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In autoprotolysis a proton is transferred between two identical molecules, one of which acts as a Brnsted acid, releasing a proton which is
accepted by the other molecule acting as a Brnsted base. For example, water undergoes autoprotolysis in the self-ionization of water reaction
Hydronium is what you get when you put water and hydrogen ions together, forming H 3O+. Hydronium is the simplest form of oxonium, which is any
ion that contains the trivalent oxygen cation. Hydronium is also known as hydroxonium. As with many species in chemistry, the nomenclature isn't
the same everywhere.
In a differentiating solvent, various acids dissociate to different degrees and thus have different strengths. In a leveling solvent, several acids
are completely dissociated and are thus of the same strength. A weakly basic solvent has less tendency than a strongly basic one to accept a
proton.
Leveling effect or solvent leveling refers to the effect of solvent on the properties of acids and bases. The strength of a strong acid is limited
("leveled") by the basicity of the solvent. Similarly the strength of a strong base is In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in
which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time. Usually, this state results
when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reactionleveled by the acidity of the solvent.

Reactions don't stop when they come to equilibrium. But the forward and reverse reactions are in balance at equilibrium, so there is no net change in the
concentrations of the reactants or products, and the reaction appears to stop on the macroscopic scale. Chemical equilibrium is an example of a dynamic balance
between opposing forces
the forward and reverse reactions
not a static balance.
Let's look at the logical consequences of the assumption that the reaction between ClNO 2 and NO eventually reaches equilibrium.
ClNO2(g)

NO(g)

NO2(g)

ClNO(g)

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic
variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation.

In 1884 the French chemist and engineer Henry-Louis Le Chatelier proposed one of the central concepts of chemical equilibria. Le Chatelier's principle can be
stated as follows: A change in one of the variables that describe a system at equilibrium produces a shift in the position of the equilibrium that
counteracts the effect of this change.
Le Chatelier's principle describes what happens to a system when something momentarily takes it away from equilibrium. This
section focuses on three ways in which we can change the conditions of a chemical reaction at equilibrium:
(1) changing the concentration of one of the components of the reaction
(2) changing the pressure on the system
(3) changing the temperature at which the reaction is ru

In chemistry, Le Chtelier's principle, also calledChatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in
conditions on a chemical equilibrium.

The equilibrium constant, K, expresses the relationship between products and reactants of a reaction at equilibrium with respect to a specific unit. There are two
different types of equilibrium reactions: (1) heterogeneous and (2) homogeneous. This article illustrates the difference between the two, explains how to write
equilibrium constants for both, and introduces the calculations involved with both the concentration and the partial pressure equilibrium constant.

Introduction
As mentioned above, there are two types of equilibrium reactions. It is important to understand the difference between the two, because their equilibrium constants
are expressed differently.

Homogeneous
The simpler one, a homogeneous reaction, is one where the states of matter of the products and reactions are all the same (the word "homo" means "same"). In
most cases, the solvent determines the state of matter for the overall reaction. For example, the synthesis of methanol from a carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture
is a gaseous homogeneous mixture, which contains two or more substances:

CO(g)+2H2(g)CH3OH(g)COg2H2gCH3OHg
At equilibrium, the rate of the forward and reverse reaction are equal, which is demonstrated by the arrows. The equilibrium constant, however, gives the ratio of
the units (pressure or concentration) of the products to the reactants when the reaction is at equilibrium.
The synthesis of ammonia is another example of a gaseous homogeneous mixture:

N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)N2g3H2g2NH3g
Heterogeneous
A heterogeneous reaction is one where one or more states within the reaction differ (the Greek word "heteros" means "different"). For example, the formation of an
aqueous solution of lead(II) iodide creates a heterogeneous mixture dealing with molecules in both thesolid and aqueous states:

PbI2(s)Pb+2(aq)+2I(aq)PbI2sPbaq22Iaq
The decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) at high elevations is another example of a heterogeneous mixture, this reaction deals with
molecules in both the solid and gaseous states:

2NaHCO3(s)Na2CO3(s)+H2O(g)+CO2(g)2NaHCO3sNa2CO3sH2OgCO2g
C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g)CsO2gCO2g
Once again, this difference is emphasized so that students remember that equilibrium constant calculations are different from heterogeneous mixtures.