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2 MicroMicro-Hydro
Preliminary
PreliminarySite
SiteSurvey
Survey
Planning
Planning
Designing
Designing
Implementation
Implementation
Operation
Operationand
andMaintenance
Maintenance
2
Objective
To roughly evaluate the feasibility of the project
To get information necessary for planning
Items to be investigated
Potential capacity of the project site
Measurement of river flow
Measurement of head
Topographical and geological condition of the sites
for the structure
Accessibility to the site
Power demand and distance from the load center to
the site of the power house
Ability of the local people to pay for electricity
Willingness of the local people for electrification
3
Route map
Altimeter
Topographic map
GPS (portable)
Reconnaissance schedule
Camera, film
Checklist
Current meter
Interview sheet
Geological map
Hand level
Aerial photographs
Related reports
Field notebook
Scale
Pencil
Eraser
Colored pencil
Equipment
Equipment
Section paper
Hammer
Clinometer
Knife
Scoop
Torch, flashlight
Sampling baggage
Label
Compass
Stopwatch
Batteries
Site Survey
Purpose:
To get enough data to accurately predict river flow at the
project site
To check the minimum river flow in the dry season
Method:
1.31
1.41
1.67
1.77
1.80
10
11
12
13
1.44
1.28
1.18
14
0.66
16
0.82
1.15
1.31
15
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.84
1.31
1.80
1.31
1.57
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
0.92
1.31
1.31
1.31
where,
Vm: Average velocity of the section
V0.2: Velocity at 20% depth below the water surface
V0.6: Velocity at 60% depth below the water surface
V0.8: Velocity at 80% depth below the water surface
B
w
w
d4
V0.2
d5
d6
V0.8
9
V0.2
d4
Average velocity: Vm
= 0.5 (V0.2 + V0.8)
d5
d6
V0.8
V0.2
w
d5
d6
V0.8
10
No.
Unit
Interval
(ft)
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
-
Width
(ft)
0.00
1.31
2.62
3.94
5.25
6.56
7.87
9.18
10.50
11.81
13.12
14.43
15.74
17.06
18.37
19.68
20.99
-
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Total
Depth
(ft)
0.00
0.66
1.15
1.31
1.41
1.67
1.77
1.80
1.84
1.80
1.57
1.44
1.28
1.18
0.92
0.82
0.00
-
C.A.= 10.5mile2
Corresponding
Velocity (ft/ s)
Unit Area
Area
2
2
(ft )
(ft )
20%Depth 80%Depth Average
1.840
1.614
2.636
2.496
3.862
3.615
2.980
2.700
3.109
2.797
2.216
2.044
1.969
1.904
1.829
1.420
-
Discharge
3
(ft / s)
11
V0.2
d4
d6
d5
V0.8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.82
0.66
1.15
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.41
1.31
1.67
1.31
1.77
1.31
1.80
1.31
1.84
1.31
1.80
1.31
1.57
1.31
1.44
1.31
1.28
1.31
0.92
1.18
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
12
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Total
Width
(ft)
0.00
1.31
2.62
3.94
5.25
6.56
7.87
9.18
10.50
11.81
13.12
14.43
15.74
17.06
18.37
19.68
20.99
-
Unit
Interval
(ft)
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
-
Depth
(ft)
0.000
0.656
1.148
1.312
1.410
1.673
1.771
1.804
1.837
1.804
1.574
1.443
1.279
1.181
0.918
0.820
0.000
-
C.A.= 10.5mile2
Unit Area
2
(ft )
0.430
1.183
1.614
1.786
2.023
2.259
2.345
2.388
2.388
2.216
1.980
1.786
1.614
1.377
1.140
0.538
-
Corresponding
Velocity (ft/ s)
Discharge
Area
2
3
(ft )
20%Depth 80%Depth Average
(ft / s)
1.614
0.561
0.492
0.526
0.850
3.400
0.804
0.761
0.782
2.659
4.282
1.178
1.102
1.140
4.880
4.734
0.909
0.823
0.866
4.099
4.605
0.948
0.853
0.900
4.146
3.765
0.676
0.623
0.649
2.445
2.991
0.600
0.581
0.590
1.766
1.678
0.558
0.433
0.495
0.831
27.068
21.677
13
Actual Measurement
14
Bucket method
Direct measurement with a bucket
Small river flow
16
Q = C L h1.5
(h/L)1/2
C = 3.330 (1+ 0.0039 ) (1)
10
h
where,
Q: River flow (ft3/s)
C: River flow coefficient on experimental Basis
L: Opening width of weir (ft)
H: Overflow depth (ft)
In SI units
Q = C L h1.5
C = 1.838 (1+
(H/L)1/2
0.0012
) (1)
10
H
where,
Q: River flow (m3/s)
L: Opening width of weir (m)
h: Overflow depth (m)
17
Head Measurement
Head
H4
H5
H1 = A2 - B1
H6
18
Head Measurement
Head = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4
L1
H1
L3
H2
L3
Head
H3
4
L4
H4
Site Survey
19
10
Forebay
Powerhouse
Turbine/
Generator
Penstock
River
Electrical
Lines
Tailrace
21
Whole System
High head with shorter waterway
Waterfall, steep river slope, etc.
Good accessibility for construction and O&M
Headrace
Stable slope (no landslides or collapses)
Easy to construct open canal, (otherwise, pipes or siphons)
Others
Use of existing structure such as irrigation canal
22
11
Forebay
Stable and relatively flat land
Easy to install spillway from the forebay
Penstock
Shorter length of penstock
Good hydraulic gradient
Head Tank
Penstock
Minimum
Pressure
Negative Pressure
Powerhouse
23
Powerhouse
Good accessibility
Stable foundation
Safe from floodwaters
12
25
26
13
27
28
14
Structure-Site Investigation
(Transmission/Distribution Line)
29
Method:
Collection of socio-economic data from local government
Interviews with local residents
Observations at villages
Items to be investigated
Basic demand:
Number of households
House distribution
Distance from powerhouse site
Public facilities
Needs for electricity:
Existing equipment
Equipment and facilities to be installed after electrification
Livelihood activities
Capacity and willingness to pay:
Capacity and willingness to pay for electricity
Income of residents
Expenditure on energy, kerosene, dry cells, etc.
Interview sheet
30
15
31
16
33
This option is preferable when there are signs of instability in the steep
slope.
34
17
Check List
Check List
Investigation for generation planning
Water flow measurement
Cr oss sect ion m easu r em en t
Wa t er velocit y m ea su r em en t
Recen t r a in fa ll con dit ion
Usu a l flow con dit ion in t h e dr y sea son
Powerhouse site
Length of Penstock
Head between powerhouse and forebay
Unstable topographical condition (landslide, collapse)
Approximate elevation and coordinates of powerhouse
and tailrace outlet
Flood water level
Length of tailrace
Artificial structures
Drawing sketches
Taking photographs
Transmission line route
Length of transmission line
Condition of access road
Drawing sketches
Taking photographs
River and basin condition
Vegetation in the basin
Existence of landslide and collapse
Water use condition in the basin
Taking photographs
Head Measurement
Len gt h of wa t er way
Gr oss h ea d
35
Location
1.
Date
Surveyor
family head
house
Province
1.2
Regency
1.3
Municipality
1.4
Village
1.5
Orchard
1.1
2.
3.8 Cooperatives
Accessibility
km
? asphalt:
? others:
km
km
? soil:
km
(in average)
? farmer group
? religious
Village Infrastructure (make village situation map: information in village office, mapping with GPS
1.
km
lines
? Multi-purpose
2.1.1 Distance
2.1.2 Road condition
? spread
groups
person
? public vehicle/bus
? ship/ferry
km
equipment)
? motorcycle
? others:........................
4.2.1 School
Note :
? Other: ...........
(Explain the trip route, raod condition (good-bad-danger, etc), transportation mode, where to change the vehicle (route) and other
? mosque
? church
information that needed to get the complete description how to get to the location )
? village
? municipality
? other .........
? other .........
Others ...............
4.3 Limit of Village
km
? asphaltl:
? others:
km
km
? soil:
km
4.3.2 South
4.3.4 East
4.3.1 North
4.3.3 West
km
? public vehicle/bus
? ship/ferry
? motorcycle
? others :........................
Catatan :
(Explain the trip route, road condition (good-bad-danger, etc), transportation mode, where to change the vehicle (route) and other
4.4.3 Others
information that needed to get the complete description how to get to the location )
? weekly
(farming,planting,fishery,etc.)
Notes:
36
18
No.
Distance from left bank
Depth of river
Area of flow section
Place of survey
2
Water
depth
Discharge
date
5
Water
depth
Water
depth
Discharge
time
7
Water
depth
Discharge
water level
9
10
11
Water
depth Discharge
Discharge
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
37
Interview Sheet
Barangay Council
Other (specify)
Household number
Name of Respondent
1.
Persons
Persons
How many of your family members graduated from (upper) high school?
persons
2. Housing
2. How many rooms does your house have?
3.
4.
Interviewers name
Date
Time interview began
Time interview completed
Data input by
3. Economic aspects
3-1. Household income
Final Check by
1. FAMILY PROFILE
1. Number of family members (only living together in the same house)
Male adults at 20 yrs or over
persons
Female adults at 20 yrs or over
persons
Children less than 20 yrs old
persons
Total
persons
2.
Subsistence/
cash crop
Subsistence/cash crop
Subsistence/cash crop
Subsistence/cash crop
Subsistence/cash crop
6.
persons
persons
persons
persons
persons
Annual average
cost (Rp.)
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
persons
4.
How many of your family members are living in other town to work?
persons
5.
7.
What kind of income sources does your family have? Insert the amount of earning of the last
month in each category by each income earner.
Income earner 1st income 2nd income 3rd income 4th income 5th income
Income source
earner
earner
earner
earner
earner
Tick (9)
Salaries/wages
Male
Female
6.
Average
annual cost
(Rp.)
Subsistence/cash crop
How many of your family are earning income in the village in the village?
3.
Pension
Handicraft
Barangay Cooperative
Persons
Site Survey
38
19
20
Vmea
Vmea
Vmea
0.5 m
Vmea
0.5 m
Vm = 0.45 Vmean
Vm = 0.25 Vmean
6. River flow
Q = Vm Amean
41
21