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Introduction: This tutorial illustrates the setup and solution of the two-dimensional
turbulent fluid flow in a partially filled spinning bowl.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
Set up and solve a transient free-surface problem using the segregated solver
Model the effect of gravity
Copy a material from the property database
Patch initial conditions in a subset of the domain
Define a custom field function
Mirror and rotate the view in the graphics window
Examine the fluid flow and the free-surface shape using velocity vectors and
volume fraction contours
Prerequisites: This tutorial requires a basic familiarity with FLUENT. You may also
find it helpful to read about VOF multiphase flow modeling in the FLUENT Users
Guide. Otherwise, no previous experience with multiphase modeling is required.
Problem Description: The information relevant to this problem is shown in Figure 16.1.
A large bowl, 1 m in radius, is one-third filled with water and is open to the atmosphere. The bowl spins with an angular velocity of 3 rad/sec. Based on the rotating
water, the Reynolds number is about 106 , so the flow is modeled as turbulent.
16-1
2m
1m
Bowl: =
Air:
=
Water: =
=
3 rad/s
1.225 kg/m 3
-5
1.7894 x 10
kg/m-s
998.2 kg/m 3
1 x 10
-3
kg/m-s
Preparation
1. Copy the file vof/bowl.msh from the FLUENT documentation CD to your working
directory (as described in Tutorial 1).
The mesh file bowl.msh is a quadrilateral mesh describing the system geometry
shown in Figure 16.1.
2. Start the 2D version of FLUENT.
16-2
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the 2D grid file, bowl.msh.
File Read Case...
2. Display the grid (Figure 16.2).
Display Grid...
As shown in Figure 16.2, half of the bowl is modeled, with a symmetry boundary at
the centerline. The bowl is shown lying on its side, with the region to be modeled
extending from the centerline to the outer wall. When you begin to display data
graphically, you will need to rotate the view and mirror it across the centerline to
obtain a more realistic view of the model. This step will be performed later in the
tutorial.
16-3
Grid
16-4
Step 2: Models
1. Specify a transient model with axisymmetric swirl.
Define Models Solver...
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(a) Select k-epsilon as the Model, and retain the default setting of Standard under
k-epsilon Model.
16-7
Step 3: Materials
1. Copy water from the materials database so that it can be used for the secondary
phase.
Define Materials...
(a) Click on the Database... button to open the Database Materials panel.
(b) In the Fluid Materials list (near the bottom), select water-liquid.
(c) Click on Copy and close the Database Materials and Materials panels.
16-8
Step 4: Phases
Here, water is defined as the secondary phase mainly for convenience in setting up the
problem. When you define the initial solution, you will be patching an initial swirl velocity
in the bottom third of the bowl, where the water is. It is more convenient to patch a water
volume fraction of 1 there than to patch an air volume fraction of 1 in the rest of the
domain. Also, the default volume fraction at the pressure inlet is 0, which is the correct
value if water is the secondary phase.
In general, you can specify the primary and secondary phases whichever way you prefer.
It is a good idea, especially in more complicated problems, to consider how your choice
will affect the ease of problem setup.
1. Define the air and water phases within the bowl.
Define Phases...
ii. In the Primary Phase panel, enter air for the Name.
iii. Keep the default selection of air for the Phase Material.
16-9
ii. In the Secondary Phase panel, enter water for the Name.
iii. Select water-liquid from the Phase Material drop-down list.
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(d) Click OK in the Axis panel to accept the default Zone Name.
2. Set the conditions at the top of the bowl (the pressure inlet).
For the VOF model, you will specify conditions for the mixture (i.e., conditions that
apply to all phases) and also conditions that are specific to the secondary phase.
There are no conditions to be specified for the primary phase.
(a) Set the conditions for the mixture.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, keep the default selection of mixture in
the Phase drop-down list and click Set....
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ii. Set the Turb. Kinetic Energy to 2.25e-2 and the Turb. Dissipation Rate to
7.92e-3.
Since there is initially no flow passing through the pressure inlet, you need
to specify k and explicitly rather than using one of the other turbulence
specification methods. All of the other methods require you to specify the
turbulence intensity, which is 0 in this case.
The values for k and are computed as follows:
k = (Iwwall )2
=
0.093/4 k 3/2
`
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16-14
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Step 7: Solution
In simple flows, the under-relaxation factors can usually be increased at the start of the
calculation. This is particularly true when the VOF model is used, where high underrelaxation on all variables can greatly improve the performance of the solver.
1. Set the solution parameters.
Solve Controls Solution...
Be sure to use the scroll bar to access the under-relaxation factors that
are initially out of view.
(b) Under Discretization, choose the Body Force Weighted scheme in the drop-down
list next to Pressure.
The body-force-weighted pressure discretization scheme is recommended when
you solve a VOF problem involving gravity.
(c) Also under Discretization, select PISO as the Pressure-Velocity Coupling method.
PISO is recommended for transient flow calculations.
2. Enable the display of residuals during the solution process.
Solve Monitors Residual...
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iv. Click on Define... to specify the surface monitor parameters in the Define
Surface Monitor panel.
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i. Set the (Xminimum,Yminimum) coordinate to (0.66,0), and the (Xmaximum,Ymaximum) coordinate to (1,1).
ii. Click the Mark button.
This creates a register containing the cells in this region.
(b) Check the register to be sure it is correct.
Adapt Manage...
i. Select the register (hexahedron-r0) in the Registers list and click Display.
The graphics display will show the bottom third of the bowl in red.
16-21
(c) Define a custom field function for the swirl velocity w = 3r.
Define Custom Field Functions...
16-22
(d) Patch the water volume fraction in the bottom third of the bowl.
Solve Initialize Patch...
16-23
(e) Patch the swirl velocity in the bottom third of the bowl.
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iv. Using your left mouse button, rotate the dial clockwise until the bowl
appears upright in the graphics window (90 ).
v. Close the Camera Parameters panel.
vi. In the Views panel, click on the Save button under Actions to save the
mirrored, upright view, and then close the panel.
When you do this, view-0 will be added to the list of Views.
The upright view of the bowl in Figure 16.3 correctly shows that w = 3r in the
region of the bowl that is filled with water.
16-26
2.35e+00
2.23e+00
2.12e+00
2.00e+00
1.88e+00
1.76e+00
1.65e+00
1.53e+00
1.41e+00
1.29e+00
1.18e+00
1.06e+00
9.41e-01
8.23e-01
7.06e-01
5.88e-01
4.70e-01
3.53e-01
2.35e-01
1.18e-01
0.00e+00
16-27
16-28
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
(a) Set the Autosave Case File Frequency to 0 and the Autosave Data File Frequency
to 100.
16-29
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
Average
of
Surface
Vertex
Values
(m/s)
0.0000
-0.1000
-0.2000
-0.3000
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000 1.4000 1.6000 1.8000 2.0000
Flow Time
16-30
Step 8: Postprocessing
As indicated by changes in axial velocity in Figure 16.5, the flow field is oscillating periodically. In this step, you will examine the flow field at several different times. (Recall
that FLUENT saved 10 data files for you during the calculation.)
1. Read in the data file of interest.
File Read Data...
2. Display filled contours of water volume fraction.
Display Contours...
Hint: Follow the instructions in substep 5h of Step 7: Solution (on page 16-28),
but turn Node Values back on.
Figures 16.616.9 show that the water level decreases from t = 0.4 to t = 0.6, then
increases from t = 0.6 to t = 1. At t = 1, the water level in the center of the
bowl has risen above the initial level, so you can expect the cycle to repeat as the
water level begins to decrease again in an attempt to return to equilibrium. (You
can read in the data files between t = 1 and t = 2 to confirm that this is in fact
what happens.
Since the time history of axial velocity (Figure 16.5) shows that the velocity oscillation is decaying over time, you can expect that if you were to continue the
calculation, the water level would eventually reach some point where the gravitational and centrifugal forces balance and the water level reaches a new equilibrium
point.
Extra: Try continuing the calculation to determine how long it takes for the axial
velocity oscillations in Figure 16.5 to disappear.
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1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
16-32
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
16-33
16-34
2.64e+01
2.46e+01
2.29e+01
2.11e+01
1.93e+01
1.76e+01
1.58e+01
1.41e+01
1.23e+01
1.05e+01
8.79e+00
7.03e+00
5.27e+00
3.52e+00
1.76e+00
0.00e+00
2.62e+01
2.45e+01
2.27e+01
2.10e+01
1.92e+01
1.75e+01
1.57e+01
1.40e+01
1.22e+01
1.05e+01
8.74e+00
6.99e+00
5.24e+00
3.49e+00
1.75e+00
0.00e+00
16-35
4.76e+01
4.45e+01
4.13e+01
3.81e+01
3.49e+01
3.18e+01
2.86e+01
2.54e+01
2.22e+01
1.91e+01
1.59e+01
1.27e+01
9.53e+00
6.35e+00
3.18e+00
0.00e+00
8.42e+00
7.86e+00
7.30e+00
6.74e+00
6.18e+00
5.62e+00
5.05e+00
4.49e+00
3.93e+00
3.37e+00
2.81e+00
2.25e+00
1.68e+00
1.12e+00
5.62e-01
0.00e+00
16-36
16-37
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1.93e+00
1.80e+00
1.67e+00
1.54e+00
1.42e+00
1.29e+00
1.16e+00
1.03e+00
9.05e-01
7.77e-01
6.49e-01
5.21e-01
3.93e-01
2.65e-01
1.37e-01
8.68e-03
Figure 16.14: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.4
1.95e+00
1.82e+00
1.69e+00
1.56e+00
1.43e+00
1.30e+00
1.17e+00
1.04e+00
9.11e-01
7.81e-01
6.51e-01
5.21e-01
3.91e-01
2.61e-01
1.30e-01
3.43e-04
Figure 16.15: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.6
16-39
2.13e+00
1.99e+00
1.85e+00
1.71e+00
1.56e+00
1.42e+00
1.28e+00
1.14e+00
9.97e-01
8.55e-01
7.14e-01
5.72e-01
4.30e-01
2.88e-01
1.47e-01
4.92e-03
Figure 16.16: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.8
2.12e+00
1.98e+00
1.84e+00
1.70e+00
1.56e+00
1.42e+00
1.28e+00
1.13e+00
9.93e-01
8.51e-01
7.10e-01
5.69e-01
4.27e-01
2.86e-01
1.45e-01
3.17e-03
16-40
In Figure 16.16 you can see that the flow is rising up more quickly in the middle of
the bowl, and in Figure 16.17 you can see that the flow is still moving upward, but
more slowly. These patterns correspond to the volume fraction plots at these times.
As the upward motion in the center of the bowl decreases, you can expect the flow
to reverse as the water again seeks to reach a state of equilibrium.
Summary: In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the VOF free surface model
to solve a problem involving a spinning bowl of water. The time-dependent VOF
formulation is used in this problem to track the shape of the free surface and the
flow field inside the spinning bowl.
You observed the changing pattern of the water and air in the bowl by displaying
volume fraction contours, stream function contours, and velocity vectors at t = 0.4,
t = 0.6, t = 0.8, and t = 1 second.
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