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1. Introduction
Fuel cell converts chemical energy to electrical energy
A fuel cell is different than a battery in that it does not
store energy, but produces energy from the input materials
such as Hydrogen and Oxygen
First fuel cell was invented in 1839 by Sir William Grove
Not adopted early on due to high cost and technology barriers
NASA used fuel cells to generate power for space missions
which renewed interest in fuel cell research
Fuel cell technology has now advanced to the point where
various types have begun to enter the market place.
Pike Research has estimated that the stationary fuel cell market
will reach 50,000 MW by the year 2020
(Prabhu, Rahul R., Staitonary Fuel Cell Market, Jan. 2013)
Chemical Reactions :
Anode :
H2 + CO32- -> H2O + CO2 + 2e- (oxidation)
Cathode : 1/2O2 + CO2 + 2e- -> CO32(reduction)
Net Reaction : H2 + 1/2O2 + CO2(cathode) -> H2O + CO2 (Anode)
Carbonate Ions transfer from the Cathode to the Anode through
the electrolyte ( ion transfer )
The Cell potential : (Nernst equation)
Advantages :
a. The high operating temperature improves chemical reaction
kinetics and so there is no need for noble metal catalysts (lower cost)
b. High temperature operation makes the MCFC resistant
to carbon monoxide contamination and as a result, may
use alternate fuels such as natural gas or methane.
c. High efficiency, up to 60% electrical efficiency or when
used as combined heat and power (CHP) up to 80%
d. Clean energy and quiet operation
Disadvantages :
a. High temperature operation limits applications to stationary power
plants (slow startup time)
b. Liquid electrolyte is difficult to work with
c. Short life span due to electrode and electrolyte degradation
d. Inject CO2 at cathode as carbonite ions consumed by anode reaction
Number of fuel cell units shipped globally in 2013 was 50,050 units
PEMFC is leading fuel cell technology with 88.6% of total units shipped
and 48.6% of power capacity shipped (mobile and stationary)
Stationary applications account for 57% of total capacity in 2013
MCFC accounts for about half of the stationary market
( Grand View Research, Inc. , 2014 )
2009
18.00
35.40
0.51
2010
7.70
35.00
0.22
200.00
2011
44.50
81.40
0.55
180.00
2012
62.00
124.90
0.50
2013
91.90
186.90
0.49
Total FC Stationary
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
0.60
80.00
0.50
60.00
0.40
0.30
40.00
0.20
20.00
0.10
0.00
2009
2009
2010
2010
2011
2011
2012
2012
2013
2013
2014
0.00
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
3. Cost Targets
MCFC power plant installation cost ~ $ 4,000 / kW
About 2x the cost of Gas Turbine and 3x cost of Reciprocating Engine
Feasibility study by NREL compared installation costs of several
competing power generation technologies
Company
FCE
Doosan
Solar
Caterpillar
Model
Technology
Installed Cost
MCFC
$4,245/kW
PAFC
$4,375/kW
Mercury 50
gas turbine
$1,896/kW
C3250
reciprocating engine
$1,342/kW
4375
1896
1342
MCFC
PAFC
GAS TURBINE
RECIPROCATING ENGINE
4. Key Challenges
For MCFC technology to be competitive in the power generation market,
the installed cost per kilowatt will have to drop to under $2000/kW
Further research to increase the power density of MCFC technology
a. Increase the operating temperature
b. Increase ionic conductivity of the electrolyte
c. Decrease the polarization losses of the electrodes
Further research to increase the lifespan of Molten Carbonate fuel cells
a. Improve structural stability of Ni-base anodes
b. Reduce NiO dissolution of the cathode
c. Reduce particle growth in the LiAlO2 electrolyte matrix
d. Reduce electrolyte evaporation rate
e. Improve electrolyte structure ( ~ 70% cell ohmic losses )
Cost reductions with volume manufacture
Doubling orders from suppliers may reduce costs ~ 20%