Table of formulas

Convolutions:

Continuous-time first and second order lowpass

systems in standard form:
1
H ( j )
1 j

y (t ) x(t ) * h(t ) x( )h(t )d

yn xn* hn

xk hn k

n 2
H ( j )
2
( j ) 2 2n ( j ) n

Continuous-time Fourier Series:

x(t )

ak e

a 0 2 A k cos(k 0 t k )

jk 0 t

Impulse-train sampling:

k 1

2
0
T
1
a k x(t )e jk0t dt
T T

xd n x(nT )

x p (t ) x(t ) p(t )

ak Ak e jk k 1

X p ( j )

1
a0 x(t )dt
T T

1
X ( j ( ks ))
T k

2
T

X d (e j ) X p ( j Fs ) X p ( j / T )

Discrete-time Fourier Series

xn

ak e

jk (

2
)n
N

1
ak
N

k N

xne

jk (

2
)n
N

Bilateral Laplace transform

n N

X ( s)

Continuous-time Fourier transform and inverse Fourier

transform

x(t )e st dt

Unilateral Laplace transform

( s) x(t )e st dt

X ( j ) x(t )e j t dt

1
x(t )
2

X ( j )e

j t

Summations:

1
ak 1 a
k 0

Discrete-time Fourier transform and inverse Fourier

transform
X e x[n]e

1
2

X (e

n1

ak

k 0

)e jn d

X (e j )

ax
xe dx

2 ak ( k0 )
2 ak ( k

n2

ak

k n1

Other:

1 a n1 1
1 a

Fourier Transform of periodic signal:

X ( j )

a n1
a 1 a
k n1
k

|a |

<1

jn

x[n]

2
) (period 2 )
N

e ax
(ax 1)
a2

a n1 a n2 1
1 a

10

F .T .

Duality:

if

x(t ) X ( j )

11

F .T .

then

X ( jt ) 2 x( )

F .T .
e at sin( 0 t )u (t )

0
( j a ) 0
2

F .T .
e at cos( 0 t )u (t )

12

j a
( j a ) 0
2

a 0 , 0 0

F .T .

Duality:

if

xn X (e j )

if

xn a k

F .S .

then

F .S .

then
13

X (e jt ) x k .
F .S . 1
an
x k
N

r sin 0 n un
n

0 r 1,

F .T .

0 0

r sin( 0 )e j
e j 2 2r cos( 0 )e j r 2

r cos 0 n u n
F .T .

0 r 1,

14

e j 2 r cos( 0 )e j

e j 2 2r cos( 0 )e j r 2
0 0

Properties of bilateral Laplace transform

Properties of unilateral Laplace transform

dx (t ) ULT
ULT
If x (t )
( s ) then

s ( s ) x (0 )
dt

and

15

d 2 x (t ) ULT

s 2 ( s ) sx (0 ) x (0 ) .
2
dt

Bilateral Laplace transform:

LT
x(t )
X ( s)

Unilateral Laplace transform:

x(t )
X ( s )
T .L.U .

If x(t ) is causal ( x(t ) 0 , for t 0 ) , the unilateral Laplace transform X ( s ) of a signal is identical to
X (s ) in the table above.

16