!

1.

2.

The apparatus below is used to show the diffusion of gases. Which pair of gases
would cause level of the water at L in the U-tube to drop?

Coz

O:

CH4

H2

CzHc

Nz

Ar

COz

and

An experiment was set up as shown below.

Distilred

water

Aqueous

T]

---+-=l
E-i:-:t
li, ;i
l.i'.',,J

copper(Il)sulfate

----Z=3

After several dayq the liquid in the jar had the same blue colour throughout. This was
the result ofthe movement of

A
B
C
D

sulfate ions only.

copper(I) ions, sulfate ions and water molecules.

copper(Il) sulfate molecules only.
water molecules only.

3.

Two students each carried out a chromatography experiment to see ivHat dyes are present
in the brown food colouring from a candy.
Their chromatograms are shown

solvent

front --------->

ffi

l:l
t__l

Starting line

student I

-}

student 2

Whicli statement below best explains the difference in their chromatograms?

4.

5.

used a lesser volume of the s4me solvent than student 2.

Student

Student 2 used a

Student

The concentrations of the food colouring used by students

different solvent from student 1.

started the chromatography later than student 2.

and 2 are different.

When solution X is mixed with solution Y, a white precipitate and a solution Z is formed.
The method to obtain white precipitate from the reaction mixture is

evaporation followed by distillation.

evaporation followed by filu'ation to obtain residue.

filtration to obtain filtrate.

filtration to obtain residue.

In an experimen! I0.0 cm3 of 1.0 moVdm3 of aqueous iron(Il) sulfate was mixed with
I0.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
FeSOa (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) ). Fe(OFI)2 (s) +Na2SOa (aq)
What did the reaction flask contain when the reaction was completed?

A green precipitate only.

A'green precipitate in a colourless solution.

A white precipitate in a green solution.

green precipitate

in a green solution.

6.

The diagram shows a particle of an element in Period 2'

What could the Particle be?

A
B
C
D
7.

ofboron
an atom ofcarbon
an atom ofneon
an ion

an ion of nitrogen

Ions of two isotopes of the transition metal, cobalt, are shown below'

tt aor*
27 --

and

!1.o,.
27

Which of the following statements is true?

*,* ]l27 co'.

!o-"o'r has 2 more protons
A z7-'
6rf,c"t.
tl"U.contains
29 electrons,2less tt'^
B

a
v
D

uo

27-"o'*

diffuses faster tt un

The number of electro*

ll

27

co'.

i" :: Co2* and 13

27
27

are 2 less than that of protons

"o'.

The atornic structures of two elements whose symbols are P and Q are shown below

3 protons

-4 neutrons

Pa
What is the mass of one

A
B

C
D
9.

nole of compound formed by reacting P and Q together?

18g

25g
32e
43e

At room temperature, tin exists as white tin which has a giant metallic structure. Belou
180C, tin changes slowly to grey tin which has a giant covalent structure (similar to tha
of a diamond).

Wrich of the statement below is correct?

10.

White tin can conduct electricity while.grey tin cannot.

Both fypes of tin can conduct eleotricify.

White tin is hard while grey tin is soft.

Both rypes of tins are soft and malleable.

Onemole of carbon dioxide

(i)
(ii)
(ii|

contains 6 x 1023 carbon dioxide atoms.

contains the same number of molecules as 29 of hydrogen gas.
has a mass of 28g

Which of the following is correct?

A
B
C
D

(i) only
(ii) onlY
(iii) only
(i) and (ii) only

11.

When Z.2Og of sample of an oxide of nitrogen was analysed, it was found to contain
0.57gof nitiogen. Wirat is the empirical formirla of the sample of oxide of nitrogen?

ANO
B NzOs
C N2O
D NzOr
t2.

One way to remove poisonous nitrogen monoxide QllO) frorn motor vehicle.exhaust is to
inject a stream of ammonia gas into the exhaust vapour.

6No (e) + 4NH3 G) -+

5Nz

(e) + 6Hzo (g)

A car emits 3 dm3 of nitrogen monoxide each kilornetre and is driven 40 000 km a year.
What volume of amtnonia gas is needed each year to clean up the exhaust gas?

13.

20 000 dm3

60 000 dm3

80 000 dm3

120 000 dm3

Which of the following diagrams represents molecules of an

element?

oo^o

rg
rcco

oo

o'o
A

14.

Which of the following reactions are exothrmic?

. 1. 6CO2 + 61120 ) CeIInOe + 6o:

2. 2CaIIro + 1302 ) 8COz + 10H2O
3. H +Cl
=> HCI
A

1 and 2

2 and 3 only

1,2 and3

only

and 3 only

15.

A piece of litrnus paper was soaked in a concentrated aqueous sodium chloride

and

supported on a glass slide. The paper was connected to a d.c. supply a$ shown in the

diagram.

negative
electrode

positive
electrode

Which one of the following shows the correot observations near the negative elecftode
and the positive electrode after the cunent had passed through the circuit for 3 minutes?

i6.

negatiYe electrode

positive electrode

no change

bleached

bleached

no change

blue

bleached

red

bleached

Which of the foilowing set-up would produce the greatest reading on the voltmeter?

A.

c.

B.

I mol/dm' sodium chloride

dlstllled water

D.

mol/dmr hydrochloric acid

moUdml sugar solut

solution

L7

In an elecholysis experiment involving molten calcium chlorido, I . I I g of calcium was

deposited at the cathode. Find the volume of chlorine gas liberated at the anode

A
B
C
D

0.33dmj
0.6?dm3
1.33 dm3
1.97 dm3

'18. The following is a half equation for a reabtion.

IO, +qH* +re- -+

,Ir+sHrO

What are the'values of q, r and s?

qrs
A356
8536

cs63
D6s3

L9. The metal zirconium (Zr) is above hydrogen in the reactivity series. The ion of zirconium
4*. Which of the following equations correctly represents the reaction
between zirconium and steam?
has a charge of

'

A
B
C
D
20.

+2}J2O +
Zr + 4HzO )

ZtOz*2Hz

+2HzO )
Zr + 4HzO )

ZI(OH)2+H2

Zr

Zr

ZrOq

4Hz

Zr(OH)q*

Z]Hz

Sodium reacts with potassium nitrate according to the equation below.

10Na (s)+2KNOr (s)

-+

5Na2O (s)+N2 G)+KzO G)

Which element has undergone reduction in the above. reactions?

A
B
C
D
21.

Nitrogen in potassium nitate.

Oxygen in potassium nita.te.
Potassium in potassium nitrate.
Sodium.

Which of the following arrangements of electrons is that belonging to an atom of an

element with the strongest oxidizing properties?

A
B
c
.D

2,L

2,7
2,8,2
2,8,6

22.

In two separate experirnedts, a substance was decomposed and the laS evolved was
collected. The graph shows the total volume of gas collected against time for each
experiment.
volume
ol gas
collected

crpd(iment 2

oxpsriflnl I

Wrich one of the following graphs shows how the speed of reaction varied with

tirme in

each experiment?

23.

In the graph, curve X represents the result of the reaction between 2.4g of magn*sium
ribbon and 50cmr of I mol/dm'sulfuric acid at 50oC. Which graph could produne *urve
Y?

total

volume o[ gae
oroduced
lmeasured

it

r.t.p.)

2.4gof magnesium ribbon at 60oC

25cm3 of 2 moVdm3 dilute sulfuric acid at 50oC

l2.5cm3 of 2 moVdm3 dilute sulfuric acid at 60"C

2.4g

of magnesium powder

at 50oC

-l

it

24.

A new element called londinium has been discovered. It is a white silvery solid with a
low melting point. It floats on water and reacts vigorously with'it to liberate hydrogen
gas.

Which famity in the Periodic Table would you place this new element in?

Alkali metal
Alkaline eafth

Halogens

Transition metals

metal

to separate solutions containing ions

of one of the other two halogens. The results are shown in the table.

25. In each of three experiments,

a halogen,was added

solution of halide

exPeriment

halogen
added

Xz

Yz

reaction occurs

Zz

no reaction

no reaction

reaction
occurs
reaction
occurs

no reaction

What were the halogens X, Y and Z?

A
B
C
D
26.

Brz

Clz

Iz

Brz

lz

Clz

Clz

Brz

lz

Clz

lz

Brz

Which one of the following would distinguish between sodium chloride and sodium
bromide solution?

Adding chlorine water

Adding bromine water

Adding sodium hydroxide solution

Adding dilute hydrochloric acid

l0

27.

28.

The position of metal X in the reactivity series is: Ca, Mg, X, Al, Zn,'Fe.
Metal X is best obtained by?

reduction of its oxide by heating with coke.

reduction of Its odde by heating with hydrogen.

electrolysis of its rnolten oxide.

electrolysis of its dilute aqueous nitrate.

An elenrentZreacts in the following ways.

2Z+Oz)2ZO

+ Zcll+lh
ZO ! Hz I no reaction
z +2P1Cl

What is likely tobeZ?

A alurninium

B
C
D
29.

calciurn
lead

copper

Four test tubes were set up as shown in the diagrams below.

Each piece of iron was protected on one.side by a different coating.
ln which test tube is the iron least likely to rust?
D

l_J

t=+ \a/aler
{ron

:lnc

11

30.

X, y and Z we elements.belonging to the Same.perioa 6f thdPeriodic Table.- Th; oxide

of X dissolves in water, forming a soluti6n which changes blue litmus paper to red. Y
reacts with water, forrning a solution which changes red litmus to blue. The oxide of Z
reacts with both aoid and alkali.

If

the elements are aryanged in order of increasing atomic number, the correct order

would be

A \Y,Z

B
c
D

31.

x,z,Y

y,x,z
y,z,x

Which one of the following groups consists of an acid,

A
B
C
D

a base and a salt?

C.aO, Ca(OH)2, HzSOq

HCl, HzSO+, BaSO+

CaO, HCl, BaSO+

NaOH, NaCl, NazSOa

32. A}scflf sample of dilute sulfuric acid contains 0.025 moles of the acid.
What is the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution?

A
B
C
D
33.

0.25 mol/dm3'
0.50 moUdm3
1.00 moVdm3

2.00 moVdml

Why is it wasteful to add.ammonium nitrate fertiliser to'soil which has recently b""n
treated with slaked lime, Ca(OH)2?

A
B
C
D

The percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate is low.

Ammonium nitrate can easily be decomposedSlaked lime has made the soil too basic for ammonium nitrate to act otl Ammonium nitrate will react with slaked lime and ammonia is liberated into
the arr .

L2

I
I

34.

The rain in Mars was suspected to have a pH value of 4'

what could be present in the atmosphere at Mars to cause such pH?

A
B
C
D
35.

ox}gen
nitrogen
carbon monoxide

sulfur dioxide

The apparatus shown below was set up to prepare and oollect a gas.

conc6nttatod

sulphuric ecid

Which one of the foltowing gases could be prepared and collected in [he apparntms?

ammonia

carbon dioxide

hydrogen

Sulphur dioxide

':i: ':i;n

l3

ii,:

36.

The diagram shows the structure of a compound Z'

.O

H H H H H

lllll
l
ii
H- o-c-c-c-i-c:

c-c-o-H

llll

HHHH
,which prediction about'its properties is not likely to be true?

"

A
B
C

It can react with zinc to liberate hydrogen gas'

to brown'
It can turn acidified potassiurn iodide solution from colourless
It can undergo addition polymerisation'

Dltcanundergocondensationpolymerisationbyitself'
50 cm3 of
the reaction of different vegetable oils with hydrogen'
catalyst'
suitable
a
oils containing
hydrogen was p.Ised through I g sample of vegetable
Iir" uilu*" of hyd.og"n."mui"ing after each reaction was recorded'

3.7. A student investigated

volume.of hYdrogren
remalnlng / cm

vegetable oil

w
x

0
23
50

Y
Z

19

Which vegetable oil(s) is/are saturaled?

A
B
C
D
3g.

W onlY

XandZonlY
Y onlY

W,X

and

The ester, cH:cHzcH(cHl)CHzOOCCHT, has an odour of bananas.

Which set of reagents co,rtJU" used to prepare this ester in the laboratory?

A
B
C
D

CH:CHzCH(CH3)CH2CO:',CH3OH
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH,CHTCOzH
CH3CH2CH(CHr)CHzCO2H, CH3OH
CHTCHzCH(CH3)CH2OH, CH3CH2COzH

L4

39.

How many isomers are present for C:HzOH?

A2
B3
C4
D5
;

40.

In an artificial hip joint, bone cement is used to attach the poly(ethene) oup for
joint to the pelvic girdle. Bone cement is formed by the polymerisation of
methyl 2-methylpropenoate. The process is highly exothermic.
the

CHs
I

CHz=C
I

co2cH3
methyl 2-methylpropenoat
Which of the following are correct-statements about this polymerisation?
(1) Th; repeat unitof the polymer is

CHg
I

- cH2- cI

COzCHg

(2) The formation of the cement occurs by addition polymerisation.

(3) Less energy is released in uraking the c c bonds than absorbed in
-

eakingaC:Cbond.

A
B
C
D

and2only

2and3 only

land3only
L,2 and3

&::

i5

Section A

::

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided

The total mark for this section is 50.

The following substances are given:

;,,

ethanol
ethyl

propanol water

ethanoatd

calcium

ammonium chloride

carbonate

silver chloride

Eacir substance can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

(a)

Which two substances (excluding water) when mixed together, can be

separated by fractional distillation?

(b)

Which substance can be obtained by sublimation when mixed with

chloride?

(")

Which substance can be separated froni water by a separating

(d) , Which substance

is best obtained by

arnmonium chloride?

sodium

firnnel?

simple distillation when mixed

with

tU

t1l

t1]

tll

(e)

A rnixture consisting of 5VYoof ethanol and 50% of water is separated by

fractional distillation. The graph below shows the temperahre change during
the process of separation.
Temperafure

fC

l0

35

Ilme /mln

You are required to plot a graph showing the total volume of distillate
collected over time.
Total volurne of distillate /cm3

Time /min

L2)

The d.iagram below shows the arrangement of particles in four di{ferent substances A, B,
C and D at room temperature.

@@
:@@
-@@
substance

(a)

substance B

substance C

substance D

(i) Which one of these substanees is most likely to have the highest melting

tl]

point?

(ii) Explain why this substance has a very high melting point-

12)

511:ti:: _:!

(b)

Suggest the identity

(i) substance C

(ii) substance D

of

t2)

(c)

'The

melting point of substance A is 1250"C and its boiling point is 3766oC.

The following box shows the anangernent of particles of A when it is at a
particular temperattu'e T.

&CI

Temperature T remains fixed when A is being heated.

(i) Suggest value for temperature T.

tll

(ii) Describe the change iu the novement and arrangement of the particles in
the upper section of the diagram when temperature of substance A drops
fi'om T by 1000oC;

t2)

Movement:

Anangement:

The formulae of oxides oielements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are given
b?low:

Na2O MeO AlzO: SiO2 Pcoro SO:

ClzOt

(a) Which oxide, PaOro or SO3, would have a higher boiling point? Explain your 12)
answer interms of bonding and structwe.

(b)

State the trend in the type of bonding and one chemical property

of

the

tZJ

oxides across the period from sodium to chlorine.

Type ofbonding:

Chemical property

(c)

A sample of magnesium oxide was contarnirated with aluminium oxide.

that can be used to remove aluminium oxide from
magnesium oxide. Explain your answer.

," I ' Narrre a reagent

tZ)

(d)
.

When sulfur trioxide, SO3 is dissolved in water, it forms a colourless

solution with a pH of 1. Name an insoluble saltthat can be prepared from
- this solution. Describe the process to prepare a pure, dry sample of the salt
you suggest.

i3]

Phosphorusff)chloride deconrposes on heating according to the following

equation.
PCts

(e) ) PClr G) +

Clz

(g)

AH

+l2O kJ/mol

G)

Draw a 'dot and cross' diagram of phosphorus(Ill)ehloride. Only the valence [2]
electrons of each atom need to be shown.

(b)

Calculate the energy change that occuls when 300 cm3 of

phosphorus(Ill)ctrloride is produced by the reaction at room temperature and
pressure.

[2]

(")
,

The bond energy of Cl-Cl is244H/mol. Assuming the bond energy of P-Cl
remains the same in both chlorides of phosphorus, find the bond energy of
P-CI.

(d) '' If solid phosphorus(V)chloride has been used in the experiment, would the
energy change be more endotherrnic, less endothermic or remain the same?
Give your reasoning.

L2)

t2)

(e)

In terms of changes in oxidation state, explain why this reaction is a

reaction.

redox

L2)

An

experiment was conducted by heating the same mass of maguesiuri;rlonate

and zinc carbonate under the same condition. They decompose at differfrt rates
and produce different amounts of product uporl complete decomposition.

MBCor (s)
MeO (s) + Coz (e)
ZnCOt G) + ZnO (s) + COz (e)
The graph below shows the volume of carbon dioxide collected by heating
magnesiurn cai'bonate over time.

Volume of CO2

(a)

On the same axis, plot the graph for zinc carbonate. Explain your answer
terms of initial rate of the reaction and volume of carbon dioxide.

in

i3]

t:

!i

G)

Explain, in terms of collision theory of particles, how an increase in

temperature would affect the rate of decompositioa of zinc carbonate.

(c)

Consider the flowchart below.

i3J

aqueous
Ammonia

(a) identify reagent A and solution B

rn't

L4'J

(b) list down the observation when excess aqueous ammonia is added to
solution B.

tll

Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process. It is mainly used to manufacture

nltrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate by reacting with sulfuric acid.

(a)

Write an equation for the formation of ammonia in the Haber Process.

mj

(b)

State the conditions required for the process.

(c)

How are the raw materials for Haber Process obtained industuially?

(d)

Explaiu why the red litmus paper rnust be moist when testing for

tll

- tzl

ammonia

12)

gas.

(e)

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst in many industrial

Narne one such process and suggest the rame of the product.

11

processes. tZ)

Section B
Answer all three questions from this section

n ti't
"

question is in the

"ff:T,;;;:r;i ;::I:T;-"ives

shourd be attempted

Write your answers on the writing papq supplied'

Crude oil is a mixture of mostly alkanes. It is separated into usefi,rl fractions by
&actional distillation. The relative amounts of and the market demand for some
graph
hydrocarbons from the fractional distillation of crude oi1 are shown in the
below.

---*- 7o in crude oil

- -,.- -"/o in rnarket demand

fiE

IE
trc
AE

eI

EF

20
10

&

cl-c4

Cs-CB

C;g-C12 C13-C16 C17-C2O

C21-C24

C25+

HYdrocarbon Fraction

(")

oZ
(i) Describe the relationship between theYo in crude oil and in market
demand with respect to the number of carbon per molecule.

in crude oil and

market demand? In what way does the oil industry solve this problem?

(ii) Which fraction

has the greatest difflerence between

%o

L2t

l2l

(b)

Diesel obtained from crude oil is often called fossil diesel. Biodii;:s made
from vegetable oils. Oue research project compared the exhaust emission
wherr fossil diesel or biodiesel were used as fuels for vehicles. Some of the
relative amouuts of these exhaust emissions are shown in the bar chart.

120
@

;,

o
.c
xo

100

oE

co
ato
o'I
co)
G
0,

6
t

CO

NOx

SO2

PM10

Type of exhaust emission

(i)With reference to the information given in the graph above, explain the
environmental benefits of using biodiesel as a fuel.

tll

(ii) Give two

other possible advantages

of substituting fossil diesel by

121

biodiesel.

(c)

A small petrol car needs 3.6 x l0a kJ to travel 100km. What volume of petrol
( CsHra ) would it use during this joumey. One mole of CaHrs burns to
produce 5470k[of energy. Densi.ty of petrol is 0.66 g/cm'.

13

flt
{-{

iir

I'i

Aluminium is a metal used widely in industry. It is extracted by electrolysis of

molten alumina, which aluminium oxide. The following diagram shows the set up
to eitract molten aluminium in industry.
carbon anodes

crust of solid
cryolite and
alumina
ca

rbon lining

(cathode)

molten crYolite
and alumina

molten aluminium

The melting point of aluminium oxide is.20450C. In industry a substance called

cryolite is added to molten aluminato reduce its meiting point. One of the
problems in this process is that the anode gets smaller and needs to be replaced
iegularly. Aluminium was extracted in large quantity in industry much later as
to iron. The price of ahuninium is also more expensive than iron due to
"o*p*"a
large quantity of electricity needed
The quantity of electricity is related to the number of moles of electrons passed
through by the following equation :

Quantity of electricity (coutombs)

number of mole of electrons x 96500

(a)

Explain, in terms of bonding and structure, aluminium oxide has such a high 12)
melting point.

(b)

(i) Write the ionic equation, with state symbols, at the negative
for the extraction of alumi4ium in this Process'

electrodes,

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of electrons required and the quantity of
electricity needed to extraot 20 g of aluminum'

tZJ

12)

(c)

Alurniniurn is widely used in industry as it has ,ri*y useful propi..*ri, Large

amounts of it are being extracted every year.

(i) Explain why the industrial rnethod used t6 e4fract aluminium is d.ifferent
from irou which uses chemical reduction using coke.

tl]

(ii) Explain why large amount of aluminium objects'are being recycled

despite the fact the cost of recycling'might be higher than extraction due

11]

to high cost in transportation.

(d)

Suggest a reason

why graphite anode gets smaller during the process

and

thus needs regular replacement.

(")

tll

is tl]

The newly extracted aluminiurn must be mixed with other metals before it
used in construction of aircraft body. Explain why alloy is harder than pure
aluminium.

EITHER

Copper, magnesiunr and iron participate in chemical reaction by losing electrons. U)

Describe how you would carry out a series of experiments to show the difference
in reducing power of these three metals, using the reagents below.

magnesium
iron
copper
(u)

aqueous copper nitrate

Your answer should include the following details:

.
r
(b)

aqueous magnesium nitrate

aqueous iron(I[) nitrate

the names of reagents you would use in each experiment.

a table

showing the observations that you would expect to see.

5.6 g of iron powder was added to 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 copper(Il) nitrate
solution in an experiment.

(i)

Find the number of moles of iron and copper(Il) nitate solution

used.

tU

Describe what would you see when aqueous ammonia was added, drop t2)
by drop, until in excess to the resulting solution when the reaction between
iron and copper (II) nitrate solution has stopped.

(ii)

l5

il

OR
'

l0

:;:t't-

Terylene is

poiyesterproduced by condensation polymerization.

13l

(a)

Describe the formation of terylene from monomers. You should explain

the terms p o ly e s t er and c o nde ns at i o n p o lyme r i z at i o n.

(b)

The letters A, B, C and D represent orgariic compound.

reaction

Compound B may be obtained from reaction 2 or 3.

Compounds B and C react in reaction 5 to give a sweet smelling
substance D.
Compound D contains 4 carbon atoms per molecule.

(i)

State the name of reaction 3 or 4 and give the conditions for the reaction.

t2)

(ii)

Describe reactio:r 5, giving details about the name of the reaction,

conditions required arid the chemical equation for the reaction. State the
bonds broken in B and C during the process.

t3l

(iii)

Explain the role of reaction

environment.

I in terrns of its importance

to the

{21

Answer for Prelim paper I

1.B

z.B
3.8
4.D
5.D
6.D
7.D
8.C
9.A
10. B
11. B

IZ.C
13.

14. B
15. C
16.

17. B
18. D

A
20. A
2L.B
22. A
19.

23. C
24.

25.

26.

Z7.C
28. B

29.D
30. D

31. C

32.D
33. D

34.D
35. C
36. B

37.C
38. B

39. B
40. A

CHIJ ST. NICHOLAS GIRLS' SCHOOL

2011 Sec 4 Pretim Chernistry (SPA) 5072
SO
Suseested solution

A1

Mar

Suggested answers

Qns

ks
4

(a; Ethanol, propAnol, ethyl ethanoate (any two)

(b) arnmoniurn chloride
(c) ethyl ethanoate
(d) water
[lm each]
(e)

Shape of the graph

0 to 20 min, lm far 25 to 3 5 min; if timing is wrong for both,

give zero even if shape is correctl

It

nifor

Total volurne of distillate /cml

Time /min

A2

(a)(i) Substance B;

(ii)

macromolecule; [0.5]
strong covalent bonds betw-een atoms [0.5] which extends throughout the entire
structure in a vast network; [0.5]
large amount of heat energy is needed to break these bonds. [0.5]

(b) carbon dioxide. ( rninus 0.5m for water )

sodium chloride/magnesium oxide/copper(tl)sulfate etc. ( ratio

(c)

(i) 3766'C [1]

(ii) Slows down. From moving

5072

at high speeds freely to roll and slide over each

other[1]
Gets closer. From far away to close together in

201I CHIJ SNGS prelim chenristry(SPA)

1:

19

clusters;[l]

A3

(a) P+Oro.
Both have simple molecular structures simple covalent compounds [0.5]
PqOro has higher molecular mass[O.5] , thus stronger intermolecular forces. [0.5]
Need more heat ene{gy to overcomg these fo-rcees. [0.5]

(b) from ionic to covalent [1]

from basic to amphoteric to

(c)

,)

acidic [t]

aqueous [0.5] (excess) sodium hydroxide/ aqueous ammonia

[ll

only aluminium oxide which is amphoteric, would react with the alkali [0.5]
while magnesium oxide is a basic oxide which will not'[0.5]
Filter and obtain magnesium oxide as residue.
:

(d) Barium /calcium/lead(Il) sulfate; [0.5]

Add [O.5] aqueous barium/calcium/lead(ll) nitrate [0.5] to the colourless

solution/ dilute sulfuric acid;
Filter to obtain the residue; [0.5]
Rinse the residue with plenty of distilled water [0.5] ;
and dry it between sheets of filter paper. [0.5]

A4

(a)

Any enor deduct lm

(b)

(c)

/24000:0.0125 mols of PC13 t0.51

300/24000 x 120 = +l.5kJ U.5l (0.5m for sign, ans, unit

300

each)

s(P-Cl) - 3(P-Cl) -244: 120 [1]

2P-Cl =364
(0.5m for ans, 0.5m for unit )
P-Cl = 182 kJ/mol

[1]

(d) Energy change would be more endothermic[1];

additional enelgy must be absorbed to convert solid to gaseous state/
additional energy needed to break the stronger intermolecular forces between
'" molecules of PCls. [1]

(.j)',fCtr is reduced

as the

oxidation state of phosphorus increases from +5 in PCls to

+3 in PCl3 [1]
PCIs is oxidised as the oxidation state of chlorine decreases from -1 in PCls to 0 in
c12 [1]
Anv error deduct 0.5m
201I CHIJ SNGS prelim chemistry(SPA) 5072

20

ttllltlll
A5

e) steeper gradient for zinc carbonate [0.5] (Graph)

rnagnesiurn is more reactive than zinc, [0.5]

thuimagnesium carbonate has higher thermal stability, decompose less readily;

[0.s];
lower volume of carbon dioxide gas by zilc calbonate.[0.5] (Graph)
Zinc carbonate has higher relative molecular mass (Mr) [0'5]
thus lesser no of moles of zinc carbonate in the-same mass, thus produces less
volume of carbon dioxide .[0.5]
(b)when temp increases, particles ( not molecules,) of zinc carbonate gain
KE / move faster; [0.5]
no of these particles having energy greater or equal to the activation,energy
increases;[1]
frequency of collision and effective collision increases;[,1]
rate of decomposition of carbonate increases. t0.5]
2

OR

HzSOq/HNO3 -

'
A6

(ii)

(a)

A[1]

ZnSOa/Zn(NOr)z-B [1]

White precipitate [0.5] dissolved in excess aqueous ammonia to form

colourless solution. [0.5]

(:

3H2 +

N2

arrow

[0.5]

> 2NHr
eqn [0.5]

(b)

Fe as catalyst, 450oC, 200 atm

(any rnistake deduct 0.5m ea)

(c)

Hydrogen fron cracking of long hydrocarbon in crude oil [1];

Nitrogen frorn fractionat distillation of liquid air [1]

(d) Amrnonia dissolves and reacts withr/ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions.
- tl l
it is ttr" presence of hydroxide ion that gives alkaline property.' [1]

(e)

Esterification [1]
name any ester such as ethyl

20l I CHiJ SNCS prelim chemistry(SPA) 5072

ethanoate.

21

tl]

eeds the oZ

87

in crude oil; [1]

Above that,o/o in crude oil exceeds market demand [1].

(ii) c17-c2o [1]

It is being cracked to produce fractions containing.smaller alkanes [0.5];
to increase their supply to match the higher degrand t0.5]

(bxi) It produces less pollutants exhaust t0.Sl

such as CO, SOz aqd

PMl0 [any one,

l0.sI

.-''(ii) '1. It saves finite natural

energy resoluce crude oil

not increase amount/o/o of carbon dioxide in the air
does
carbon
zero,
2. It is
3. it is renewable.
(any two )

(c) 6.581 mol of CsHs [1]

750.29 needed[l]; LL3l or 1140

"*3/111
2

B8
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction [0.5] between oppositely charged
aluminium and oxide ions [0.5];
Needs a lot of heat energy to break the ionic bond. [0.5]

(b) (i)A13. (l) + 3e

Al

0)

state symbol [1]; eqn[l]

(i0 20 127 :0.740'l mols of Al; [0.5]

3 x0.7407 : 2.222 mols of electrons [0.5]
quantity of electricity :2.222 x 96500 : 214423 coulomb[l]
(c) (i) Al is more reactive than Fe;[0.5]
Ionic bond in aluminium oxide is stronger than iron oxide;[O-S]
Therefore aluminium is more stable than iron oxide and needs more energy to
break;
Only electrolysis is able to extract Al

i
I
I

, ..

I
|

tiil

fal

Aluminium is a finite natural resource / saves tandfitl sites for disposal of Al

objects [1]

The (hot, pure) oxygen [0.5] formed during the process [0.5]
oxidizes/reacts [0.5] $aphite to form carbon dioxide [0.5].
{ for student who says oxyger from the air, -1}

(") attov contains atoms of different sizes [0.5]

''
air*pt the orderly arrangement of atomi in layers in pure aluminium[0.5]
|
I

pr"v.nt the atoms from sliding readily.

2011 CHIJ SNGS prelim chemistry(SPA) 5072

22

I
2

Either
(a)

I,rlagnesium

Magnesium
chloride

Iron(II) chloride

Copper chloride

NA

Light green solution

Blue solution turns

turnscolourless/. t0.5]
Grey solid deposited on

Mg

[0.s]

colourless/ t0.51
Pink solid deposited on
Mg
[0.s]

Mg+Fe2*) VIg2n+F" Mg+cu2*+ l{82*+c,

No visible

lron

Mg reduces Fe'*

Mg reduces Cu'-

NA

Blue solution turns light

green/
[0.5]
Pink solid deposited.
[0.s]

reaction

Fe+Cu2*)Fez*+Cu
.
^2+
f e reouces uu
No visible

copper

No visible reaction

NA

reaction

- the table with clear headings

ol'

Add magnesium to aqueous iron(ll) chloride and coppbr chloride separately,

Add irori to aqueous magnesium chloride and copper chloride separately;
Add copper to aqueous magnesiurn chloride and iron (II) chloride separately. [2]

Observations
the three ' no visible change/ wants to accept no reaction ? total [1]
the rest refer to table above [3]
If not table [-1]
Therefore magnesium is'the strongest reducing agent and copperis the least. [1]

(b)

(i)

5.69 of-Fe :0.1 rnol [9.5]

2501m3 of i.0 moUdm3 :0.25 mol [0.5]
blue and green ppt formed; [l]
when added in excess, blue ppt dissolve to form a dark blue solution[0.5];
green ppt remained. [0.5]

(ii) initially,

2011 CHIJ SNGS prelim chcmistry(SPA) 5072

23

(a) Drawing of both monomers or naming them as dicarboxylic acid and diol
Removal/elimination of small molecules like water [0.5]
Polymer joined by ester linkages[O.5]
Drawing of ester linkage [0.5]
Many monomers join together to form a large molecule [0.5]
(U)i) step 3 - Hydration, phosphoric acid, 300oC, 65atm [0.5 each]
r;ri,i.r,.
Of
step 4 - oxidation, aiidified potassium manganate(VlD, heat [0.5 each]

(ii) esterifrcation [0.5];

a few drops conc stilfi.uic acid, warm, [0.5]
CH3COOH + CzHsOH ) CHTCOOCzHs +
- 0.5 for using molecular formula
- -0.5 for omitting water as product
bonds broken in

(iii)

B:

H2O t1l

O-H [0.5] , in C : C-O [0.5]

The only process that absorbs carbon dioxide [0.5]

which is a green house gas [0.5],
thus reduces global warming. [1]

201I CHIJ SNGS prelim chemistry(SPA) 5072

24

[i]