Non Stationary Time Frequency Signal Processing

Techniques

Presentation Prepared by:

Jatin Kumar
Biswajit Sahoo
Soumava Samanta
Arun Kumar

Difference between Stationary and Non-Stationary Signals

Signals whose frequency content doesnt change with time are
stationary.
On the other hand signals whose frequency content change with
time are non-stationary.
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Stationary Signal

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Non-Stationary Signal

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Traditionally used signal Processing Technique

Fourier Transform or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Can these methods be applied to non-stationary signals?

Yes
Are those effective?

No
Lets see why in the next slide

Fourier Transform is a global phenomenon. It reveals frequency

domain information but conceals time information.

Whereas frequency of non-stationary signals change with time

and time information as to when the frequency changed is
necessary.

But FT or FFT cant provide us the time information.

How to get time info still using FFT?

Instead of analyzing the whole signal at a time we can
concentrate on a small section of the signal through a window.
We have to choose the window length and its shifting distance
(hopsize) in such a way that the non-stationary even doesnt
miss out.
By gradually shifting the window we can get an idea as to
when the frequency is changing if our window length is
suitable chosen.

Initial signal

A m p lit u d e

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Time

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Windowed signal from 0 to 3 seconds

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Windowed signal Time

from 3 to 6 seconds

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Windowed signal from 6th to 9th second

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The Spectrogram
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Frequency (Hz)

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Quest For Exact Time Information!!

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Frequency (Hz)

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Drawbacks of STFT
Higher resolution in time domain results in poor resolution in
frequency domain and vice versa.

This is the famous Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Which states that we cant get exact estimates of both
time and frequency. If we want near exact estimate of one
we have to compromise with the other.

Wavelet Transform
It uses multiresolution technique to analyze signals of different
frequencies i.e. for low frequency signals, it gives high
frequency resolution but poor temporal (time) resolution but
for high frequency signals, it gives high temporal resolution
but poor frequency resolution.

There are two types of wavelet transforms

Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT)

Continuous Wavelet Transform

This method compares with the original waveform a mother wavelet and
determines a set of coefficients depending upon the similarity. The
mother wavelet is stretched or compressed (scaled) and shifted to match
the original waveform.
Scaling (Decreasing Scaling Factor)

Shifting

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Wavelet Coefficients Not Frequencies

Original
Signal

Continuo
us
Wavelet
Coefficien
ts

Mother
Wavelet

Discrete Wavelet Transform

Continuous Wavelet Transform calculates too many coefficients of
which many are redundant. Discrete wavelet transform rectifies
this problem by calculating the required coefficients.

This is done by subband coding.

S

d
1

a1

a2

d
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And so on till no. of samples exhausts

Application in Signal Denoising

(Six Stage Denoising)

Thank You
Any queries?