Experiment 1 (Current Flow)

Purpose- To investigate the flow of current in an electronic circuit using Ohms law,
which deals with relationship between voltage and current.
Background information- Ohms law Voltage= Current/Resistance, this equation
indicates the two variables that would affect the amount of current in a circuit. And
the greater the resistance, the less the current. Charge flows at the greatest rates
when the battery voltage is increased and the resistance is decreased.
"Ohm's Law." Ohm's Law. Web. 25 Apr. 2016.
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-3/Ohm-s-Law.
Materials1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1 SK-50 bread boarding socket

1 Battery
One 100-ohm resistor
One 1000-ohm resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
3 wires

Procedure1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Assemble the circuit.

Observe the LED.
Replace the 100-ohm resistor with a 1,000-ohm resistor.
Observe the LED.
Repeat (3) and (4) with several different resistors.

Observations:
Resistor Resistance
(ohms)
100 ohms

220 ohms

460 ohms

1000 ohms

1000000 ohms

LED Brightness
Really bright, bright yellow
color, stays long when
unplugged
Brightest, bright yellow.

Current (amps)

A= V/R
A= 5/100
A= 0.05 amps
A= V/R
A= 5/220
A= 0.02 amps
Less bright, Dim yellow color. A= V/R
A= 5/460
A= 0.01 amps
Dimmer, hard to see.
A= V/R
A= 5/1000
A= 0.005 amps
Hardly visible and the LED did A= V/R
not light up
A= 5/1000000
A=0.0000005
Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 2

Figure 3

Discussion
Describe the change in the brightness of the LED as the resistor are changed.
The brightness of The LED changed as the resistor changed. The LED was bright when the
resistor had low ohms. During this experiment, the 220 ohms resistor was used as shown in
figure 1 to test if the brightness of the LED with a low resistor and the 1000 ohms resistor to test
the brightness of the LED with a high resistor. According to the results, the brightness of the
LED was high when 220 ohms low resistor was used, the brightness of the LED is shown in
Figure 2. And when the 1000 ohms resistor was used the LED was hardly visible, it was
because the high-value resistor was resisting the flow of almost all the electrons. and there were
not enough electrons to reach LED. High-value resistors resist more electrons than the lowvalue resistors.
Suggest an hypothesis to account for the observations.
It is hypothesised that when the value of the resistor will increase than the brightness of the LED
will decrease.
Conclusion
The flow of the current in a circuit is affected by resistor because the flow of the current of a
circuit depends on the value of the resistor. When there is more supply of the current to an LED,
this increases its intensity and reducing the current decreases its intensity. In figure 3 it is
described that how the resistor affects the current (amps). It describes that when the value of
the resistor is high the flow of the current is low. The flow of current is dropping as the value of
the resistor is increasing.
Experiment 2 (Diode 2)
Diode
1st Position

2nd Position

Figure 4

LED
Bright, On

Off

Diode Marking

Figure 5
a) When diode is reversed and the grey mark side to the left side, then the LED
does not turn on.
b) If the LED is reversed it will not work because the negative side will be on the
left side which will not let current to flow and the electrons will just collide.
But if the resistor is reversed then the circuit will work because in resistor the
current just pass through, it does not have a positive or negative side.
c) It is hypothesized that the LED will not turn if the diodes negative side is on
the left side.
Conclusion
Diode has two side, one with a grey mark on it. Grey mark side has a negative
charge and the other side has a positive charge. When diode is reversed and the
grey side is facing left, it does not allow current to flow and the electrons in the
circuits just collide.
Experiment 3 (Series and Parallel Resistors)
Observations:

Circuit
A

LED Brightness (Amp)

Medium- 0.0106 amps

Low- 0.0053 amps

High- 0.2127 amps

Discussion:
a) There was change in the brightness in each circuit. In the circuit (a) the LED
was medium bright
because it was a series circuit in which only one resistor was used. In circuit (b) the
brightness
was dimmer than the circuit (a) because two circuits were used in this circuit so
there was more
resistance in this series circuit. In circuit (c) the LED was the brightest, brighter than
the both of
the circuits because it was parallel circuit, in which two resistors were parallel to
each other.
Series circuit- RT= R1+R2

Parallel Circuit- RT=

1/R1+ 1/R2
1/RT= 1/ 470+ 1/470
1/RT= 0.0021+0.0021
RT= 0.004
A=V/R
A= 5/0.00424
A= 0.023 amps
b) In figure 6 the circuit that has more amps, has the brighter LED. The circuit A
(series circuit) has 0.0106 amps which is greater than the Circuit B with the
0.0053 amps. From both of the circuits, circuit A has brighter LED because
the resistance of the current is less. And the circuit C has the brightest LED
and the greater amps. It is because this circuit has two separate currents
going to one LED, the resistance is getting divided.

RT= 470 ohms+ 470 ohms

RT= 940 ohms
V= AxR
A= V/R
A= 5/ 940
A= 0.0053 amps

c) Both circuit B and C have same amount of resistors but they got different LED
brightness level. This is because circuit B has two resistors in series which
doubles the resistance in Circuit B, making the LED dimmer. But the circuit C
has two parallel circuits, two resistors going separate to the same LED. In this
circuit the resistance is getting divided making the LED brighter with less
resistance.
ConclusionThe series and parallel circuit describes how resistors are placed in the circuit can
affect the brightness of the LED. In series circuit, the brightness gets dimmer
because the electrons have to go through two resistors. Whereas in parallel resistor,
the brightness of the circuit gets brighter because the resistor was parallel to each
other in the circuit, the electrons go separately through parallel circuit to the one
LED.
Experiment 4 (A Digital Monitor)
Observations:

Input
High
Low

Output (LED On or Off)

On
Off

Discussion:

a) The state of the input affects the LED because when the Input was
connected to the Low or logic 0, the LED did not turn on. When the
input was connected to the high or logic 1, the LED turned on because
the high/logic 1 has the voltage of 5+ relative to ground bus. But in the
low/logic 0 the voltage is 0 V and it is not relative to the ground bus.
b) This could be used to monitor the state of any point in a digital circuit.
When the breadboard is connected to an external circuit in the circuit
on the breadboard could show what is happening with reaction of the
LED.
Conclusion:
One state is high state, in which the circuit has both negative and positive charge or both high
and low currents are following and the LED is On. In the low state, the circuit has both lows and
the current doesnt flow from negative to negative and the LED was off.

Experiment 4B (A Digital Monitor)

Observations
Input
High
Low

LED
On(Bright)
Off

Discussion
a) The state of input affects the LED because when the LED was
connected to high/logic 1 input, the LED turned On but when the input
was low, the LED didnt turn On.
b) This could be used to monitor the state of any point in a digital circuit.
When the breadboard is connected to an external circuit in the circuit
on the breadboard could show what is happening with reaction of the
LED.
Conclusion
One state is high state, in which the circuit has both negative and positive charge or both high
and low currents are following and the LED is On. In the low state, the circuit has both lows and
the current doesnt flow from negative to negative and the LED was off. The transistor was used
in the circuit which acted as an insulator.

Experiment 5 (7-Segment Display)

Observations
Pin Number

LED Segment On

Do not connect

Decimal point Left On

v9

Decimal point Right On

10

11

13

14

Do not connect

Conclusion
In this circuit 7-Segment display is used which lights up when the wires are
connected to the small LEDs in the segment display. Each LED turns on when
the input gets connected to that particular LED. If all the wires are connected
it will light up the number 8 which we are going to do in experiment 16.

Experiment 6 (AND gates)

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)
Discussion

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

On (Bright)
Off
Off
Off

The AND gate allows the current to flow when the inputs are high, if there is one low input the
LED will not turn On. In the figure only when the both of the inputs were high the LED was On.
For rest of the Inputs the LED was not On.
Conclusion
In AND gates the LED is On when both inputs are high.

Experiment 7 (OR gates)

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)
Discussion

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

On
On
On
Off

To obtain an On or High Output, the input needs to be either one or all High.
To obtain an Off output, the input needs to be low.
Conclusion
The circuit works when the input has one or all high inputs and when there is low inputs, the
LED does not turn On.
Experiment 8 (Inverters)
Input A
High (1)
Low (0)
Discussion

Output (LED
On-Off)
Off
On

The 7404 integrated circuit may have been designed as a diode that only allows the
current to go in one direction but this circuit allows the current to follow in one
direction the opposite side.
If two inverters are connected in series the brightness of LED will not be as bright as
it would be without any inverter. With inverters in series the battery has to do more
work and the current gets inverted.
Conclusion
The inverter allows the current to flow differently which changes the entire function
of the circuit.

Experiment 9 (NAND gates)

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

Off
On
On
On

Discussion
To obtain an On output, the inputs needs to be High and low both and it also
needs to be both low or 0 volts, then the LED will turn On.
To obtain an Off: output, the inputs needs to be both high, then the LED will not
turn On.
N stands for not which leads to not AND gates or opposite to AND gates.
The relationship between AND and NAND is that they are opposite to each other. In
AND gate two high inputs lead to LED On but in NAND two low and inputs and high
and low inputs lead to LED On.
Conclusion
The LED is On when there is both High and low and both low inputs. The LED does
not turn when there is both high inputs. The NAND gate is opposite from the AND
gate.
Experiment 10 (NOR gates)

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

Off
Off
Off
On

Discussion
To obtain an On output, the input needs to have only both low-low inputs to turn
the LED On.
To obtain an Off output, the input needs to have high-low, low-high and high-high
inputs.
N stands for Not OR gate, the results are opposite to the OR gate. In OR gate
during Low-Low inputs the LED was off but in NOR gate the LED is On when both
inputs are Low and for the rest of the inputs LED stayed Off.
Conclusion
The Output is On when the input has both low inputs and the output is Off when
there if high or low or High inputs. This circuits works with both low inputs.

Experiment 11 (Exclusive OR gates)

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

Off
On
On
Off

Discussion
To obtain an output of On one input needs to be High and one needs to be Low.
To obtain an output of Off all inputs need to be High or all inputs need to be Low.
Conclusion

This circuit works when the inputs are High and Low, when all the inputs are high
and all the inputs are low, then the circuit does not work and the LED does not light
up.

Experiment 16 (Digital Clock Circuit)

Resistor 2
22k
47k
100k
470
660
1M

Time sec./LED cycle

48/10s
22/10s
16/10s
4/10s
5/10s
2/10s

Discussion
a) This graph shows the trend of the higher the resistance the lower the number
of blinks per 10 sec. In graph when the resistance was 22000 ohms, the
number of blinks was 48 as on other hand when the resistance was 1M, the
number of blinks was 2. It shows that as the value of resistors increased the
number of blinks per 10 sec decreased.
b) The 555 chip used in circuit 16 could be used in real life application for car
flashing because choosing a certain resistor in the flashing light, the flashing
light will blink after some seconds same thing as it happened in the circuit.
c) The results would be different value of amps if different value of the capacitor
is used in the circuit because then the capacitor will insulate more electrons
and the results would either increase or decrease based on the value of
capacitor you choose.
Conclusion
The lower the ohms in the resistor the higher the number of blinks in 10 seconds.

Experiment 18 (A Binary to Decimal Decoder)