GTD For Vine Pathology 2014 PDF

GRAPEVINE TRUNK
DISEASE
3rd December, 2014
Jim Newsome
jnewsome@veni-vidi-viti.com
Specific diseases, their symptoms, lifecycle & epidemiology

Botryosphaeria
Esca
Eutypa
Black Foot
Phomopsis
Young Vine Decline
Complexity & Treatment
Control
Nurseries & propagation
Current & future research
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Introduction
Why the hype?
Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014
Overview
Reduced yield
Unhealthy vines
Poor establishment
Premature vine death
High profile
Increasing incidence
Sodium arsenite
Increased demand
Lack of treatments
Vine damage
Why are GTDs important?
11% of vineyard area unproductive - 14m
Spain
3 20% infection rates
10.8m worldwide Shiraz/Syrah losses

AUS $6m (3.2m) per annum losses in Australia
@1% global replacement rate - 1.132 billion
France
Global costs
SPECIFIC DISEASES
Young Vines
(<8 yrs old)
Grapevine
Trunk
Disease
Mature Vines
(>8 yrs old)
Petri disease:
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Phaeoacremonium spp.
Cadophora luteo-olivacea
Botryosphaeria
Dieback:
Botryosphaeriaceae spp.
Botryosphaeria
Dieback:
Botryosphaeriaceae spp.
Esca:
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Phaeoacremonium spp.
Eutypa Dieback:
Diatrypaceae spp.
(Eutypa lata)
Black Foot disease: Ilyonectria spp.

Campylocarpon spp.
Cylindrocladiella spp.
Grapevine Trunk Diseases
South America
Wood cankers
YVD likely (limited data)
China
Wood cankers
YVD likely (limited data)
Europe
Esca complex
Some YVD in new plantings
UK
Esca complex?
Some YVD in new plantings?
Very limited data
10
North America, Australia and New Zealand

Wood cankers (Bot. & Eutypa)
YVD in new plantings
Global distribution
Botryosphaeria
Diplodia seriata
Ubiquitous
Considered a weak pathogen
Also:
Botryosphaeria dothidea
Diplodia mutila
Diplodia corticola
Etc.
Aka:
Black Dead Arm (BDA) in US
11
Neofusicoccum parvum
Strong pathogen
21 different species, so far
Botryosphaeria
Slow/stopped shoot growth
Necrotic stains in wood
tissue (wedge-shaped,
spots, darkened pith)
Visible exterior cankers
Pycnidia (small black fruiting
bodies) visible on exterior of

cankers, dead wood and
lignified canes
http://tiny.cc/mc24t
Severe crop loss vine
death
12
Bud mortality
Symptoms:
Esca
Phaeoacremonium aleophilum
Also
Fomitiporia mediterranea
Fomitiporia punctata
And others..
Aka:
Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease
(GLSD)
Esca proper
Fischer & Kassemeyer 2003
13
Phaeomoniella chlamydosporum
Typically:
Esca
veinal spots coalescing over season
to red-brown tiger-striped leaves.
GLSD
Older vines white rot with necrotic
areas + foliar symptoms

Esca proper
Wilting leaves & poor shoot growth

Necrotic spots in x-section
Black/purple spotting on berries

Berries can dry up & rot
Apoplexy sudden vine death
14
Younger vines light green inter-
Symptoms
Eutypa
Dead Arm
Symptoms similar to
Botryosphaeria:
Reduced shoot growth with
cupped leaves
Exterior cankers & necrotic
wedges
15
Family Diatrypaceae
Eutypa lata
Black Foot
Attacks vine roots via soil
Symptoms
Woody necrosis visible
under root bark
Reduction of root biomass
Secondary root
development
Poor/delayed budburst
Weak, low-yielding vines
Poor establishment of
young vines
16
principally C. liriodendri, C. macrodidymum and C. destructans
Ilyonectria spp. (aka Cylindrocarpon) and Campylocarpon spp.,
Phomopsis
Brown scarring at base of
green shoots
Foliar symptoms
brown/black spots with yellow
margins
Petiole damage
Berry symptoms (rare)
17
Bleached canes with pycnidia
Phomopsis Viticola
Infected plant material poor establishment and high vine
failure rates
Petri Disease
Esca pathogens infect xylem
Black goo
Vascular streaking
Black Foot pathogens

Poor root development
Reduced growth/failure
18
Greatest risk to UK & globally?
Young Vine Decline
LIFECYCLE &
EPIDEMIOLOGY
19
Lifecycle & Epidemiology

fungi
Overwinter in diseased wood
Develop fruiting bodies in
high humidity
Spores released by rainfall
But present all year round in,
e.g. rainwater
Spread by wind/rain
High concentrations 2m zone
around inoculum source
Can spread much further
(Gubler & Leavitt, 1992)
36hr dispersal, 12 day cycle

20
Generally similar for all TD

Wound age
Wound size
Time of pruning
Other wounds
Bud rubbing
Undamaged tissue?
http://bit.ly/1zLOsAi
Other vectors for infection:

Soil
Vineyard weeds
Insects
Secateurs
Evidence for pathogen DNA on secateurs, but non-viable and not likely to
be major source of infection

21
Pruning wounds
Exposed, unlignified wood
(Amponsah et al. 2012)
22
(Amponsah et al. 2012)
23
Young shoot infection
Slow spread
Inactive in dry summer
24
Phomopsis life cycle
Lifecycle & Epidemiology - Phomopsis
Vulnerability
Xylem diameter
Wider = greater susceptibility
Vine phenological stage
Flowering relevant?
Window for infection?

Pruning wounds - 12 weeks, decreasing
Green wounds 1 week, decreasing
Spread within vine

0 to1.5 months post-inoculation = latent phase
(Bot.)
1.5 to 2 months post-inoculation = Pathogenic
phase
Pouzoulet J, Pivovaroff A, et al 2014
25
Vulnerability & Spread
COMPLEXITY
26
Bertsch et al. 2012
Taxonomic complexity
Symptomatic complexity
e.g. Esca:
1.
2.
3.
Asymptomatic but infected

Symptomatic
Never symptomatic healthy?
Analytical complexity
Morphological vs. molecular
Species/location-specific behaviour
Multiple pathogens found in multiple diseases
27
Grapevine trunk diseases: complex and still poorly understood
Complexity
28
Table demonstrating the

complexity of the
relationship between
symptoms and causative
organisms in different
regions.
(Urbez-Torres, 2011)
29
Table demonstrating the

complexity of the
relationship between wood
necrosis symptoms and
causative organisms.
(Kuntzmann et al. 2010)
Foliar symptoms vs. pathogens vs. wood symptoms what is the
relationship?
Enzyme production by fungi cellular breakdown and lignification?
Cell necrosis caused by toxins produced by fungi and vine
response?
Role of bacteria?
Environmental stress
Stress the traditional scapegoat, but in this case?
Q: Why do vines with similar fungal profiles express differing symptoms in
different locations?
A: Because endophytic (i.e. latent) infections are activated by external factors
30
Pathogenesis still not completely understood
Complexity
The Role of Stress

Mundy & M. Manning (2011)
Vine stress from partial defoliation led
to increased severity of black foot

infections and reduced root mass
Brown et al (2012)
Flooded Vineyard By Fairv8 (Own work)

[CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL] via Wikimedia
Commons
Cant understand why my 3 yr. old
vines are dying I got 14 tonnes/ha

off them last year
Unidentified vineyard owner,
2014
http://bit.ly/YeY30o
31
to combat vascular infections
External stress reduces vines ability
Late season carbohydrate accumulation
Vigour & xylem diameter water stress leads to narrower
xylems. Does excess water lead to wider xylem?

Heavy soils
73% Black Foot infection rates in heavy soils vs. 46% in lighter
Waterlogging increases risk further
Many new plantings
Second grade material?
32
Marginal climate
Why the UK?
CONTROL
33
Latent & widespread

Treating on basis of expression of symptoms is ineffective
US 50% to 75% control from year 3 led to economically significant
increase in yields and vineyard longevity.
In established vineyards
http://www.mrc.org.nz/marlborough-trunk-disease-web/trunk-disease-cost-calculations/
34
GTDs are sneaky
Intervention Thresholds
available:
Sodium arsenite
Benzimidazoles (Benomyl, Benlate)
Benzimidazole (http://tiny.cc/qamab)
Carbendazim
Boric acid effective but toxic
Carbendazim (http://tiny.cc/tbcwb)
35
Effective but banned or not
Chemical Control
Chemical Control
octhilinone)
Nativo (trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole)
shown to have some impact

Spray options reconfigure & high rate
(400/600 L/ha)
Foliar treatments?
Undergoing trials - calcium chloride and
magnesium nitrate
Phomopsis
Mancozeb @ 50% budburst and 2 weeks
later
Sulphur & copper?
36
Greenseal (tebuconazole + boric acid +
Pruning paints/acrylic paints
Biological Control Agents (BCAs)
T. atroviride (Esquive)
Trichoderma bio-plugs
Bio-fumigation?
Mustard isothiocyanates
But, volatility
37
T. harzianum (Vinevax)
Trichoderma out-competes pathogens
Cultural Control
Vineyard hygiene
Monitoring
Tag in summer (TD) or winter (Phomopsis)
Monitor spread
Minimise stress
Site selection
Cutting back & re-training
64% success on grafted
99% success on own roots
Burning prunings in a bonfire

http://bit.ly/Wd6YkF
Layering
Grubbing up
38
Pruning technique/timing
Gentle Pruning
Rain is critical risk factor
Varietal/clonal/rootstock selection?
NURSERIES, PROPAGATION
& PLANTING
39
Nurseries, Propagation & Planting
40
Nurseries are a source of GTD infections
Soaking (the good and the bad)

Burying newly grafted vines
Infected mother blocks
Ground-trained
Overhead irrigation
But what is the source of the infection?

Exterior infections likely
41
Equipment hygiene
Nurseries are a source of GTD infections
Hot Water Treatment (HWT)

Standard 30 minutes at 50 C
Sensitivity:
30 minutes at 53 C kills buds
Climatic conditions
Hygiene (cooling tanks)
Only effective treatment but, difficult
and expensive
Must be validated locally
Dipping (tebuconazole &
carbendazim?)
Hot water treatment (http://bit.ly/14rTfcp)
42
Grapevine Propagation; Principles and Methods for the

Production and Handling of High Quality Grapevine Planting
Material
Waite H., Gramaje D., Morton L.
43
It seems likely that young nursery plants with latent infections can
decline and die when planted into the more stressful conditions of
vineyards. (Billones-Baaijens et al. 2012)
Quality accreditation scheme?
Registered source blocks (traceability)

General hygiene, including treated water
Order in advance
Maintain contact
Potted vines and the warm rooms at a Mercier

nursery (http://bit.ly/Wz7bLk)
44
Nursery selection & ordering
Key points
Prepare vineyard (irrigation (drainage), weed control, cultivation
completed)
Inspect vines on arrival
Pleasant earthy aroma not winery, fermentative smells
Dissect a sample & look for wood discolouration
Check graft unions for strength
Store correctly
Heel in upright in trench, roots covered (soil, sand, etc.) and moist not
wet
Cold storage not recommended
Short periods @ 1-2 C
Packaging allows air movement but no dehydration
No standing water
Cross-contamination with ethylene or sprouting inhibitors
45
Pre-planting
Key points
Planting
Cover bundles with a damp cloth not placed in
buckets of water
Trim roots (80-100 mm) to promote new growth &
prevent J rooting
Do not return vines to cold store after trimming
New vines kept in a water bath

(http://bit.ly/VQX3Pv)
J rooted vines (http://bit.ly/X65m7Y)
46
Key points
Testing is destructive
When does a stain = an infection?
When does an infection = a failed vine?
Fit Vine on iOS (https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/fit-vine/id928430666?mt=8)

Vine assessment (internal & external), record-keeping, how to
dissect a vine, etc.
47
No obvious external symptoms
Where to now for nurseries & vineyards?
CURRENT & FUTURE

RESEARCH
48
What do we have in the UK?
Cell necrosis caused by toxins produced by fungi and vine
response?
2 vines, same fungal profile, different symptoms
Role of bacteria?
Role of environmental stress?
Apoplexy (hot climates?)

Foliar symptoms vs. pathogens vs. wood symptoms what is the
relationship?
Key themes of current research
Genetic resistance
Nuriootpa Research Centre
Practical Bio-Control Agents (BCAs)

In depth understanding of host pathogen environment disease
triangle
49
The big questions:
Current and Future Research
http://icgtd.ucr.edu/
US - http://treeandvinetrunkdiseases.org/
Europe - http://managtd.eu/en/
50
International Council on Grapevine Trunk Disease
Further Information
(Bertsch et al. 2012)
Questions?
51
Grapevine trunk diseases: complex and still poorly understood
Conclusion
52
Agusti-Brisach, C. et al., 2011. Evaluation of Vineyard Weeds as Potential Hosts of Black-Foot and Petri Disease Pathogens. Plant
Disease, (July), pp.803-810.
Alaniz, S et al., 2010. Susceptibility of grapevine rootstocks to Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum. Scientia
Horticulturae, 125, pp.305-308. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304423810001639
Alaniz, S et al., 2007. Characterization of Cylindrocarpon Species Associated with Black Foot Disease of Grapevine in Spain. Plant
Disease, (September), pp.1187-1193. Available at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1187.
Alaniz, Sandra et al., 2011. Evaluation of fungicides to control Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum in vitr o,
and their effect during the rooting phase in the grapevine propagation process. Crop Protection, 30, pp.489-494. Available at:
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Amponsah, N.T. et al., 2012. Susceptibility of grapevine tissues to Neofusicoccum luteum conidial infection. Plant Pathology, 61(4),
pp.719729.
Aroca, . et al., 2010. Evaluation of the grapevine nursery propagation process as a source of Phaeoacremonium spp. and
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References
Creaser, M.L. & Wicks, T.J., 2004. Short-term effects of remedial surgery to restore productivity to Eutypa lata infected vines.
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Darrieutort, G. & Lecomte, P., 2007. Evaluation of a trunk injection technique to control grapevine wood diseases. Phytopathologia
Mediterranea, 46, pp.50-57.
Dula, T. et al., 2007. Preliminary trials on treatment of esca-infected grapevines with trunk injection of fungicides. Phytopathologia
Mediterranea, 46, pp.91-95.
Fischer, M. & Kassemeyer, H.H., 2003. Fungi associated with Esca disease of grapevine in Germany. Vitis, 42(3), pp.109-116.
Fleurat-Lessard, P. et al., 2010. Diagnosis of grapevine esca disease by immunological detection of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora.
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 16(3), pp.455-463. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.17550238.2010.00106.x [Accessed July 30, 2011].
Gramaje, D, Armengol, J, et al., 2009. Effect of hot-water treatments above 50C on grapevine viability and survival of Petri disease
pathogens. Crop Protection, 28, pp.280-285. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261219408002160 [Accesse d
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Gramaje, D. & Armengol, J., 2012. Effects of hot-water treatment, post-hot-water-treatment cooling and cold storage on the viability of
dormant grafted grapevines under field conditions. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 18(2), pp.158163. Available at:
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2012.00185.x [Accessed December 3, 2012].
Gramaje, D, Garcia-Jimenez, J. & Armengol, J, 2010. Field Evaluation of Grapevine Rootstocks Inoculated with Fungi Associated with
Petri Disease and Esca. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 61(4), pp.512-520. Available at:
http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/doi/10.5344/ajev.2010.10021 [Accessed October 11, 2011].
Gramaje, David, Aroca, ., et al., 2009. Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation
process. Crop Protection, 28, pp.1091-1097. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261219409001264 [Accessed
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Gubler, W. et al., 2005. Grapevine trunk diseases in California. Practical Winery & Vineyard, (January/February), pp.1 -9.
Gubler W & Leavitt G (1992) Eutypia Dieback of Grapevines in Flaherty D, Christensen L, et al. (ed.) Grape Pest Management (2nd ed.) Oakland:
University of California p. 72
Halleen, F., Fourie, P. H. & Crous, P.W., 2007. Control of black foot disease in grapevine nurseries. Plant Pathology, 56(4), pp.637645. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01613.x [Accessed August 2, 2011].
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Kuntzmann, P.K. et al., 2010. Esca , BDA and Eutypiosis?: foliar symptoms , trunk lesions and fungi observed in diseased vinestocks
in two vineyards in Alsace. Vitis, 49(2), pp.71-76.
53
References
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Lozzia, ed. Proceedings of the Meeting Compte Rendu de la Runion. Volas: IOBC/WPRS, pp. 95-96. Available at: http://www.iobcwprs.org/pub/bulletins/iobc-wprs_bulletin_2003_26_08.pdf.
Letousey, P. et al., 2010. Early events prior to visual symptoms in the apoplectic form of grapevine esca disease. Phytopathology,
100(5), pp.424-31. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373962.
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fungal trunk pathogens in mature grapevines in Catalonia (Northeast Spain). Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research
Moyo, P., 2013. The role of arthropods in the dispersal of trunk disease pathogens associated with Petri disease and Esca. University
of Stellenbosch.
Mugnai, L., Graniti, A. & G, S., 1999. Esca (Black Measles) and Brown Wood-Streaking?: Two Old and Elusive Diseases of
Grapevines. Plant Disease, 83(5), pp.404-417.
Mundy, D.C. & Manning, M.A., 2010. Ecology and management of grapevine trunk diseases in New Zealand?: a review. New Zealand
Plant Protection, 63, pp.160-166.
Mundy, D.C. & Manning, M., 2011. Physiological response of grapevines to vascular pathogens: a review. The New Zealand Institute
for Plant & Food Research Limited, (5578).
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lata. Phytopathology, 85(2), pp.249-256.
van Niekerk, J. et al., 2006. Botryosphaeria spp. as grapevine trunk disease pathogens. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 45, p.S43-S54.
Pitt, W. et al., 2008. Distribution and management of fungi associated with Botryosphaeria canker. The Australian & New Zeala nd
Grapegrower & Winemaker, (539), pp.26-30.
Sosnowski, M & Loschiavo, A., 2010. Management of Eutypa dieback and Botryosphaeria canker in south-western Western Australian
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References
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Texas. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 60(4), pp.497-507.
Urbez-Torres, J. (2011). The status of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50, S5-S45
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temperature, moisture and initial inoculum concentration In: ICGTD (International Council on Grapevine Trunk Disease) 8th
International Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Disease. Valencia, Spain 18-21 June 2012
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All photos unless otherwise marked are by J Newsome
55
References

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GRAPEVINE TRUNK

Specific diseases, their symptoms, lifecycle & epidemiology

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Why are GTDs important?

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

11% of vineyard area unproductive - 14m

10.8m worldwide Shiraz/Syrah losses

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Black Foot disease: Ilyonectria spp.

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Grapevine Trunk Diseases

North America, Australia and New Zealand

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

21 different species, so far

Slow/stopped shoot growth

Necrotic stains in wood

bodies) visible on exterior of

Severe crop loss vine

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Fischer & Kassemeyer 2003

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Older vines white rot with necrotic

areas + foliar symptoms

Wilting leaves & poor shoot growth

Black/purple spotting on berries

Younger vines light green inter-

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Attacks vine roots via soil

principally C. liriodendri, C. macrodidymum and C. destructans

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Ilyonectria spp. (aka Cylindrocarpon) and Campylocarpon spp.,

Bleached canes with pycnidia

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Infected plant material poor establishment and high vine

Black Foot pathogens

Greatest risk to UK & globally?

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Young Vine Decline

Lifecycle & Epidemiology

(Gubler & Leavitt, 1992)

36hr dispersal, 12 day cycle

Generally similar for all TD

Lifecycle & Epidemiology

Other vectors for infection:

be major source of infection

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Exposed, unlignified wood

(Amponsah et al. 2012)

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Lifecycle & Epidemiology

(Amponsah et al. 2012)

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Lifecycle & Epidemiology

Young shoot infection

Phomopsis life cycle

Grapevine Trunk Disease, December 2014

Lifecycle & Epidemiology - Phomopsis