OUTLINE

Introduction

Piezoelectric effect

Advantages of USM

Basic principal

Fundamental Construction

Types of USM

Working mechanism

Application

Conclusion

Introduction
It has been known for more than 30
years.
The first ultrasonic motor was
introduce by v.v lavrinko in 1965.
An Ultrasonic motor is a type of
electric motor formed from the
ultrasonic vibration of a component,
the stator being placed against
another, the rotor depending on the
scheme of operation.
Conversion of electric energy into
motion by inverse piezoelectric effect.

Introduction (cont.)
USMs are often called solid state motors because they
have very few moving parts and they can be fabricated
like integrated circuits to be either macroscopic or
microscopic.
For the last 29 years USMs have found their way into a
number of applications requiring compact, efficient and
intermittent motion.

08/19/13

What is Piezoelectric Effect?

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear

electromechanical
interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state
in crystalline
materials with no inversion symmetry.
Piezoelectricity generation of voltage in response of mechanical
stress.
The word is derived from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze or
press.
This effect is also reversible.
Deformation is only 0.1 % of the original dimension.
Piezoelectric material- quartz(SiO2), barium titanate (BaTiO3) lead
zirconate
titanate and occasionally lithium niobate .

dvantage of Piezoelectric Motor

Electromagnetic motors are notorious for consuming high
amount of power and creating high ambient motor
temperatures respect to USM
The electromagnetic motors produce strong magnetic
fields which cause interference. Ultrasonic motors use
piezoelectric effect and hence no magnetic interference.
Electromagnetic motor has high input to output energy
loss ratios
USM High positional accuracy respect to Electromagnetic
Motor.

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s
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PARTS OF USM

BASE- Holds the

entire appratus.
Piezo-electric
ceramics- Produces
ultrasonic waves.
Stator- Composed of
elastic body.
Rotor-Delivers motion
to shaft.
Shaft- provides final
mechanical output.

Basic Principle
Here we will discuss the operation of a ring type USM.
Like traditional motors, USMs have a stator and a rotor.
Some USMs use a toothed stator
to increase the holding torque.
Other motors simply rely on
frictional forces.
As shown in the illustration on
the right, the bottom layer of the
stator is composed of the PZT
material mentioned earlier.

Basic Principle
Two electrical signals with orthogonal modes (like
sin(wt) and cos(wt)) are introduced in the stator
material.
If a constant phase difference exists between the two
modes a traveling wave is created in the stator.
Otherwise the wave is standing.

F ig u re 1 . P rin c ip le o f O p e ra tio n o f a R o ta ry T ra v e lin g W a v e M o to r.

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTRUCTION OF USM

HEAT GENERATION

Temp rises upto 120 C.

Causes depoling of
piezoceramic.

Temperature rise versus Ve/A, where Ve is

the effective volume generating the heat and
A is the surface area dissipating the heat.

MECHANISM

Dry friction is often used in contact, and the ultrasonic vibration induced in
the stator is used both to impart motion to the rotor and to modulate the
frictional forces present at the interface. The friction modulation allows bulk
motion of the rotor (i.e., for farther than one vibration cycle); without this
modulation, ultrasonic motors would fail to operate.

CLASSIFICATION

There are various categories to classify

ultrasonic motor such as:
Operation: rotary type and linear type.
Device geometry: rod type-shaped, ring
(square) and cylinder types.
Generating wave: standing wave type and
propagating wave type.

Standing Wave
MechanismUSM

This type of motors use three

groups of crystals: two of which are
Locking and one Motive.
First, one group of locking crystals is
activated this gives one locked
side and one unlocked side of the
'sandwich'.
Next, the motive crystal group is
triggered and held the expansion
of this group moves the unlocked
locking group along the motor path.
This is the only stage where motor
movement takes place.

Linear USM
Linear USMs, sometimes called tube or rod USMs,
also use piezoelectric metals or ceramics for actuation.
Show here is a picture of New Scale Technologies tiny
Squiggle motor.
The Squiggle motor weighs about
30g and boasts a stall force of
10N. Micro deformations also
give resolutions as high as 1nm,
and max speeds of 15mm/sec.

Standing wave USM

Low cost
one vibration source
Unidirectional
High efficiency

RAVELING WAVE USM

Superposition of multiple standing wave
create a traveling wave.
Representation of travelling wave
U(x ,p)= A cos(k x) cos(wt) + A cos(k x 90)
cos (wt-90).
Phase difference is 90 degree

TRAVELING WAVE USM

The active material excites a traveling flexural wave within the stator that
leads to elliptical motion of the surface particles.
Teeth are used to enhance the speed that is associated with the propelling
effect of these particles.
The rectification of the micro-motion an interface is provided by pressing
the rotor on top of the stator and the frictional force between the two causes
the rotor to spin.

Circular rotatory type motor

Spherical USM
Spherical USMs may be employed when more than
one degree of freedom is needed. Potential
applications include surgical robots or robotic eyes.
The concept of a spherical
USM is simple. Three
separate ring USMs control
actuation in the x, y and z
directions. Thus, the sphere
can be given any orientation
in 3 space.

MAJOR
APPLICATION
Driving fluid
Watch motors and compact
paper handling.
Optoelectronics area
In micro surgery and sensor
scanning.
Camera auto focus lenses

CONCLUSI
ON
These motors are very
advantageous.
Electromagnetic interference is not
there.
It is in great demand in the area
automation and miniaturization.
These motors are low cost