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Chinese Calendar
Helmer Aslaksen
Department of Mathematics
National University of Singapore
aslaksen@math.nus.edu.sg
www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/
www.chinesecalendar.net
December
solstice
September equinox
E
W
June equi
sol
S
Dec
sol
Beijing
E
W
June equi
sol
S
Dec
sol
Singapore
The Year
The tropical year (or solar year) is the time
from one March equinox to the next. The
mean value is 365.2422 days.
The synodic month is the time from one new
Moon to the next. It ranges from 29.27 days
to 29.84 days with a mean of 29.53 days.
12 29.5 = 354, so a lunar year consisting of
12 lunar months is about 11 days short of a
solar year.
365 12 29.5 = 11
365/11 33
The Metonic cycle is used in the Jewish calendar, in the computation of Easter, and was
used in the Chinese calendar before 104 BCE.
Classification of Calendars
lunisolar Chinese and Jewish calendars. Basic unit is lunar month. Approximates the
tropical year by adding leap months. The
year is 12 or 13 months. A 12-month year
is 354 (sometimes 353 or 355) days. A
13-month year is 384 (sometimes 383 or
385) days.
astronomical Islamic, Indian and Chinese calendars. Based on astronomical data. Prediction and conversion is hard.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
16
5
25
13
2
20
9
29
17
6
27
15
4
23
10
31
19
7
28
1999:
2000:
2001:
2002:
2003:
2004:
2005:
2006:
2007:
2008:
2009:
2010:
2011:
2012:
2013:
2014:
2015:
2016:
2017:
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
16
5
24
12
1
22
9
29
18
7
26
14
3
23
10
31
19
8
28
10
42
39
38
38
37
36
35
34 35 36
33 33
32 32 35 32
31
30
30 30
30
29 31
42
25
31 29
18
10
1
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
11
The 24 Ji
e Q`
A fundamental concept in the Chinese calendar is the 24 solar terms or ji
e q` (
).
They are a generalization of the solstices and
equinoxes. The even ones are called major
solar terms or zh
ong q` (
).
The 24 Ji
e Q`
J1
Z1
J2
Z2
J3
Z3
J4
Z4
J5
Z5
J6
Z6
J7
Z7
J8
Z8
J9
Z9
J10
Z10
J11
Z11
J12
Z12
L` ch
un
Y
u shu
Jng zh
e
Ch
un f
en
Qng mng
G
u y
u
L` xi`
a
Xi
ao m
an
M
ang zh`
ong
Xi`
a zh`
Xi
ao sh
u
D`
a sh
u
L` qi
u
Ch
u sh
u
B
ai l`
u
Qi
u f
en
H
an l`
u
Shu
ang ji`
ang
L` d
ong
Xi
ao xu
e
D`
a xu
e
D
ong zh`
Xi
ao h
an
D`
a h
an
y
T
I
8
Bw
}
B[
L[
B
[
3
BI
;3
u\
B
L
B;
L;
Beginning of spring
Rain water
Waking of insects
Spring equinox
Pure brightness
Grain rain
Beginning of summer
Grain full
Grain in ear
Summer solstice
Slight heat
Great heat
Beginning of autumn
Limit of heat
White dew
Autumnal equinox
Cold dew
Descent of frost
Beginning of winter
Slight snow
Great snow
Winter solstice
Slight cold
Great cold
February 4
February 19
March 6
March 21
April 5
April 20
May 6
May 21
June 6
June 22
July 7
July 23
August 8
August 23
September 8
September 23
October 8
October 24
November 8
November 22
December 7
December 22
January 6
January 20
13
14
Length
30 days
29 days
15
16
There are two Chinese holidays that are determined by the solar calendar, namely qng
mng (
) around Apr. 5 and winter solstice
d
ong zh` (
) around Dec. 22.
A su` is the solstice year from one winter solstice to the next. This is the same as the
tropical year.
A ni
an is the Chinese year from one Chinese
New Year to the next. Since a Chinese year
can contain 12 or 13 lunar months, and they
can have 29 or 30 days, it can be shown that
the length of a ni
an can be 353, 354, 355,
383, 384 or 385 days long.
Just like we can think of the Gregorian year
as an approximation to the tropical year, we
can think of the ni
an as an approximation to
the su`.
The Chinese astrological year runs from l`
ch
un, the beginning of spring about Feb. 5,
not from Chinese New Year.
18
tian gan
ji
a
/ y
: bng
dng
w`u
j
geng
b xn
z ren
gu
Earthly Branches | d` zh
1
z
2
chou
3
W yn
4
mao
5
chen
6
s`
7
wu
8
w`ei
9
shen
10
you
11
xu
12
2 h`ai
Heavenly Stems
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Element
Wood
Wood
Fire
Fire
Earth
Earth
Metal
Metal
Water
Water
Animal
Rat
Ox
Tiger
Rabbit
Dragon
Snake
Horse
Goat
Monkey
Chicken
Dog
Pig
19
:
/2
2
20
21
22
The T
ang ( ) dynasty calendar reform in
619 switched to following the true Moon.
This was inspired by Indian Buddhist astronomers.
The Yu
an ( ) dynasty reform in 1280 was
inspired by Muslim astronomers. It was the
most accurate calendar in the world at that
time.
The last calendar reform came in 1645 during
the Qng dynasty ( ) and was implemented
by Jesuit missionaries. It used the true Sun.
24
The Jesuits
In 1644, the German Adam Schall went to
the new Qng rulers and presented his calculations for an upcoming solar eclipse. He
challenged the Chinese and the Muslim astronomers in the Bureau, and the Jesuits
calculations were best. Schall was appointed
director of the Bureau. The next year, he
formulated the current rules for the Chinese
calendar.
25
A Chinese official, Y
ang Gu
ang Xi
an (
),
had as his slogan that it was better to have
a wrong calendar than to have foreigners in
China. Y
ang managed to have the Jesuits
arrested in 1664. A solar eclipse was coming
up and while in prison, the Jesuits predicted
it would occur at 3 pm, Y
ang predicted 2.15
pm, and the Muslim W
u Mng Xu
an (
)
predicted 2.30 pm. On the day of the eclipse,
the Jesuits were brought into the palace in
chains, and everybody watched as the eclipse
occurred at 3pm sharp! Unfortunately, the
regents were not impressed and the Jesuits
were sentenced to death. However, the next
day a strong earthquake struck Beijing. This
was taken as a sign from Heaven that the
sentence was unjust, and the sentence of the
Jesuits was first converted to flogging and
eventually to just house arrest.
26
In 1668, the K
ang X (
) emperor took
over from the regents. The emperor ordered
the Belgian Verbiest, Y
ang and W
u to compute the length of the shadow of a pole on
a certain day and the position of the Sun
at noon on a certain day. They were to
leave their instruments pointing towards the
predicted spot in the emperors garden two
weeks in advance. Verbiest easily won and
was appointed director of the Bureau, while
Y
ang and W
u were arrested. Verbiest became personal tutor to the K
ang X emperor,
and even learned Manchu. Jesuits remained
as directors of the Bureau until 1746 and it
was run by other Westerners until 1826.
27