Boundary layer concept

Laminar flow

Laminar Boundary Layer Flow

The laminar boundary layer is a very smooth
flow, while the turbulent boundary layer contains
swirls or eddies.
The laminar flow creates less skin friction drag
than the turbulent flow, but is less stable.
Boundary layer flow over a wing surface begins
as a smooth laminar flow. As the flow continues
back from the leading edge, the laminar
boundary layer increases in thickness.

Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow

At some distance back from the leading edge,
the smooth laminar flow breaks down and
transitions to a turbulent flow.
From a drag standpoint, it is advisable to have
the transition from laminar to turbulent flow as
far aft on the wing as possible, or have a large
amount of the wing surface within the laminar
portion of the boundary layer.
The low energy laminar flow, however, tends to
break down more suddenly than the turbulent
layer.

Flow through the pipes in

series

 Pipes in series is defined as the pipes of different lengths

and different diameters connected end to end to form a
pipe line.
L1,L2,L3 = length of pipes 1,2 and 3
d1,d2,d3 = diameter of pipes 1,2,3
v1,v2,v3 = velocity of flow through pipes 1,2,3
f1,f2,f3 = coefficient of frictions for pipes 1,2,3
H = difference of water level in the two tanks
The discharge passing through the pipe is same.

Q=A1V1=A2V2=A3V3
The difference in liquid surface levels is equal to the sum
of the total head loss in the pipes

Parallel pipe system

Consider a main pipe which divide into two or more
branches as shown in figure
Again join together downstream to
form a single pipe then the branch pipes are said to be
connected in parallel. The discharge through the main is
increased by connecting pipes in parallel
the rate of flow in the main pipe is equal to the sum of rate
of flow through branch pipes.
hence
Q =Q1+ Q2

 In this arrangement loss of head for each pipe is same

Loss of head for branch pipe1=loss of head for branch
pipe 2

Moody diagram
Moody Diagram that can be used to estimate
friction coefficients
The Moody friction factor - (or f) - is used in the DarcyWeisbach major loss equation
If the flow is transient - 2300 < Re < 4000 - the flow
varies between laminar and turbulent flow and the
friction coefficient is not possible to determine.
The friction factor can usually be interpolated between
the laminar value at Re = 2300 and the turbulent value at
Re = 4000

 Moody diagram

Total energy gradient line

 Total energy gradient line is equal to sum of

pressure head ,velocity head and datum head
EL = H = p / W + v2 / 2 g + h = constant along a
streamline
where
(EL ) Energy Line
For a fluid flow without any losses due to friction
(major losses) or components (minor losses) - the
energy line would be at a constant level. In a
practical world the energy line decreases along
the flow due to losses.
A turbine in the flow reduces the energy line and a
pump or fan in the line increases the energy line

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL )

Hydraulic gradient line is the sum of

pressure head and datum head
HGL = p / W + h
where
The hydraulic grade line lies one velocity head
below the energy line.