeline gas is normally bought on the

basis of its heating value

! Determination of the heating value of a fuel involves two arbitrary
but conventional standard states for the water formed in the reaction:
! All the water formed is a liquid (gross heating value, frequently
called higher heating value [HHV]) ! include latent heat of
vaporization of water
! All the water formed is a gas (net heating value, frequently called
lower heating value [LHV]) ! HHV- latent heat of vaporization of
water
! The heating value is normally calculated at 60F and 1 atm (15.6C and
1.01 atm), standard conditions for the gas industry, and, thus at
equilibrium, the water would be partially liquid and partially vapor.

Hea9ng Value .

! Heating values for custody transfer are determined either

by direct measurement, in which bomb calorimetry is

used, or by computation of the value on the basis of gas
analysis.
! The formulas for the calculation of ideal gas gross
heating values, on a volumetric basis are (Gas Processors
Association, 1996):

! The equations assume that the gas analysis is given on a

dry basis, that water is xW when the gas is saturated at the

specied conditions.

! The mole fraction can be calculated from:

! The vapor pressure of water at 60F (15.6C), the common base

temperature, is 0.25636 psia (1.76754 kPa).

! The most commonly used base pressures, Pb, and the values of (1 xW)
are listed below.

Contoh Perhitungan HV

! Example 1.2 Calculate the heating value of the Alberta gas given in Table 1.4.

Assume the heating value for the butanes to be that of isobutene, and for the
C5+ fraction, use pure hexane.
! Table 1.10 shows the calculations with heating values obtained from Appendix
B. This mixture has a gross heating value of 1,202.2 Btu/scf (44,886 kJ/Sm3).
Note that credit is not given for the heating value associated with H2S in
contractual situations. It is unlikely that a gas stream with 3.3% H2S would be
burned.

Wobbe Number
! In gas appliances, maintenance of the same combustion

characteristics are desirable when one gas composition is

switched to another.
! one of the more important considerations is maintenance
of the same heat release at the burner for a given pressure
drop through a control valve.
! This combustion characteristic is measured by the Wobbe
number
! Wobbe Number is dened as the gross heating value
(Btu/scf) of the gas divided by the square root of the
specic gravity (the ratio of the density of the gas divided
by the density of air; both densities evaluated at the same
pressure and temperature).

! Two gases with the same Wobbe number are interchangeable as far as

heat release at the burner is concerned.

! Formula for Wobbe Number:
! WB = (gross heating value)/(specic gravity)^1/2
! The Wobbe number normally has a value between 1,100 and 1,400
! Some typical Wobbe numbers are:

! THANKS YOU


Denitions of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir, Gas
Drilling, and Gas Production
(Pengertian gas alam, gas reservoir, gas drilling, dan
produksi gas)

DeniBons of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir,

Gas Drilling, and Gas ProducBon
! What is Natural Gas?
! Merupakan gas yang diperoleh dari reservoir alami
bawah tanah baik sebagai gas bebas maupun sebagai
gas yang berkaitan dengan crude oil
! Mengandung sebagian besar gas methane (CH4) dan
hidrokarbon lainnya dalam jumlah sedikit
! Mengandung impuritas seperti H2S, N2, dan CO2 yang
bercampur dengan gas alam tersebut
! Pada umumnya jenuh dengan uap air

Why are Oil and Gas so Useful?

! Oil is liquid, Natural Gas is gas. Minyak dan gas

didistribusikan atau ditransportasikan melalui pipa

atau truk tanki
! Penggunaan utama minyak dan gas alam adalah
untuk bahan bakar atau fuel.
! Minyak dan gas alam juga dimanfaatkan sebagai
sumber-sumber hidrokarbon untuk feedstock
petrokimia sumber unsur belerang (sulfur)
! Natural gas mempunyai lebih banyak environmental
advantages dibandingkan minyak dan batubara

Pollutants per Billion Btu of Energy

Primary Sources of Energy in the

World in 2003

Major proven natural gas reserves

by country

United States energy consumpBon by fuel

Source of Natural Gas (Gas Reservoirs)

! Pada umumnya, gas alam konvensional diperoleh di dalam

deep reservoirs
! Sumber gas alam tersebut berada bersamaan dengan crude
oil (associated gas)
! atau di dalam reservoir yang mengandung sedikit atau
bahkan tanpa crude oil (non associated gas)
! Associated gas diproduksi bersamaan dengan crude oil dan
dipisahkan di casinghead atau wellhead. Gas yang
diproduksi seperti ini disebut juga dengan casinghead gas,
oilwell gas, or dissolved gas.
! Non-associated gas kadang-kadang disebut juga dengan gas-
well gas atau dry gas. Walaupun demikian gas ini masih
juga mengadnung sejumlah komponen NGL (natural gas
liquid).
! Di USA: 93% gas yang dihasilkan di United States adalah
non-associated

SchemaBc
overview
of natural
gas
industry

Natural Gas ComposiBons

! Water atau air selalu ada di dalam kondisi wellhead

tetapi pada umumnya tidak tampak di dalam analisis.

Biasanya air bercampur dengan gas dalam kondisi
jenuhnya.
! Oleh karena itu, dalam prosesnya gas didehidrasi awal
dulu sebelum gas tersebut dibawa ke unit
pemrosesan gas
! Pada prakteknya, gas masuk dari well biasanya dalam
keadaan saturated with water

Typical gas ComposiBons

Typical gas ComposiBon in Indonesia

Processing and Principal Products

! Penggunaan Utama Gas Alam:
! Sebagai bahan bakar (fuel)
! Sebagai feedstock petrokimia
! Tiga Alasan Pemrosesan Gas Alam:
! Purication (Pemurnian): penghilangan beberapa material, baik
yang bernilai maupun yang tidak, yang dapat menghambat
penggunaan gas tersebut di industri atau perkotaan
! Separation (Pemisahan): Memisahkan komponen-komponen
yang mempunyai nilai lebih besar sebagai feedstock petrokimia,
sebagai bahan bakar (propane), atau sebagai gas-gas industri (e.g.,
ethane, helium)
! Liquefaction. Increase of the energy density of the gas for storage
or transportation
! What is dierent of Purication and Separation?

Generic Raw Gas and Product Slate

Gas Product SpecicaBons

! Natural Gas:
! Komposisi gas alam sangat bervariasi dari lokasi ke lokasi
! Spesikasi gas alam bisa juga meliputi:
! Wobbe number,
! heating value,
! total inerts,
! water,
! oxygen,
! and sulfur content.
! Dua kriteria pertama di atas menyangkut karakteristik dari
pembakarannya.
! Tiga kriteria terakhir menyangkut proteksi di dalam sistem
pemipaannya (pipeline) , misalnya plugging dan korosi

SpecicaBons for Pipeline Quality Gas

Liquid Product SpecicaBon

! Seperti halnya gas alam, spesikasi produk cair

tergantung kepada kriteria komposisi dan

performance
! Untuk produk cair, performance meliputi: Reid vapor
pressure, water, oxygen, H2S, dan total sulfur content.
! Pertimbangan Safety menyarankan bahwa tekanan
uap merupakan parameter penting untuk produk cair,
karena persyaratan pada regulasi pengapalan dan
penyimpanan di dalam kontainer

CombusBon CharacterisBcs
! Natural gas sebagai fuel ! pipeline gas biasanya dijual dalam basis

nilai heating value, misalnya: MMBtu/cuft

! Heating Value didenisikan sebagai energi termal per satuan volume
gas (Btu/cuft). Gas alam biasanya mengandung heating value: 900
1200 Btu/ft3
! Ada dua macam Heating Value yang digunakan di industri,
yaitu:
! Semua air yang ada adalah cair dinamakan higher heating value
[HHV] atau gross heating value ! termasuk latent heat of
vaporization of water
! Semua air yang ada adalah berupa gas dinamakan lower heating
value [LHV] atau net heating value ! sama dengan (HHV-
latent heat of vaporization of water)
! Heating Value normalnya dihitung pada suhu 60F dan tekanan 1
atm (15.6C ; 1.01 atm), keadaan standard di industri gas, dan pada
kesetimbangan, sebagian air berfasa cair dan sebagian lagi berfasa
uap.

HeaBng Value .
! Heating values ditentukan melalui eksperimen atau

pengukuran langsung menggunakan bomb calorimeter,

atau melalui perhitungan berdasarkan analisis gasnya
! Formula untuk menghitung ideal gas gross heating
values (on a volumetric basis ) (Gas Processors
Association, 1996):

! Persamaan di atas diasumsikan bahwa analisis gas

diberikan pada basis kering, dimana air (xW) jika gas jenuh
pada kondisi tersebut.

! Fraksi mol air (xw) dapat dihitung dari:

! Tekanan uap air pada 60F (15.6C), adalah: 0.25636 psia (1.76754 kPa).
! Base pressures, Pb, dan nilai (1 xW) adalah.

Contoh Perhitungan HV
! Example 1.2 Calculate the heating value of the Alberta gas given in Table 1.4.

Assume the heating value for the butanes to be that of isobutene, and for the
C5+ fraction, use pure hexane.
! Table 1.10 shows the calculations with heating values obtained from Appendix
B. This mixture has a gross heating value of 1,202.2 Btu/scf (44,886 kJ/Sm3).
Note that credit is not given for the heating value associated with H2S in
contractual situations. It is unlikely that a gas stream with 3.3% H2S would be
burned.

Wobbe Number
! Dalam implementasi penggunaan gas dalam pembakaran,

karakteristik pembakaran antara komposisi gas yang satu

dan yang lain harus konsisten, apalagi jika gas-gas yang
digunakan berubah komposisinya.
! Satu hal yang harus konsisten adalah kesamaan panas
yang dikeluarkan dari burner pada pressure drop tertentu
melalui control valve.
! Karakteristik pembakaran seperti ini ditentukan dengan
Wobbe number
! Wobbe Number didenisikan sebagai gross heating value
(Btu/scf) dari gas sample dibagi dengan akar kuadrat
specic gravity (density gas dibagi dengan density udara;
pada tekanan dan suhu yang sama).

! Two gases with the same Wobbe number are

interchangeable as far as heat release at the burner is

concerned.
! Formula for Wobbe Number:
! WB = (gross heating value)/(specic gravity)^1/2
! The Wobbe number normally has a value between 1,100
and 1,400
! Some typical Wobbe numbers are: