Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
GLASS
Atomic structure noncrystalline (or
amorphous)
Kinetics of crystallization On cooling the
liquid from a high temperature, two
phenomena may occur at the point of
solidication, Tm:
If the liquid crystallizes there is a
discontinuous change in V and a
discontinuity in the rate of cooling (= heat
of crystallization).
If no crystallization occurs the liquid passes
into a supercooled state and V decreases at
about the same rate as above
Supercooled: condition in which a liquid has
been cooled to a temperature below Tf that
at which crystallization normally would
occur
Crystal discountinue
decrease in vol at Tm
Tg: glass transition T
Tm: melting T for
crystalline
Viscosity vs T
Glass annealing
When a ceramic material is cooled from an elevated
temperature, internal stresses, called thermal
stresses, may be introduced as a result of the
difference in cooling rate and thermal contraction
between the surface and interior regions.
These thermal stresses are important in brittle
ceramics, especially glasses, since they may
weaken the material lead to fracture
Attempts are made to avoid thermal stresses, which
may be accomplished by cooling the piece at a
sufciently slow rate
Once such stresses have been introduced, however,
elimination, or at least a reduction in their
magnitude, is possible by an annealing heat
treatment in which the glassware is heated to the
Glass tempering
enhanced the strength of a glass piece by intentionally inducing
compressive residual surface stresses can be accomplished by a heat
treatment procedure called thermal tempering
the glassware is heated to temperature above the glass transition
region yet below the softening point, then cooled to room temperature in
a jet of air or, in some cases, an oil bath.
The residual stresses arise from differences in cooling rates for surface
and interior regions.
Initially, the surface cools more rapidly and, once having dropped to a
temperature below the strain point, becomes rigid. At this time, the
interior, having cooled less rapidly, is at a higher temperature (above the
strain point) and, therefore, is still plastic. With continued cooling, the
interior attempts to contract to a greater degree than the now rigid
exterior will allow.
As a consequence, after the glass piece has cooled to Tr, it sustains
compressive stresses on the surface, with tensile stresses at interior
regions.
Glass/Ceramic fabrication
Glass Forming
pressing
relatively thick-walled pieces (plates and
dishes.
The glass piece is pressed in a graphite-coated
cast iron mold with desired shape
the mold is heated to ensure an even surface.
BLOWING
some glass blowing is
done by hand art object
RM press in mold
parison (temporary
shape); place into
nishing or blow mold &
forced to conform to the
mold contours by the
pressure created from a
blast of air
Glass bottle, jar, light bulb
DRAWING
Form long, wide glass pieces (window glass,sheet, tubing, rod etc)
hot rolling may applied
Flatness & surface nish may be improved by floating the molten
glass sheet on a bath of molten tin at high T followed slowly
cooled and subsequently heat treated
Glass processing
CLAY PRODUCTS
Composition
Clay, quartz, feldspar (KAlSi3O8 NaAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8)
CLAY are aluminosilicates Al2O3 & SiO3 contain
chemically bound water
distinguished by their composition, plasticity, color,
and ring characteristics
Broad in physical characteristic, chemical
composition, structure
Impurities-various: oxide of Ba, Ca, Na, K, Fe
May contain nonplastic ingredient
Binder
Binder a component that is added to hold the powder
together while shaping the body
2 functions of binder:
1) provide plasticity necessary for forming
2) provides the dry (green) shape with strength sufcient to
survive the handling process between shaping and sintering
plasticizer
Plasticizer is the component of a binder that keeps it
soft or pliable; it improves the rheological properties
Mixing ceramic powder with large vol of liquid to
produce a mass that deformable/plastic under P
The binder: water, organic liquid, complex comp to
achieve required viscosity & properties
Fabrication
RM milling & grinding screening &
sizing mixing all RM shaping
Clay is mixed with water and perhaps other
ingredients to give flow characteristics that
are compatible with the particular forming
technique to form a plastic body & formed
to desired shape wet body
The formed piece must have sufcient
mechanical strength to remain intact during
transporting, drying, and ring operations.
Shaping methods: hydroplastic, casting &
powder pressing
Wet body is then dried and red
Hydroplastic
Clay minerals, when mixed with water,
become highly plastic and pliable and
may be molded without cracking;
however, they have extremely low yield
strengths.
The consistency (waterclay ratio) of the
hydroplastic mass must give a yield
strength sufcient to permit a formed
ware to maintain its shape during
handling and drying.
The most common hydroplastic forming
technique is extrusion
forcing a deformable mass through a die
orice having the desired cross-sectional
geometry
Brick, pipe, ceramic blocks, and tiles
Powder compaction
Dry pressing
three basic steps: lling the die, compacting the
contents, and ejecting the pressed solid
A particle size 20 and 200 m; a high volume
fraction of small particles
problems with flows and sticking of the punches.
During pressing the powder particles must flow
between the punches uniformly lled.
In a double-action press top and bottom
punches are movable
Product example: brick
Hot pressing
1
2
3
DISADVANTAGE :
1 Die for high T is expensive
and do not generally last
long.
2 limited simple shape: flat
plates, block, cylinder
1
2
3
4
5
6
drying
early stage, clay particles surrounded & separated by thin water
lm
Drying: remove some liquid remain interparticle separation
decrease (shrinkage);
As a clay-based ceramic body dries, it also experiences some
shrinkage
During drying, it is critical to control the rate of water removal
Drying at interior is accomplished by diffusion of water molecules
to surface where evaporation occurs
The rate of surface evaporation = the rate of water diffusion; If
rate of evap>diffusion surface will dry faster than interior
shrink
evaporation rate may be controlled by temperature, humidity,
and the rate of airflow.
ring
Firing: heat treatment process that sinters
ceramic materials
performed in furnace called kiln
Fire between 900-1400 C (RM composition
& desire properties)
causes structure changes and
transformations in the silicate itself
Bond are developed between the ceramic
grain which lead to densication and
reduction of porosity additional shrinkage
occurs; mechanical strength increase
Expected no cracking or distorting the
ceramic compact.
Glazing
Glazing: application of ceramic surface coating
to make the piece more impervious to water
and enhance its appearance
Colorants, such as iron oxide, copper carbonate
or cobalt carbonate, and sometimes opaciers
such as tin oxide or zirconium oxide, are used to
modify the visual appearance of the red glaze.
The usual processing sequence with glazed
ware is:
1. Fire the piece once before glazing to harden
the body of piece
2. Apply the glaze
3. Fire the piece a second time to harden the
glaze