Marks

1. Short-Answer Questions. Put your answers in the boxes provided but show your work
also. Each question is worth 3 marks, but not all questions are of equal difficulty. At most
one mark will be given for an incorrect answer. Unless otherwise stated, simplify your
answers as much as possible.
Z

[3]

(a) Evaluate

3 + x5
dx
x

3 + x5

dx =
x

2
3x1/2 + x9/2 dx = 6 x + x11/2 + C.
11

n
X
i

tan
n
4n
4n

(b) What integral is defined by the following expression? lim

i=1

[3]

Do not evaluate the integral.

If one divides [0, /4] into n equal subintervals, then x =

Therefore,

4n

and xi = ix =

Z /4
n
n
X
X

i
lim
tan
= lim
tan(xi )x =
tan x dx.
n
4n
4n n
0
i=1

i=1

i
4n .

April 24, 2009

1

Z
[3]

(c) Evaluate

Math 101

Page 2 of 13 pages

p
(y + 1) 2y + y 2 dy

Let u = 2y + y 2 . Then du = (2 + 2y) dy = 2(y + 1) dy. When y = 0, u = 0 and when

y = 1, u = 3. Thus,
Z
0

Z
[3]

(d) Evaluate



Z
p
1 3
1 3/2 3 1 3/2
2
(y + 1) 2y + y dy =
u du =
u
= 3 = 3.
2 0
3
3
0

x2 ln x dx

Integrate by parts: let u = ln x and dv = x2 dx so that du = dx/x and v = x3 /3.

Therefore,
Z
Z 2
x3
x
x3
x3
2
x ln x dx =
ln x
dx =
ln x
+ C.
3
3
3
9

April 24, 2009

Math 101

Page 3 of 13 pages

(e) Find the length of the curve x = 100 +

2y 3/2 ,

0 y 11.

[3]
dx
dy

= 3 y so the length of the curve L is

Z
L=

1 + 9y dy =

[3]

11 p

i11
2 h
2
(1 + 9y)3/2
= (1000 1) = 74.
27
27
0

(f) What is the average value of | sin cos | over the interval 0 /2?

Notice that cos sin for 0 /4 and sin cos for /4 /2. Therefore
the average value is
!
Z
Z /4
Z /2
2 /2
2
| sin cos | d =
(cos sin ) d +
(sin cos ) d
0

0
/4

2
/4
/2
[sin + cos ]0 + [ cos sin ]/4
=


2
=
( 2 1) + (1 + 2)

4( 2 1)
=
.

April 24, 2009

Math 101

Page 4 of 13 pages

(g) Give the first three nonzero terms of the Maclaurin series (power series in x) for
[3]
Z

ex 1
dx
x

Recall that
ex = 1 + x +

x2 x3
+
+ ...
2
6

Therefore,
2

ex = 1 x2 +
and

x4 x6

+ ...,
2
6

ex 1
x3 x5
= x +

+ ....
x
2
6

Finally,
Z

[3]

ex 1
x2 x4 x6
dx = +

+ ...
x
2
8
36

(h) For what values of r does the function y = xr satisfy the following differential equation
(for x > 0)?
x2 y 00 + 4xy 0 + 2y = 0

If y = xr then y 0 = rxr1 and y 00 = r(r 1)xr2 . Therefore,

x2 y 00 + 4xy 0 + 2y = r(r 1)xr + 4rxr + 2xr = (r2 + 3r + 2)xr = (r + 1)(r + 2)xr .
This will be zero when r = 1 or r = 2.

April 24, 2009

[3]

Math 101

Page 5 of 13 pages

(i) Calculate the derivative f 0 (x) if f (x) =

ex

cos t dt.

ex

cos t dt =

ex

Z
cos t dt

cos t dt.

Therefore, by the chain rule and the first fundamental theorem of calculus,

f 0 (x) = ex cos ex cos x.

Z
(j) Give the Simpsons rule approximation to

sin(ex ) dx using 4 equal subintervals (do

[3]

not simplify your answer).

Here x = 1/2, x0 = 0, x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1, x3 = 3/2, x4 = 2. Therefore,

S4 =


1
sin(1) + 4 sin(e1/2 ) + 2 sin(e) + 4 sin(e3/2 ) + sin(e2 ) .
6

April 24, 2009

Math 101

Page 6 of 13 pages

Full-Solution Problems. In the remaining questions, justify your answers and show all your
work. If a box is provided, write your final answer there. If you need more space, use the
back of the previous page. Unless otherwise indicated, simplification of answers is
not required.

Z
[6]

2. For what values of p does

e

dx
converge?
x(ln x)p

dx
= lim
x(ln x)p t

dx
.
x(ln x)p

Let u = ln x so that du = dx/x. When x = e, u = 1 and when x = t, u = ln t. Therefore,

t

Z
lim

t e

dx
= lim
x(ln x)p t

ln t

du
.
up

If p = 1, then
Z

ln t

lim

t 1

du
up

=
=
=

ln t

lim

t 1

du
u

t
lim [ln u]ln
1

lim ln(ln t) = .

Therefore if p = 1, the integral does not converge.

If p 6= 1, then
Z
lim

t 1

ln t

du
up


=

lim

u1p
1p

ln t
1

1
(ln t)1p
+
= lim
t 1 p
p1


if p < 1
=
1
p1 if p > 1
Therefore, the integral converges if and only if p > 1.

April 24, 2009

[10]

Math 101

Page 7 of 13 pages

3. Let R be the finite region in the xy-plane bounded by x = 0, y = 0 and y = cos x.

(a) Calculate the centroid of R.

The area A of R is
Z

/2

/2

cos x dx = [sin x]0

A=
0

= 1.

The x-coordinate of the centroid x is

Z /2

/2
x=
x cos x dx = [x sin x + cos x]0 = 1.
2
0
We used integration by parts to evaluate the integral.
The y-coordinate of the centroid y is
y =
=
=
=

1
2

/2

cos2 x dx


Z
1 /2 1 cos 2x
dx
+
2 0
2
2


1
sin 2x /2
x+
4
2
0

.
8
0

Therefore, the centroid of R is (/2 1, /8).

(b) Express the volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the line x = 2 as an
integral. Do not evaluate the integral.

Z
V = 2

/2

(x + 2) cos x dx.
0

April 24, 2009

[6]

[6]

Math 101

Page 8 of 13 pages

4. Calculate the integrals:

Z
(a) (4 x2 )3/2 dx

Let x = 2 sin u so that dx = 2 cos u du and 4 x2 = 4 cos2 u. Thus,

Z
Z
2 cos u du
2 3/2
(4 x )
dx =
8 cos3 u
Z
1
=
sec2 u du
4
1
=
tan u + C
4
x

+ C.
=
4 4 x2
Z

(b)
1 + ex dx

Let u =

1 + ex , i.e. u2 = 1 + ex . Then 2u du = ex dx = (u2 1) dx. Therefore,

Z
Z
Z

2u2
2
x
1 + e dx =
du = (2 + 2
) du.
2
u 1
u 1

By a partial fraction decomposition,

2
2
1
1
=
=

.
u2 1
(u 1)(u + 1)
u1 u+1
Thus,
Z

Z
Z
2
du
du
(2 + 2
) du = 2u +

u 1
u1
u+1
= 2u + ln |u 1| ln |u + 1| + C


u 1
+C
= 2u + ln 
u + 1


 1 + ex 1 

x

 + C.
= 2 1 + e + ln 
1 + ex + 1 

Alternatively: - which is really the same u-substitution as above, broken down into
two steps
du
Let u = 1 + ex , then ex = u 1, du = ex dx, so
= dx. Therefore,
u1
Z
Z

u
x
1 + e dx =
du
u1

1 1
du
du
u, so dt = u 2 = =
, i.e. 2t dt = du. Therefore
2
2t
2 u
Z
Z
Z
Z 2
Z
u
t
t2
t 1+1
1
du =
2t dt = 2
dt = 2
dt = 2 1 + 2
dt
2
2
2
u1
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1

Now let t =

Etc. - like above.

8

April 24, 2009

[10]

Math 101

Page 9 of 13 pages

5. Let X be a random variable with probability density function


f (x) =

kx(1 x4 ) if 0 x 1,
0
if x < 0 or x > 1.

(a) Find the value of k.

1
x2 x6
1
x(1 x ) dx =

= .
2
6 0 3
0
R1
Therefore, we need to choose k = 3 in order for 0 f (x) dx = 1.
Z

(b) Find the mean .

Z
xf (x) dx = 3

x3 x7
x (1 x ) dx = 3

3
7
2

1
0

4
= .
7

(c) Find an algebraic equation satisfied by the median m.

The mean m is such that

1
=3
2

Z
0

x2 x6
x(1 x ) dx = 3

2
6


or
m6 3m2 + 1 = 0.

m
0

3
m6
= m2
2
2

April 24, 2009

Math 101

Page 10 of 13 pages

6. Solve these differential equations:

[6]

(a) y 0 = xy 2 with initial conditions y(0) = 1.

This is a separable equation:

dy
dx
dy
y2
Z
dy
y2
1

= xy 2
= x dx
Z
=
x dx
=

x2
+ C.
2

The initial condition y(0) = 1 implies that C = 1. Therefore,

y=
[6]

1
.
1 x2 /2

(b) y 0 2y = 4 + e3t . (Give the general solution)

This is a linear equation. The integrating factor is I(t) = e

both sides of the equation by I(t) yields

2 dt

e2t y 0 2e2t y = 4e2t + et

(e2t y)0 = 4e2t + et
Z
2t
e y =
(4e2t + et ) dt
e2t y = 2e2t + et + C
y = 2 + e3t + Ce2t .

10

= e2t . Multiplying

April 24, 2009

[10]

Math 101

Page 11 of 13 pages

7. An open metal tank has two ends which are isosceles triangles with vertex at the bottom,
two sides which are rectangular, and an open top. The tank is 1 metre wide, 2 metres deep.
10 metres long and full of water (density = 1000kg/m3 )
(a) What is the hydrostatic force on each triangular end?

We choose a vertical x-axis with origin at the bottom of the tank. We divide the interval
[0, 2] into n equal subintervals of length x. The i-th horizontal strip is approximately
a rectangle of height x and width wi where by similar triangles
wi
1
=
xi
2

or wi =

xi
.
2

Therefore the area of the i-th strip is approximately xi /2 x and the hydrostatic force
on the i-th strip is
Fi 9800(2 xi )xi /2 x.
Therefore the total hydrostatic force is
F

lim

n
X

4900(2 xi )xi x

i=1
Z 2

(2 x)x dx

= 4900
0

x3
= 4900 x
3
19600
=
N.
3


2
0

(b) Express the work required to pump the water out of the tank, if it is pumped out over
the top edge, as an integral. (Do not evaluate the integral.)

With the same setup as in (a), the volume of the i-th slab is 10 xi /2 x = 5xi x.
Therefore the work Wi to pump the i-th slab is 9800 5(2 xi )xi x and the total work
done is
Z 2
W = 49000
(2 x)x dx.
0

(c) Express the hydrostatic force on each of the rectangular sides as an integral. (Do not
evaluate the integral.)

Note that the i-th strip is a rectangle with height ( 17/4)x and width 10. Therefore
the force is
Z 2
2450 17
x dx.
0

11

April 24, 2009

[10]

Math 101

Page 12 of 13 pages

8. Consider the chemical reaction

A + B C + D.
Suppose at time t = 0 sec the concentration of chemical A is 0.1 mol/L, the concentration
of chemical B is 0.2 mol/L, and the concentrations of chemicals C and D are both 0. For
t 0, let x(t) be the concentration of chemical D in mol/L. It can be shown that x(t) is the
solution to the initial-value problem
dx
= k(0.1 x)(0.2 x),
dt

x(0) = 0,

where k is a positive constant whose value can be determined by experiment.

(a) Solve the initial-value problem to find x(t) explicitly.

This is a separable equation.

dx
(0.1 x)(0.2 x)
Z
dx
(0.1 x)(0.2 x)

= k dt
Z
=
k dt

To evaluate the left hand side, we use partial fractions:

1
10
10
=

,
(0.1 x)(0.2 x)
0.1 x 0.2 x
and therefore,
Z 


Z
10
10

dx =
k dt
0.1 x 0.2 x
ln |0.2 x| ln |0.1 x| = kt + C


 0.2 x 
 = kt + C

ln 
0.1 x 
0.2 x
0.1 x

= Aekt

The initial condition x(0) = 0 implies that A = 2. Therefore,

0.2 x
0.1 x
0.1
1+
0.1 x
0.1
0.1 x

= 2ekt
= 2ekt
= 2ekt 1

0.1 x =

1
20ekt 10

x = 0.1

1
10

20ekt

(b) What value does the concentration of chemical D approach as t approaches ?

lim x(t) = 0.1

(we couldve guessed this based on the physical interpretation).

12