Ancient Indian Books

Ancient Indian Books
Books written by Kings
Ratnavali
Harshavardhana
Priyadarsika
Harshavardhana
Nagananda
Harshavardhana
Amuktamalayada
Sri Krishna Deva Ray
Biographies of Kings
Harsha Charita
Bana Bhatt
Akbar-Nama
Abul Fazl
Prithviraj Raso
Chand Bardai
Humayun Namah
Gulbadan Begum
Shah Namah
Firdausi
Other books
Buddha Charitam
Ashwaghosha
Geet Govinda
Jaya Deva
Kumar Sambhava
Kalidasa
Meghdoot
Kalidasa
Malavikagnimitra
Kalidasa
Raghuvansha
Kalidasa
Mudra Rakshasa
Vishakha Datta
Panchatantra
Vishnu Sharma
Rajtarangini
Kalhana
Other books
Arthashastra
Kautilya
Padmavat
Malik Mohd Jayasi
Kamasutra
Vatsyayana
Mudra Rakshasa
Vishakha Datta
Mrichchakatikam
Shudraka
Facts to remember on Ancient Indian Books
Book and its Author
Facts to remember
Mudra Rakshasa by
The book which gives an account of how
Vishakha Datta.
Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the power of the

Nandas with the help of Kautilya.
Padmavat by Malik
The book based on the life of Padmini, Queen of
Mohd Jayasi
Chittor. Allauddin Khilji, the ruler of Delhi, laid siege

to the fort of Chittor in order to take Padmini as his
wife. When the soldiers died fighting, Queen Padmini
committed Jauhar alongwith other women of the fort.
Malavikagnimitra by
The book which is based on the life of Agnimitra son
Kalidasa
of Pushyamitra Sunga. The latter founded the Sunga

dynasty after killing the last Mauryan King
Brihadratha.
Arthashastra by Kautilya
The ancient Indian treatise on Economics as well as

politics written by Kautilya (Chanakya) who had
helped Chandragupta overthrow the power of the
Nandas.
Panchatantra by Vishnu
A collection of Sanskrit fables which seeks to
Sharma
illustrate the principles of Politics (Rajneeti) through

animal stories. It is considered a Nitishastra or a book
on conduct of life.
Geet Govinda by Jaidev
The book which deals with the love plays of the Dark
Book and its Author
Facts to remember
Lord Krishna and his fair beloved Radha.
Kalidasas Abhigyan
The play based on the story of King Dushyant and
Shakuntalam
Shakuntala as it appears in the beginning of the

Mahabharata. King Dushyant and Shakuntala had a
son name Bharat after whose name the country is
named.
Kalhanas Rajtarangini
The book which deals with the history of Kashmir

from the earliest times to 1150 A.D.
Ashtadhyayi by Panini
It is highly systemised and complete book of Sanskrit

grammar divided into eight chapters consisting of
3,995 sutras or rules.
Mahabhasya by Patanjali
The book is a commentary on Panini's Ashtadhyayi in

an effort to make Ashtadhyayi easily accessible to the
average reader.
Prashnottar Ratna
The book is in the form of questions and answers of
Malika by Adi
eternal values as preached by Sanatana Dharma.
Sankaracharya
Kathasaritsagar by
The book is a collection of folk tales written for the
Somadeva
entertainment of Queen Suryamati, wife of King

Anantadeva of Kashmir. The famous Betal Pachisi is a
part of this book.
Charaka Samhita by
The book was authored by Charaka, known as the
Charaka
"Father of Indian Medicine". The book contains the

fundamentals of Ayurveda including between its
covers root causes of diseases, their treatment and also
guidelines for a clean and healthy life.
Sushruta Samhita by
The book was authored by Sushruta, known as the
Sushruta
"Father of Indian Surgery". In the books he explains

various types of surgeries and surgical instruments.
Aryabhatiya by
The book authored by famed Indian astronomer and
Book and its Author

Aryabhatta
Facts to remember
mathematician is one of the most important ancient
Indian books. The book explains the causes of eclipses
and also the value of pi equivalent to 3.1416.
Bhrigu Samhita by
The book in dialogue form is an ancient treatise on
Maharishi Bhrigu
astrology (jyotish shastra).
Buddha-charitam by
The first complete biography of the Buddha written by
Ashwaghosha
Ashwaghosha who was patronised by Emperor

Kanishka. It is considered a masterpiece of Sanskrit
literature.
Importance of Ancient Texts

Facts to remember on Ancient Indian Books
Book and its Author
Facts to remember
Mudra Rakshasa by
The book which gives an account of how
Vishakha Datta.
Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the power of the

Nandas with the help of Kautilya.
Padmavat by Malik
The book based on the life of Padmini, Queen of
Mohd Jayasi
Chittor. Allauddin Khilji, the ruler of Delhi, laid siege

to the fort of Chittor in order to take Padmini as his
wife. When the soldiers died fighting, Queen Padmini
committed Jauhar alongwith other women of the fort.
Malavikagnimitra by
The book which is based on the life of Agnimitra son
Kalidasa
of Pushyamitra Sunga. The latter founded the Sunga

dynasty after killing the last Mauryan King
Brihadratha.
Arthashastra by Kautilya
The ancient Indian treatise on Economics as well as

politics written by Kautilya (Chanakya) who had
helped Chandragupta overthrow the power of the
Book and its Author
Facts to remember
Nandas.
Panchatantra by Vishnu
A collection of Sanskrit fables which seeks to
Sharma
illustrate the principles of Politics (Rajneeti) through

animal stories. It is considered a Nitishastra or a book
on conduct of life.
Geet Govinda by Jaidev
The book which deals with the love plays of the Dark
Lord Krishna and his fair beloved Radha.
Kalidasas Abhigyan
The play based on the story of King Dushyant and
Shakuntalam
Shakuntala as it appears in the beginning of the

Mahabharata. King Dushyant and Shakuntala had a
son name Bharat after whose name the country is
named.
Kalhanas Rajtarangini
The book which deals with the history of Kashmir

from the earliest times to 1150 A.D.
Ashtadhyayi by Panini
It is highly systemised and complete book of Sanskrit

grammar divided into eight chapters consisting of
3,995 sutras or rules.
Mahabhasya by Patanjali
The book is a commentary on Panini's Ashtadhyayi in

an effort to make Ashtadhyayi easily accessible to the
average reader.
Prashnottar Ratna
The book is in the form of questions and answers of
Malika by Adi
eternal values as preached by Sanatana Dharma.
Sankaracharya
Kathasaritsagar by
The book is a collection of folk tales written for the
Somadeva
entertainment of Queen Suryamati, wife of King

Anantadeva of Kashmir. The famous Betal Pachisi is a
part of this book.
Charaka Samhita by
The book was authored by Charaka, known as the
Charaka
"Father of Indian Medicine". The book contains the

fundamentals of Ayurveda including between its
Book and its Author
Facts to remember
covers root causes of diseases, their treatment and also
guidelines for a clean and healthy life.
Sushruta Samhita by
The book was authored by Sushruta, known as the
Sushruta
"Father of Indian Surgery". In the books he explains

various types of surgeries and surgical instruments.
Aryabhatiya by
The book authored by famed Indian astronomer and
Aryabhatta
mathematician is one of the most important ancient

Indian books. The book explains the causes of eclipses
and also the value of pi equivalent to 3.1416.
Bhrigu Samhita by
The book in dialogue form is an ancient treatise on
Maharishi Bhrigu
astrology (jyotish shastra).
Buddha-charitam by
The first complete biography of the Buddha written by
Ashwaghosha
Ashwaghosha who was patronised by Emperor

Kanishka. It is considered a masterpiece of Sanskrit
literature.
Important Battles in the History of India.

Famous Indian battles
Name of the Battle
1st battle of
Year
Importance
1191
Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori
1192
Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan
1526
Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi
1527
Babur defeated Rana Sunga further strengthening his
Tarain
2nd battle of
Tarain
1st battle of
Panipat
Battle of
Khanwa
Battle of
foothold in India.
1529
Ghaghra
Battle of
Babur defeated Mahmud Lodi and Sultan Nusrat Shah

thus establishing Mughal rule in India.
1539
Sher Shah defeated Humayun thus breaking the Mughal
Name of the Battle
Year
Chausa
Battle of
Importance
rule in India.
1540
Sher Shah defeated Humayun for the second time.
1556
Akbar defeated Hemu
1761
Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas
1565
Deccan Sultanates defeated the glorious Vijayanagar
Kanauj or
Billgram
2nd battle of
Panipat
3rd battle of
Panipat
Battle of
Talikota
Battle of
empire
1576
Haldighati
Battle of
Undecisive battle between Raja Man Singh of Mughal

Army and Rana Pratap of Mewar.
1757
Plassey
British defeated Siraj-ud-duala with the help of Mir

Zafar. This battle laid the foundation of British empire in
India.
Battle of
1760
Wandiwash
British decisively defeated the French in India. The

Seven years war (1756 - 1763) between the British and
the French in Europe ran parallel to this war. 3 Carnatic
wars were fought between the British and the French
and this battle was a part of the 3rd Carnatic War.
Battle of
1764
Buxar
British defeated the combined forces of Mir Qasim,

Shuja-ud-duala (Nawab of Oudh) and Shah Alam
II(Mughal emperor). This completed the work began by
the battle of Plassey.
Battle of
1658
Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh.
1739
Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad
Samugarh
Battle of
Karnal
Shah.
Court Poets of India
Famous Court Poets
Court Poet
In the Court of
Well-known works
Kalidasa
Vikramaditya
Shakuntalam, Meghdoot
Bana Bhatt or
Harshavardhana
Harsha Charita, Kadambari
Bana
Chand Bardai
Prithviraj Chauhan
Prithviraj Raso
Bhavabhuti
King Yashovarman of
Mahaviracharita,
Kannauj
Malatimadhava,
Uttararamacharita
Amir Khusro
mainly Allauddin Khilji
Tuhfatus-Sighr, Qiranus-
but associated with 7
Sa'dain
rulers of Delhi Sultannate
Sri Ponna
Rashtrakuta King Krishna
Shantipurana, Bhuvanaika-
III
Ramabhyudaya
Parmanand
Shivaji
Shivbharat
Pandit Gangadhar
Sambalpur King Baliar
Kosalananda Mahakavya
Mishra
Singh
Hema Saraswati
Kamtapur King Durlabh
Prahalad Charita
Narayan
Rajashekhara
Gurjara Pratiharas
Balabharata,
Karpuramanjari,
Balaramayana,
Kavyamimamsa
Vedanayagam
King Serfoji II of Tanjore
Sastriar
Bethlehem Kuravanji,
Gnanakummi
Raghavanka
Hoysala kings
Harishchandra Kayva
Adikavi Pampa
Chalukya King Arikesari
Vikramrjuna Vijaya or
II
Pampa Bharata
Tirumalarya
King Wodeyar
Karna Vrittanta Kathe
Allasani Peddana
Sri Krishna Deva Raya
Swaarochisha Manu
Court Poet
In the Court of
Well-known works
Sambhavam
Nandi Thimmana
Sri Krishna Deva Raya
Parijathapaharanam,
Vanivilasam
Agha Hasan
Wajid Ali Shah
Inder Sabha
Amanat
Ramprasad Sen
Krishna Chandra of Nadia
Vidyasundar, Shaktigiti.
Jayamkondkar
Kulottunga Chola I
Kalingattu parani
Invaders and Visitors

Foreign Invaders and points to remember.
Invader
Points to remember
Alexander
He was the first to invade India in 326 B.C. He defeated King

Porus on the banks of River Jhelum. The battle is known as the
Battle of Hydaspes. Dhana Nanda of the Nanda dynasty was in
power in northern and eastern India at the time of his invasion.
Alexander's army mutinied, possibly at the prospect of facing a
strong army of the Nandas and Alexander decided to return to
Macedonia.
Chengiz Khan
He was a Mongolian who conquered some kingdoms on the

banks of River Indus in 1221 A.D. The ruler of Delhi at that
time was Iltutmish.
Mohammed Bin
He was first muslim to invade India in 712 A.D. He conquered
Qasim
Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus river but did not
advance further.
Timur
Timur Lang or Timur the Lame, was a muslim conqueror who

invaded India in 1398. The ruler of Delhi at the time was
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah.
Nadir Shah
He was the ruler of Iran who invaded India in 1738. He

defeated the Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah and carried
Invader
Points to remember
with him the Peacock throne and the Kohinoor diamond.
Ahmed Shah
He was the ruler of Afghanistan who invaded India several
Abdali
times between 1747 & 1767, the most famous being the
invasion of 1761 when he defeated the Marathas in the 3rd
battle of Panipat.
Foreign Visitors and points to remember.

Visitor
Points to remember
Megasthenes
He was the ambassador of Seleucus in the court of

Chandragupta Maurya known to the Greek as Sandrocottus. He
was also the author of a book 'Indica'.
Fahien
He was a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited India during the

reign of Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II). He is known for his
visit to Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddha. His journey is
described in his travelogue "Record of Buddhist Kingdoms ...".
Huien Tsang
He was a Chinese traveller who visited India during the time of

Harsha Vardhana. His book is called Si-yu-ki or 'The Records
of the Western World'.
Alberuni
A persian scholar, he accompanied Mohammed of Ghazni and

wrote a book titled 'Tahqiq-i-hind'. He was the first mulsim
scholar to study India. He is regarded as the father of Indology.
Marco Polo
He was a well known European traveller who visited many

Eastern countries, including India. He visited Southern India
where Rudramma Devi of the Kakatiyas was in power.
Ibn Batuta
Ibn Batuta was a Moroccon traveller who visited India during

the time of Mohammed Bin Tughlaq. His account of travels is
known as the Rihla.
Thomas Roe
Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat who visited the court
of Jahangir in 1615 to seek protection for an English factory at
Surat. His Journal of the mission to the Mogul Empire is a
valuable contribution to the history of India of the time.
Visitor
Points to remember
William
Captain William Hawkins led the first voyage of the English
Hawkins
East India Company to India in 1609 when Jahangir was in

power. He had a personal letter from King James I of England
1609, but did not succeed in seeking Jahangir's permission to
establish a factory.
Nicolo Conti
Italian merchant who visited India during the period of Deva

Raya I of Vijayanagar (1420)
Abdul Razak
He was a Persian cholar and ambassador of the ruler of Persia

to Calicut who visited India during the rule of Deva Raya II of
Vijayanagar during 1442 to 1445.
St Thomas
He is believed to be the first Christian saint to visit India in 52

A.D..
Francois
He was a French physician and traveller who visited India
Bernier
during 1658 and 1671. He was the personal physician of the

Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for around 12 years during his
stay in India. He wrote Travels in the Mughal Empire, which is
mainly about the reigns of Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
Dynasties in India
Dynasties/Kings and their Capitals
Dynasty/King
Capital
Cholas
Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Mauryan
Patliputra
Pallavas
Kanchi
Pandyas
Madurai
Chalukyas
Vatapi or Badami
Dynasty/King
Capital
Later Chalukyas
Kalyani
Kakatiyas
Warangal
Satvahanas
Pratisthana (modern day Paithan in Maharashtra)
Bahmani
Gulbarga (Ahsanabad) and later Bidar (Muhammadabad)
Shivaji
Raigarh
Tipu Sultan
Srirengapatnam
Ranjit Singh
Lahore
Harshavardhana
Thanesar and later Kanauj

Dynasties - Founders and Last Kings
Dynasty
Founder
Last King/Last Great

Ruler
Nanda
Mahapadma or
Dhana Nanda
Ugrasena
Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya
Brihadratha
Gupta
Chandragupta I
Skandagupta (last great

ruler)
Sunga
Pushyamitra
Devbhumi (last great ruler)
Satvahana
Simuka
Yajna Satkarni (last great

ruler)
Chalukya (of Vatapi)
Pulakesin I
Kirtivarman Chalukya
Chola
Vijayalaya
Athirajendra
Rashtrakuta
Danti Durga
Indra IV
Slave
Qutubuddin Aibak
Muizuddin Qaiqabad
Khilji
Jalal-ud-din
Khusro Khan
Tughlak
Ghias-ud-din
Feroz Shah
Lodhi
Bahlol
Ibrahim
Moghul
Babur
Bahadur Shah II
Temples - Associated Dynasties and Locations
Temples
Khajuraho
Associated Dynasty
Location
Bundelas or
Chattarpur, M.P.
Chandelas
Kailash temples
Rashtrakutas
Ellora, Maharashtra
Thousand Pillared Temple
Kakatiyas
Warangal (AP)
Ramappa Temple
Kakatiyas
Warangal (AP)
Brihadeswara Temple
Cholas
Tanjavur, Tamilnadu
Seven Ratha temple
Pallavas
Mahabalipuram,
Tamilnadu
Kailashnath temple
Pallavas
Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu
Shore temple
Pallavas
Mahabalipuram,
Tamilnadu
Dilwara temple
Solankies
Mt Abu, Rajasthan
Hazara temple
Vijayanagar
Hampi, Karnataka
Women Rulers in the History of India

Woman
Rani
Points to remember
Rudramma
1259 - 1289
A.D.
Rani Rudrama Devi belonged to the Kakatiya dynasty on

the Deccan Plateau.
She was the daughter of King Ganapathideva who
formally designated her as a son through the ancient Putrika
ceremony and named her Rudradeva.

She succeeded her father when she was only fourteen
years old.
She was married to Veerabhadra, Eastern Chalukyan
Woman
Points to remember
prince of Nidadavolu.
She completed the Warangal Fort, begun by her father.
Marcopolo, the Venetian traveller who paid a visit during
her rule writes that she was a lover of justice, of equity and
peace.
Rani
Rani Durgawati ruled over Gondwana from 1548 to 1564
Durgawati
on behalf of her son Bir Narayan after the death of Dalpat
1524 - 1564
Shah the ruler of Gondwana.

Mughal Emperor Akbar attacked Gondwana in 1564.
A.D.
Rani Durgawati led the battle against the invading army

but ultimately when her defeat became imminent she killed
herself choosing death to dishonour.
Chand Bibi
Also known as Chand Khatun or Chand Sultana.
1550 - 1599
She was the daughter of Hussain Nizam Shah I of
A.D.
Ahmednagar.
She was married to Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur, who was
murdered by his own men.

She acted as the Regent of Bijapur (158090) and Regent
of Ahmednagar (159699).
When Ahmednagar was invaded by the Mughals in 1595,
she defended it successfully.

In 1599, the forces of Akbar once again laid siege to the
Ahmednagar fort. But when she tried to negotiate terms with
the Mughals, Chand Bibi was killed by her own troops who
misunderstood her.
Devi Ahilya
Bai Holkar
1725 - 1795
A.D.
Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar ruled over Ahmednagar from

1766 to 1795.
She was the daughter of Manakoji Shinde.
In 1733 she was married to Khande Rao, who died in the
battle of Kumbher in 1754.
Her father-in-law Malhar Rao Holkar guided her in ruling
the state till his death in 1766.
Woman
Kittur Rani
Points to remember
Chennamma
1778 - 1829
A.D.
Rani Chennamma was married to Raja Mullasarja of

Kittur, a princely state of Belgaum in Karnataka.
Her husband died in 1816 leaving behind a son.
When Rani Chennamma adopted Shivalingappa as her
son and made him heir to the throne, the British did not
accept it.
Following a battle to defend her kingdom, she was taken
captive and lodged in Bailhongal Fort where she breathed
her last in 1829.
Rani
Rani Laxmibai was born in Varanasi and named Manu.
Lakshmi Bai
She was married to Gangadhar, the ruler of Jhansi in
1842.
When both her husband and her son died she adopted a
child to make him the heir to the throne.

The then British Governor General Lord Dalhousie
1835 - 1858
A.D.
refused to recognise the adoption and ordered annexation of
Jhansi.
Rani Laxmibai joined other rulers who were rebelling
against British rule.

She was mortally wounded at Gwalior and died in June
1858.
Rani
Avantibai
- 1858 A.D.
She was married to Vikramaditya Singh, the ruler of
Ramgarh State.
Vikramaditya Singh died leaving behind his wife
Avantibai and no heir to the throne.

When the British annexed her kingdom, Avantibai vowed
to win back her land from the British.

She raised an army of four thousand men and led it
herself against the British in 1857.

She killed herself at the end of a fierce battle when she
could no longer hold out against the British.
Mughal Rule
Prominent Mughal Emperors.
Better known as
Original name
Rule
Babur
Zaheeruddin Mohammed
1526 to 1530
Humayun
Naseeruddin Mohammed
1530 to 1540
1555 to 1556
Akbar
Jalaluddin Mohammed
1556 to 1605
Jahangir
Nooruddin Salim
1605 to 1627
Shahjahan
Shahbuddin Muhammed Khurram
1627 to 1658
Aurangzeb
Muhiuddin Mohammed
1658 to 1707
Women of the Mughal Family.
Name
Other
Remarks
Name(s)
Gulbadan
She was the sister of Humayun. She is best
Begum
known as the author of Humayun Namah.
Maraiam-uz-
Harkha Bai,
She was the third wife of Akbar and the
Zamani
Hira
mother of Jahangir. She was the daughter of
Kunwari
Raja Bharmal of Amber. Raja Bhagwan Das,

Akbar's companion was her brother.
Noor Jahan
Meher-un-
Wife of Jahangir, daughter of Ghiyas Beg
nisa
(Idmat-ud-daula), she enjoyed power which

no other Mughal lady ever enjoyed.
Mumtaj Mahal
Anjumand
Wife of Shah Jahan, mother of 14 children
Banu Begum
including Aurangzeb, Dara Shikoh and

Jahanara Begum. Shah Jahan built the Taj
Mahal in her memory.
Jahan Ara
Daughter of Shah Jahan, she is well-known

for looking after her father during his
confinement by Aurangzeb.
Name
Other
Remarks
Name(s)
Rabia-ul-
Dilras Banu
She was the first wife of Aurangzeb. The
Daurani
Begum
famous Bibi ka Maqbara at Aurangabad was

constructed by her son Prince Azam Shah in
her memory
Monuments built during Mughal rule.
Monument
Location
Built by
Humayun's Tomb
Delhi
Akbar
Buland Darwaza
Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar
Shalimar Bagh
Srinagar
Jahangir
Akbar's Tomb
Sikandara, Agra
Began by Akbar and finished

by Jahangir
Tomb of Itmad-ud-
Agra
Nur Jahan
Shahdara Bagh,
Shah Jahan
daula
Tomb of Jahangir
Lahore
Taj Mahal
Agra
Shah Jahan
Red Fort
Delhi
Shah Jahan
Shalimar Gardens
Lahore
Shah Jahan
Bibi ka Maqbara
Aurangabad
Azam Shah
Salim Chisti's Tomb
Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar
Books written during Mughal rule.
Name of the Book
Tuzk-i-Babari
Author
Language
Babar
Chagatai (Turki), later translated

to Persian by Abdul Rahim KhanI-Khana
Humayun-Namah
Gulbadan
Persian
Name of the Book
Author
Language
Begum
Akbarnama, Ain-i-
Abul Fazl
Persian
Akbari
Tuzk-i-Jahangiri
Jahangir
Persian
Shah Jahan-Namah
Inayat Khan
Persian
Padshah-Namah (about
Abdul Hamid
Persian
Shah Jahan)
Lahori
Alamgirnama (about
Mirza
Aurangzeb)
Muhammad
Persian
Kazim
Battles during Mughal rule.
Battle
1st Battle of
Year
Remarks
1526
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi establishing the Mughal
Panipat
Battle of
Empire in India.
1527
Babur defeated Rana Sunga of Mewar and his allies.
1529
Babur defeated the joint forces of the Afghans and
Khanwa
Battle of
Ghaghra
Battle of
Sultan of Bengal
1539
Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun
1556
Akbar defeated Hindu king Hemu
1567
Akbar defeated two rival groups of Sanyasis
1575
Akbar defeated Sultanatte of Bangala and Bihar
1576
Undecisive battle between Raja Man Singh of the
Chausa
2nd Battle of
Panipat
Battle of
Thanesar
Battle of
Tukaroi
Battle of
Haldighati
Battle of
Mughal army and Rana Pratap of Mewar

1658
Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh defeated Dara Shikoh
Battle
Year
Remarks
1659
Aurangzeb defeated his brother Shah Shuja
1739
Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad
Samugarh
Battle of
Khajwa
Battle of
Karnal
Shah and looted the Mughal treasury including

Peacock throne and the Kohinoor diamond
Nine Gems (Navratna) of Akbar's Court
Name
Points to remember
Abul Fazl
He was the chronicler of Akbar's rule. He authored Akbar's

biography - Akbarnama. Abul Fazl documented the history
meticulously over a period of seven years.
Faizi
Faizi translated the Panchatantra, the Ramayana and the

Mahabharata into Persian.
Todar Mal
Todar Mal was the revenue minister of Sher Shah Suri who
continued in the position in the court of Akbar. He introduced
standard weights and measurements, revenue districts and
officers.
Abdul Rahim
Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khanan was the son of Akbars general
Khan-i-
Bairam Khan, the person who looked after him after the death of
Khanan
Humayun. Rahim is known for his couplets or Dohe.
Tansen
Tansen (original name Ramtanu Pandey) was a great musician

who is credited with innovation of Raagas such as Mian ki
Malhar, Mian ki Todi and Darbari Kanada.
Raja Man
Raja Man Singh, a trusted lieutenant of Akbar was the grandson
Singh
of Akbars father-in-law. Raja Man Singh assisted Akbar in

many fronts including holding off advancing Hakim (Akbars
half-brother) in Lahore. He also led campaigns in Orissa.
Faqir Aziao
He was mystic and advisor whose advice Akbar regarded
Din
respectfully.
Mullah Do
He was also an advisor in the court of Akbar known for his
Name
Points to remember
Piaza
intelligence.
Birbal
His original name was Maheshdas. He was a well known court

jester.
Famous Treaties
Name of the
Year
Importance
1639
The treaty established the boundary between the Mughal
Treaty
Treaty of
Asurar Ali
empire and the Ahom kingdom ending the Mughal's

efforts to conquer Ahom.
Treaty of
1665
Purandar
Signed between Rajput ruler and commander of Mughal

Empire Jai Singh I, and Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji
Maharaj. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after
Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort.
Treaty of
1757
Alinagar
Signed between Siraj-ud-dwala and Robert Clive

allowing the British to fortify Calcutta and also allow
British goods to pass through Bengal without duties.
Treaty of
1765
Allahabad
Signed between Robert Clive and Mughal Emperor Shah

Alam II allowing the British Diwani Rights or the right
to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the
eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa.
Treaty of
1776
Purandar
Treaty of
Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing

the first phase of the First Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
1779
Wadgaon

the second phase of the First Anglo-Maratha War to an
end.
Treaty of
1782
Name of the
Year
Importance
Treaty
Salbai
Treaty of
the First Anglo-Maratha War to an end.

1792
Signed between the British (Lord Cornwallis), the
Seringapata
Marathas, Hyderabad and Tipu Sultan. This ended the
Third Anglo-Mysore War allowing the Marathas, the

Nizam of Hyderabad and the British to annex almost
half of Tipu Sultan's territories.
Treaty of
1846
Lahore
Signed between Governor General Air Henry Hardinge

for the British and members of Lahore darbar
representing the young Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur.
The treaty marked the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Treaty of
1846
Amritsar
The Treaty of Amritsar followed the Treaty of Lahore.

By this treaty the British East India Company sold
Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh, whose dynasty ruled
till 1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh acceded Kashmir to
India.
Delhi Sultanate
Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate.
Dynasty
Period of
Prominent rulers
Rule
Mamluk or Slave
1206 -
Qutubuddin Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia
dynasty
1290
Sultan, Ghiyasuddin Balban
Khilji dynasty
1290 -
Alauddin Khilji
1320
Tughlaq dynasty
Sayyid dynasty
1321 -
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah
1413
Tughlaq
1414 -
Khizr Khan
Dynasty
Period of
Prominent rulers
Rule
1450
Lodhi dynasty
1451 -
Ibrahim Lodhi
1526
Important Rulers and Points to Remember
Ruler
Points to remember
Qutubuddin
He was a slave of Mohammad Ghori.
Aibak
He was the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the
Ghulam dynasty (Mamluk Sultanate) of India.

He ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD.
He died while playing polo in Lahore.

He built the Quwwat Al Islam mosque in Delhi and
the Adhai-din-ka-Jhonpra mosque in Ajmer.

He started the construction of Qutb Minar in Delhi,
which is dedicated to a famous Sufi Saint of the time,
Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki.

He is also remembered as lakhbaksh or giver of lakhs,
because of his generosity.
Iltutmish
He was the first to issue regular currency and declare
Delhi as the capital of his empire.

He introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a
standard weight of 175 grains.

He introduced Iqtadari system: division of empire
into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers
in lieu of salary.
He built the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir in Mehrauli in
1230.
He completed the Qutub Minar started by Qutubuddin
Aibak.
Sultan Ghari which is considered the first Islamic
Ruler
Points to remember
Mausoleum in Delhi, was constructed by him in memory
of his eldest son, Prince Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud.

Genghis Khan, the Mongolian invader appeared for
the first time on the banks of river Indus, during his reign.
He was the longest serving Slave ruler who ruled for
25 years.
Razia Sultan
Razia was the first lady to sit on the throne of Delhi.
She succeeded her father Shams-ud-din Iltutmish to the

Sultanate of Delhi in 1236.
Balban
His original name was Baharuddin.
He is considered the greatest Sultan of slave dynasty.
He was a slave bought by Sultan Iltutmish.
He introduced the Persian culture of Zaminbos that is
lying flat on one's face before the emperor.

He adopted a policy of blood and iron against rebels,
traitors and robbers.

He got the title of Ulagh Khan for defeating the
Mongols.
He suppressed the rebellious tribe Meo, the people of
Mewat who used to plunder the people of Delhi even in
the day light.

Balban ruled with an iron fist. He broke up
the Chahalgani, a group of the forty most important
nobles in the court.
Ala-ud-din
He was the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty in India
and is considered the most powerful ruler of the dynasty.

He became the Sultan after murdering his uncle
Jalaluddin Khilji.
He established an effective espionage system to curb
any revolt from his followers.

He was the first Sultan to maintain a standing army.
Khilji
Ruler
Points to remember
He was the first Sultan to conquer the Deccan.
He created the third city of Delhi known as Siri.
He is known for his economic reforms and price
control system.
Alauddin Khilji seized the famous Koh-iNoor diamond from the ruler of Malwa.
Ghiyas ud-Din
His original name was Ghazi Malik.
Tughluq
He founded the city of Tughluqabad.
He died when a pavilion built for him collapsed.
Muhammad bin
His original name was Jauna Khan.
Tughluq
He was a scholar versed in logic, philosophy,

mathematics, astronomy and physical sciences. He had
knowledge of medicine and was skillful in dialectics. He
was also a calligrapher. He was well versed with several
languages like Persian, Arabic, Turkish and even
Sanskrit.
He introduced token currency using brass or copper
coins backed by silver or gold in treasury. However, the
measure lead to heavy losses to the treasury.

He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri, which
he renamed as Daulatabad, but as the plan failed he
shifted back to Delhi.

Ibn Batuta, the famous Moroccan traveler, visited him
during his reign.
Firoz Shah
He was the son of a Hindu princess of Dipalpur.
Tughlaq
He is best known for the construction of a network of
canals.
He founded several cities, including Jaunpur, Firozpur,
Firoz Shah Kotla and Hissar-Firoza.

He rebuilt the top two floors of the Qutub Minar which
were damaged by lightning in 1368 AD.

One of his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known as
Ruler
Points to remember
Kushak Mahal, is situated within the Teen Murti Bhavan
complex, Delhi.
Tughlaq Road in Delhi is named after him.
Sikandar Lodhi
He founded the modern city of Agra.
Ibrahim Lodhi
The last of Delhi Sultans, he was defeated and killed in

the 1st Battle of Panipat against Babur in 1526.
Important Treaties in the History of India

Famous Treaties
Name of the
Year
Importance
1639
The treaty established the boundary between the Mughal
Treaty
Treaty of
Asurar Ali
empire and the Ahom kingdom ending the Mughal's

efforts to conquer Ahom.
Treaty of
1665
Purandar
Signed between Rajput ruler and commander of Mughal

Empire Jai Singh I, and Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji
Maharaj. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after
Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort.
Treaty of
1757
Alinagar
Signed between Siraj-ud-dwala and Robert Clive

allowing the British to fortify Calcutta and also allow
British goods to pass through Bengal without duties.
Treaty of
1765
Allahabad
Signed between Robert Clive and Mughal Emperor Shah

Alam II allowing the British Diwani Rights or the right
to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the
eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa.
Treaty of
Purandar
1776

the first phase of the First Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
Name of the
Year
Importance
1779
Treaty
Treaty of
Wadgaon
the second phase of the First Anglo-Maratha War to an

end.
Treaty of
1782
Salbai

the First Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
Treaty of
1792
Signed between the British (Lord Cornwallis), the
Seringapata
Marathas, Hyderabad and Tipu Sultan. This ended the
Third Anglo-Mysore War allowing the Marathas, the

Nizam of Hyderabad and the British to annex almost
half of Tipu Sultan's territories.
Treaty of
1846
Lahore
Signed between Governor General Air Henry Hardinge

for the British and members of Lahore darbar
representing the young Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur.
The treaty marked the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Treaty of
1846
Amritsar
The Treaty of Amritsar followed the Treaty of Lahore.

By this treaty the British East India Company sold
Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh, whose dynasty ruled
till 1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh acceded Kashmir to
India.
British Governor Generals in India

British Governor Generals/Viceroys
Governor
Period
Points to remember
Warren
1774 -
First Governor General in India. (He was the
Hastings
1785
appointed as the Governor General of Fort William,
General/Viceroy
but he exercised control over East India Company

officials all over India.) He was impeached in England
for his wrong-doings, namely The Rohilla War, Trial
and execution of Nand Kumar, Case of Raja Chait
Governor
Period
Points to remember
General/Viceroy
Singh and Begums of Oudh.
Lord
1786 -
Permanent Settlement, an agreement between the East
Cornwallis
1793
India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues

to be raised from land was introduced during his
period.
Lord
1798 -
He introduced the Subsidiary Alliance, under which
Wellesley
1825
the Indian ruler agreed to keep British forces in his

territory. The first state to accept the Subsidiary
Alliance was the State of Hyderabad.
Lord
1828 -
First to be designated as the Governor General of India
William
1835
in 1828. He outlawed the practice of Sati and also
Bentick
introduced English education in India.
Lord
1848 -
He introduced the infamous 'Doctrine of Lapse'. He
Dalhousie
1856
also brought Railways and Telegraph to India. He is

also known as the maker of modern India.
Lord
1856 -
He was the Governor General during the mutiny of
Canning
1862
1857. He was appointed the first Viceroy after the war.
Lord Mayo
1869 -
He was the Viceroy of India, who was killed by a
1872
convict in the Andaman Islands. The first census of

India was conducted which did not however include
some territories in India.
Lord Lytton
1876 -
The Delhi durbar or the Imperial Durbar in which
1880
Queen Victoria was proclaimed Kaisar-i-Hind was

held during his period on 01 Jan 1877.
Lord
1880 -
He introduced the dual system of governance. The first
Rippon
1884
complete and synchronous census of British Territories

in India was conducted in 1881 during his period. He
was also associated with Ilbert Bill which sought to
allow Indian judges to try British offenders. He is
Governor
Period
Points to remember
General/Viceroy
hailed as the Father of Local Self Government in
India.
Lord
1884 -
The Indian National Congress was formed during his
Dufferin
1888
period.
Lord
1899 -
Partition of Bengal and launch of Swadeshi
Curzon
1905
Movement.
Lord
1910 -
The Capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to
Hardinge
1916
Delhi during his tenure in 1911. George V, the King of

England visited India to attend the Delhi durbar in
1911. An assassination attempt was made on his life by
Rash Bihari Bose and others.
Lord
1916 -
The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy of 1919 occured during
Chelmsford
1921
his period. Montague Chelmsford reforms, Rowlatt

Act, Khilafat movement are other events associated
with his period.
Lord
1921 -
Chauri Chaura incident occurred during his period.
Reading
1926
Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned for the first time in

India.
Lord Irwin
1926 -
His period is associated with First Round Table
1931
Conference, Simon Commission, Gandhi Irwin pact

and the famous Dandi March.
Lord
1931 -
Second and Third Round Table Conferences were held
Willingdon
1936
during his period. Communal award was given by

British PM Ramsay Macdonald and the Poona Pact
between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar was
signed during his period.
Lord
1936 -
Cripps Mission visited India and the Quit India
Linlithgow
1943
resolution was passed during his tenure.
Lord
1943 -
Simla conference and Cabinet mission are associated
Governor
Period
Points to remember
1947
with his period.
General/Viceroy
Wavell
Important dates during British rule in India

Year
Importance
1857
First war of Indian independence also called the Sepoy Mutiny by the
British.
1885
Formation of Indian National Congress.
1905
Partition of Bengal, Swadeshi Movement
1909
Minto Morley reforms
1911
Shifting of capital from Calcutta to Delhi.
1919
Government of India Act, 1919, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.
1920
Khilafat movement.
1922
Chauri Chaura outrage in UP.
1928
Visit of Simon Commission to India, Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
1929
Resolution of complete independence at Lahore session of Indian

National Congress.
1930
Dandi March, Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
1931
Gandhi Irwin pact, execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru
1935
Government of India Act
1942
Quit India movement, Formation of Azad Hind Fauz.
1943
Visit of Cripps Commission to India.
1946
British Cabinet mission visited India.
Indian National Congress

Indian National Congress - Points to remember
The first president of Indian National Congress was Womesh Chandra Banerji
The first session of the INC was held in Dec 1885 in Mumbai.
Mahatma Gandhi presided over the Belgaum session of INC in 1924.
The first woman president of INC was Mrs Annie Besant.
The first Indian woman president of the INC was Mrs Sarojini Naidu
The first Englishman to become the president of INC was George Yule
The first Muslim president of the INC was Badruddin Tayabji.
The president of INC at the time of India's independence was Acharya JB Kriplani.
Important sessions of Indian National Congress

Year
1887
1888
Place
President
Importance
Madras
Badruddin
First session to be presided by a
Tayabji
Muslim.
George Yule
First session to be presided by an
Allahaba
d
1896
1907
Kolkata
Surat
Englishman.
Rahimtulla
The National Song, Vande Mataram
M Sayani
was sung for the first time.
Rashbihari
The INC split into two, one consisting
Ghosh
of Moderates, led by Gokhale and the

other consisting of Extremists, led by
Tilak.
1911
Kolkata
Pandit
The National Anthem, Jana Gana
Bishan
Mana was sung for the first time.
Narayan Dar
1916
Lucknow
Ambica
Joint session with Muslim league in
Charan
which the historic Lucknow pact was
Year
Place
1917
Kolkata
President
Importance
Mazumdar
signed.
Mrs Annie
First session to be presided by a Lady.
Besant
1925
1929
Kanpur
Lahore
Mrs Sarojini
First session to be presided by an
Naidu
Indian lady.
Pt Jawaharlal
The decision to launch a civil
Nehru
disobedience movement to achieve

complete independence and to
observe 26 Jan as Independence Day
was taken. Nehru became the
president for the first time.
1946
1948
Meerut
Jaipur
Acharya JB
Last pre-independence session of the
Kriplani
INC.
Dr Pattabhi
First session after Independence.
Sitaramayya
Important Places during India's Freedom Struggle

1. Chauri Chaura
Importance
The place in Uttar Pradesh, near Gorakhpur which came into news when a frenzied
mob set fire to a police station killing 23 people inside. Gandhiji had given a call
for non-cooperation movement in 1920. Since the movement was to be nonviolent, Gandhiji was deeply hurt by the violence of the people and hastily called off
the non-cooperation movement. The incident occurred on 04 Feb 1922.
2. Kakori
Importance
The place in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh. The famous Kakori Train
Dacoity took place on 09 Aug 1925. Revolutionaries led by Ram Prasad Bismil,
Importance
Ashfaqulla Khan, Chandrasekhar Azad and others stopped a train carrying

British government money. The train was looted of the treasury by the
revolutionaries who needed the money to run the freedom struggle.
3. Chittagong
Importance
Located in present day Bangladesh, the place is well-known for Chittagong

Armoury Raid. The raid was led by revolutionary Surya Sen. Surya Sen had
organised a group of young revolutionaries and together they planned to lay a siege
to police armouries in Chittagong. On 18 April 1930, Surya Sen alongwith his troop
captured the police armoury, cut off telegraph lines and hoisted the National Flag.
4. Champaran
Importance
In the year 1917, Gandhiji began his active involvement in India's politics from this
place in Bihar. At Champaran, the farmers were being forced to grow
unremunerative indigo plant which yielded blue dye. Gandhiji was called upon by
some activists to solve the problem of the cultivators. Gandhiji for the first time used
the tool of non-violence. He toured the villages and compelled the government to
pass the Champaran Agraria Law in 1918.
5. Dandi
Important Points to Remember
A small village on the coast of Gulf of Khambhat, Arabian Sea. The place shot to
world fame when Gandhiji led the famous Dandi March from Sabarmati
Ashram near Ahmedabad on 12 March 1930. On the 24th day, i.e. 06 April 1930,
Gandhiji reached Dandi and made salt as a protest against the tax imposed on salt by
the British. The incident also marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience
Movement. Recently Time magazine listed the Salt Satyagraha in its list of Top 10
Most Influential Protests of all time.
6. Port Blair
The present capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair played an important
role during the freedom struggle. Firstly, the British had constructed the

huge Cellular Jail on the island. Indian prisoners, especially political ones, were
sent to the jail, the punishment being popularly known as Kala
Pani. Sachindranath Sanyal, the author of Bandi Jeevan, and Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar were such freedom fighters who were sent to the Cellular Jail. Secondly,
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose hoisted the National Flag on 30 Dec 1943 and
declared it to be the headquarters of the Provisional Government of India. The
Airport at Port Blair is named Veer Savarkar International Airport.
7. Bardoli
In 1925, the taluka of Bardoli in Gujarat suffered from floods and famine, causing
crop production to suffer and leaving farmers facing great financial troubles.
However, the Government had raised the tax rate by 30% that year. The farmers
protested in vain. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in consultation organised the Bardoli
Satyagraha in which the farmers refused to pay the taxes despite the threat of
confiscation of property. In the end the Government relented and enhanced taxes
were withdrawn. Vallabhbhai Patel earned the title of Sardar from this Satyagraha.
8. Amritsar
Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, well known for the massacre of innocent and
peaceful gathering of people who had gathered in the park for a public meeting.
On 13 April 1919 (Baisakhi Day), a crowd of about 20,000 people had gathered in
the small park, when troops surrounding the park were ordered by Brig Gen REH
Dyer to open fire. The official figures put the casualty at 379, but unofficial figures
have been much higher. Michael O'Dyer the Lt. Governor of Punjab was shot dead
by Udham Singh 21 years later. In protest against the incident Rabindranath
Tagore renounced his knighthood bestowed upon him by the British in 1915.
9. Stuttgart
Located in Germany, the place is well-known in India's Freedom Struggle for

unfurling of the National Flag by Madame Bhikaji Cama. The ocassion was the
meeting of International Socialist Congress on August 22, 1907. The flag was
known as Saptarishi Flag. This flag had green at the top, saffron in the centre and
red at the bottom. The flag had eight lotuses in a line on the green band and the
words Vande Mataram, in the Devanagari script, were inscribed on the central band.
10. Kheda
Kheda is a district in Gujarat. It is known for Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 which

Gandhiji launched to help the cultivators of the district who were going through a
year of near famine. The farmers were asking for waiver of revenue collection for
the year as the production had been very low. The Government however refused to
accept the demand and hence Gandhiji advised the farmers to launch Satyagraha. In
the end the Government relented by suspending tax collection for the year.
11. Vedaranyam
Vedaranyam in Nagipattinam district of Tamilnadu is known in the history of

India's independence for being the place at which Chakravarty
Rajagopalachari accomplished the Salt Satyagraha on 30 April 1930, the same
month and year in which Gandhiji broke the salt laws at Dandi, Gujarat.
12. Moirang
Importance
Located in Manipur, the place was in news during freedom struggle when the
Indian National Army took over the place from British with Japanese
support. Colonel Shaukat Malik of the Azad Hind Fauz hoisted the Indian
Tricolour on 14 April 1944.
13. Lahore
Importance
The Lahore Session of Indian National Congress holds special significance in the
history of India's Freedom Struggle. Jawaharlal Nehru unfurled the Indian
National Flag on the midnight of Dec 31, 1929. A pledge was taken by all those
Importance
present that January 26 would be celebrated as Independence Day every year. A
resolution demanding Poorna Swaraj meaning complete independence from the
British was passed. Lahore was also the place where freedom fighter Jatin
Das fasted to death in jail demanding better conditions for prisoners. It was also in
Lahore's Kot Lakhpat Jail that Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were
hanged by the British on 23 March 1931.
14. Bombay
Importance
The famous Quit India Movement also known as August Kranti was launched
from this city in 1942. At the historic Bombay session of Indian National Congress
which began on the 7th August 1942 at Gowalia Tank Maidan, Mahatma Gandhi
gave a call of Quit India and also called upon Indians to do or die. All the leaders
Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel and Maulana Azad were immediately arrested and
on 09 August 1942, in absence of prominent leaders Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the
National Flag.
15. Pune
Importance
Gandhi was imprisoned at Yerawada Jail in Pune. The famous Poona Pact was
signed between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi at Yerawada jail on 24
September 1932. The pact was a settlement arrived at as a result of Gandhiji's
protest at Ramsay Macdonald's Communal Award.
Again, in 1942, when Gandhiji launched the Quit India Movement, he was arrested
and imprisoned at Aga Khan Palace in Pune. It was at this place that his
wife, Kasturba Gandhi breathed her last.
16. Nagpur
Importance
Nagpur is well known for the Flag Satyagraha whose success is credited to the
leadership of Sardar Patel. The Tricolour had not been allowed to be flown beside
the Union Jack on the Town Hall. It was also prohibited to take the flag out in
Importance
procession. The Satyagraha started on 01 May 1923. Sardar Patel ensured a steady
flow of satyagrahis from different parts of the country who courted arrest and filled
the Nagpur jail. Finally government relented and no more prohibitory orders were
issued. All prisoners were released and they carried out a Flag March at the end of
which Sardar Patel announced the closure of Flag Satyagraha.
17. Vaikom
Importance
Vaikom, a town in Kerala is famous for Vaikom Satyagraha launched

against untouchability among Hindus. The satyagraha was led by T.K.
Madhavan in the year 1924. The Satyagraha established the rights of lower castes
to walk through the temple road in Vaikom and also paved the way for Temple Entry
Act.
Important Freedom Fighters of India

Dadabhai Naoroji
Brief biography
1.
Well-known as the Grand Old Man of India.
2.
He was the first Asian to be elected to the British House of Commons in 1892.
3.
Author of book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
4.
He prepared the first estimates of National income in 1876.
5.
He was also the first Indian to be appointed as a Professor at the Elphinstone

College, Bombay.
6.
He was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress thrice in 1886,
1893 and 1906.
7.
He started the newspaper Voice of India in 1883.
8.
He was also the founder of Gyan Prasarak Mandali, an organistaion dedicated to

spreading education among the adult.
C Rajagopalachari
Brief biography
1.
Also known as Rajaji and CR, he was a laywer and a freedom fighter.
2.
Rajagopalachari was the first and last Indian Governor-General of India.
Brief biography
3.
In 1930 he led the salt march to Vedaranyam in Madras State.
4.
He was one of first recipients of the Bharat Ratna in 1954 alongwith Dr. S
Radhakrishnan and C.V. Raman.
5.
He was the Home Minister from 1951 to 1952, Chief Minister of Madras from 1952
to 1954.
6.
Rajaji founded the Swatantra Party in 1959 after breaking away from the
Congress.
7.
Rajaji was one of the favourites of Gandhi who described him as the "keeper of my
conscience".
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Brief biography
1.
Also known as Lokmanya Tilak, he was a scholar of Indian History, astronomy and
Sanskrit.
2.
He is well-known for his quote Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it.
3.
He was considered by the British to be the Father of Indian Unrest.
4.
Tilak along with Vishnushastry founded the Deccan Education Society to impart
teachings about India culture to India's youth.
5.
Tilak was also the founder of two weeklies, Kesari (in Marathi) and Maratha (in
English) to highlight plight of Indians.
6.
He also started the celebrations of Ganapati Festival and Shivaji Jayanti to bring
people close together and join the nationalist movement against British.
7.
He was one of the chief architects of the Swadeshi Movement alongwith Bipin
Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, launched with the partition of Bengal. The three were
fondly called Lal-Bal-Pal.
8.
With the goal of Swaraj, he also built Home Rule League.
9.
He was the author of the book Gita Rahasya and The Arctic Home in the Vedas.
10.
He breathed his last on August 1, 1920, the day on which Non-cooperation

Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Brief biography
1.
He is widely known as the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.
2.
He was the founder of Servants of India Society, in 1905, an organisation which

worked for promoting education, sanitation, health care and fighting the social evils of
untouchability and discrimination, alcoholism, poverty etc.
3.
He started his career as an Assistant Master in a school in Pune.
4.
He was the leader of Soft Faction of the Congress party (Naram Dal), while Tilak
led the Garam Dal (Hot Faction) of the party, when it split in 1907.
5.
He was also the founder of leading daily from Nagpur, The Hitavada in 1911
(completing 100 years this year).
Lala Lajpat Rai
Brief biography
1.
Popularly known as Punjab Kesari or Lion of Punjab, he was a lawyer and a

freedom fighter.
2.
At the Bombay session of INC in 1889, he was linked with other two leading
freedom fighters Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The trio was popularly
known as Lal-Bal-Pal.
3.
He was one of the pioneers of the Swadeshi Movement alongwith Bipin Chandra
Pal and Lokmanya Tilak.
4.
He went to USA for promoting the cause of Indias freedom struggle, where he
founded the India Home League Society of America, which published a monthly
journal titled Young India
5.
In 1920 he formed the Congress Independence Party in protest against the

Jalianwala Bagh Massacre and Non Cooperation Movement.
6.
His efforts saw the formation of Punjab National Bank in 1895.
7.
He was the first President of the All India Trade Union Congress formed in 1920.
8.
He founded the Servants of People Society which worked for the freedom
movement as well as for social reform movement in the country.
9.
His famous words Every blow aimed at me is a nail in the coffin of British
imperialism were spoken when he received lathis blows during the protest against the
visit of Simon Commission.
10.
Lala Lajpat Rai died in 1928 as a result of lathi blows.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Brief biography
1.
He was a renowned scholar well versed in Arabic, English, Urdu, Hindi, Persian and
Bengali.
2.
He adopted the pen name 'Azad' as a mark of his mental emancipation from a
narrow view of religion and life.
3.
Started a weekly journal Al Hilal to increase the revolutionary recruits amongst the
Muslims.
4.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian
honour, Bharat Ratna in 1992.
5.
He was elected as Congress President in 1923, becoming the youngest person to

hold the office. He was again elected the president in 1940.
6.
He became independent India's first education minister.
7.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on November 11, 1888 in Mecca.
8.
Azad met two leading revolutionaries of Bengal, Aurobindo Ghosh and Sri Shyam
Shundar Chakravarty, and joined the revolutionary movement against British rule.
9.
He helped setup secret revolutionary centers all over north India and Bombay.
10.
He was one of the main organisers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931, which
was a non-violent raid on Dharasana Salt Works.
11.
He was a member of the Foundation Committee of the Jamia Milia Islamia which
met in 1920.
12.
He is the author of the book India Wins Freedom.
Motilal Nehru
Brief biography
1.
Father of Jawaharlal Nehru, he was one of the best lawyers of the country.
2.
He was elected to the Presidentship of Congress President twice.
3.
He formed the Swaraj Party alongwith Chittaranjan Das.
4.
In 1923, Nehru was elected to the new Central Legislative Assembly of British India
in New Delhi and became leader of the Opposition.
5.
He was chairman of the All Parties Conference which put up the Nehru Report, a
draft constitution which recommended full dominion status for India.
Brief biography
6.
He launched the daily paper Independent in 1919.
Madan Mohan Malaviya
Brief biography
1.
Often addressed as Mahamana, he was an educationist, lawyer and freedom fighter.
2.
He founded the Banaras Hindu University in 1916.
3.
He represented India at the First Round Table Conference.
4.
He founded the newspaper The Leader published from Allahabad.
5.
He also edited the weekly Hindustan and the daily The Indian Union at different
times.
6.
He was elected the President of Indian National Congress on four ocassions - 1909,
1918, 1932 and 1933.
7.
He was posthumously conferred India's highest civilian honour, Bharat Ratna in

2014.
Important Revolutionaries of India

Bhagat Singh
1.
He helped organise Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha in 1926 and became its
founding secretary.
2.
He was the involved in the murder of Mr. Saunders in order to avenge the death of
Lala Lajpat Rai.
3.
He re-organised Hindustan Republic Association under the leadership

of Chandershekhar Azad and renamed it Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
4.
He was the author of the famous pamphlet Why I am Atheist.
5.
He once declared before the Lahore High Court "The sword of revolution is
sharpened on the whetting stone of ideas."
6.
He alongwith Batukeshwar Dutt threw two bombs in the Legislative Assembly
chamber in Delhi against the passage of Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill.
7.
He was hanged alongwith Rajguru and Sukhdev on Mar 23, 1931 in Lahore Jail.
Chandershekhar Azad
1.
Born Chandershekhar Tiwari, he adopted the surname Azad which means free.
2.
He had vowed never to be caught alive by the British.
3.
He was the chief re-organiser of the Hindustan Republican Socialist

Association after the death of its founder Ram Prasad Bismil.
4.
He was involved in the Kakori Train Dacoity but managed to evade arrest.
5.
He shot himself dead at the end of an encounter in Alfred Park, Allahabad on 27

Feb 1931.
Ram Prasad Bismil

1.
Author of the famous poem Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna.
2.
He masterminded the Kakori Train Dacoity alongwith Ashfaqullah Khan.
3.
He was a co-founder of Hindustan Republican

Association alongwith Sachindranath Sanyal.
4.
He was hanged by the British on 19 Dec 1927 in Gorakhpur Jail.
Sachindranath Sanyal
1.
He was the founder of Hindustan Republican Association alongwith Ram Prasad

Bismil.
2.
Author of the famous book Bandi Jeevan.
3.
He was sentenced to life in the Kakori Train Dacoity and sent to Cellular Jail in the
Andamans.
4.
He was also involved in the Ghadar Conspiracy case.
Ashfaqulla Khan
1.
One of the members of the Hindustan Republican Association.
2.
He was actively involved in the Kakori Train Dacoity, alongwith Ramprasad

Bismil.
3.
He was sentenced to death and hanged by the British on 19 Dec 1927 at Faizabad
Jail.
4.
At his gallows he said My hands are not soiled with the murder of man, God will
give me justice.
Khudiram Bose
1.
He was one of the youngest of the revolutionaries of the Indian Independence

Movement who died at the age of 18 years.
2.
He was drawn into the nationalist movement during the protest against the partition
of Bengal by the British.
3.
He joined Jugantar a party of revolutionary activists.
4.
He and Praful Chaki were selected by the party to assassinate the Chief
Presidency Magistrate Kingsford who was known to make brutal and blatant
judgments against freedom fighters.
5.
However, they were not successful and killed the family of barrister Kennedy
instead.
6.
Khudiram was arrested on the charges of bomb attack and was sentenced to death
on August 11, 1908.
Surya Sen
1.
He was well-known for the Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930.
2.
He hoisted the Indian National Flag at the Chittagong armoury and proclaimed
a Provisional Revolutionary Government.
3.
He was arrested and hanged by the British in 02 Jan 1934.
Lala Hardayal
1.
Most well-known for forming the Ghadar Party in America in 1913.
2.
The Ghadar Party is well-known for the Ghadar Conspiracy under which Indian
soldiers were to be instigated to start rebellion against the British during World War I.
The plan was however foiled by the British.

3.
He had spurned a career in ICS to joing the freedom movement.
4.
He was associated with Madame Bhikaji Cama and Veer Savarkar.
Madame Bhikaji Cama

1.
Well known for unfurling the first Indian National Flag in the International
Socialist Conference in Stuttgart (Germany) in 1907.
2.
After Stuttgart, Madame Cama went to the United States and was known as "Mother
India's first cultural representative to the United States".
3.
She published revolutionary magazines Vande Mataram and Madan's Talwar which
were banned by the British.
4.
She urged people to "March forward! We are for India. India is for Indians!"
5.
She also co-founded the Paris Indian Society in Paris in 1905.
6.
She also served as a private secretary to Dadabhai Naoroji.
Madan Lal Dhingra

1.
Well-known for the assassination of Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London
on 01 Jul 1909.
2.
He was a keen follower of Vinayak Savarkar.
3.
He was tried and hanged in London on 17 August 1909.
Udham Singh
1.
Well-known for the assassination of Michael O'Dwyer in March 1940 to avenge

the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.
2.
Udham Singh changed his name to Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, symbolising the
unity of three religions in India.
3.
Udham Singh was an active member of the Ghadar Party in America.
4.
He was hanged in Pentonville Prison, London on 31 July 1940.
Rash Behari Bose

1.
Well-known for the assassination bid on the life of Lord Hardinge in Delhi in 1912.

2.
He formed the Indian National Army with the help of Captain Mohan Singh and
Sardar Pritam Singh on September 1, 1942.
3.
Rash Behari was an active member of the Ghadar Conspiracy in America.
Jatin Das
1.
Jatindranath Das is well-known for his fast unto death which lasted for 63 days.
2.
His fast was a protest against deplorable condition of the prisoners and under-trials.
He died on 13 Sep 1929.
3.
He was a member of Anushilan Samiti, a revolutionary outfit in Bengal.
4.
He had agreed to make bombs for Bhagat Singh and was arrested for revolutionary
activities in 1929.
Hinduism
Important points to remember on Vedas
There are four Vedas, Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda.
The Rig Veda is the oldest of all the Vedas.
Gayatri Mantra is contained in the Rig Veda. It is an invocation to the Sun God.
Ayurveda has its origins in Atharva Veda.
Sacrificial hymns are contained in Yajurveda.
The chief God of the Rig Veda is Lord Indra
The Vedas are believed to have been complied by Krishna Dwipayana also known as
Ved Vyasa.
The Vedas have been written in Vedic Sanskrit.
The four Upvedas are Ayurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharvaveda (music), and

Shilpaveda (art and architecture).
Important Hindu Texts
Name
Brief Description
Number
Vedas
Upavedas
Remarks
Dhanurveda
Name
Brief Description
Number
Remarks
Gandharvaveda
Ayurveda
Arthasastra
Upanishads
Vedangas
Shiksha
Kalpa
Vyakarana
Nirukta
Chandas
Jyotisha
Schools of Vedic Philosophy

Philosophy
Founded by
Sankhya or the Cosmic principle school
Kapila
Yoga
Patanjali
Nyaya or the Logical school
Gautama
Vaisheshak or the Atomic school
Kanad
Purva Mimansa or the Ritualistic school
Jamini
Uttara Mimansa or the Theological school
Vyasa
NOTE: Kanad who founded the Atomic School, is believed to have propounded the theory
of matter being indestructible and consisting of tiny indivisible particles called parmanus.
Each parmanu consists of many 'anus' (atoms) which are the smallest particles of a
substance.
Four venues of Kumbh Mela
Place
On the banks of
State
Nasik
Godavari
Maharashtra
Ujjain
Narmada
Madhya
Pradesh
Prayag
Confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna and

Saraswati
Uttar Pradesh
Place
Haridwar
On the banks of
State
Ganga
Uttarakhand
Four Dhams of Hinduism
Dham (Pilgrimage Place)
Devoted to
State
Puri
Lord Jagannath
Orissa
Badrinath
Sri Badrinarayana
Uttarakhand
Dwaraka
Sri Krishna
Gujarat
Rameswaram
Lord Shiva
Tamilnadu
NOTE:The four dhams were defined by Adi Sankaracharya. The Char Dham are often
considered the most revered sites for Hindus that have to be visited in one's lifetime.
The 12 Jyotirlingas
Name of the Jyotirlinga
Place
State
Somnath
Saurashtra
Gujarat
Mallikarjun
Srisailam
Andhra Pradesh
Mahakaleshwar
Ujjain
Madhya Pradesh
Omkareshwar
Mammaleshwaram
Madhya Pradesh
Parli Vaijnath
Deogarh
Jharkhand
Bhima Shankar
Dakini
Maharashtra
Rameshwaram
Setubandha
Tamilnadu
Nageshwar
Darukavana
Maharashtra
Vishweshwar
Varanasi
Uttar Pradesh
Trimbakeshwar
Nasik
Maharashtra
Kedareshwar
Kedarnath
Uttarkhand
Ghurmeshwar
Visalakam
Maharashtra
Islam and Christianity

Important points to remember on Islam
The Islamic calendar is known as the Hijri. It starts from 622 A.D. the year in which
Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Madina.
The Hijri has 12 lunar months and the year consists of 354 or 355 days.
The month of Ramadan (9th month) is the holiest of the 12 months in which eating
and drinking during daylight hours is prohibited. It is believed that in this month the
first verses of the Quran were revealed to the Prophet.
Ramzan-Id or Id-ul-Fitr is celebrated on the first day of Shawwal, the 10th month
of Islamic calendar.
Id-e-Milad is the festival which celebrates the birth of Prophet Mohammed.
Moharrum is the mourning day for the Shias who mourn the death of Ali, 4th
Caliph of Islam.
Moharrum is also the first month of the Islamic calendar. The day of mourning,
Moharrum falls on the 10th day of the month.
Id-u-zuha or Bakr-I-d, the story behind the celebration of the festival is that
Abraham on being ordered by God to sacrifice his son Ismael blindfolded himself
before killing. When he removed the blindfold he found his son safe and ram slain
on the altar.
Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca is performed during the month of Dhu al-Hijja, the
last month of the Islamic Calender. Bakr-I-d is celebrated on the 10th day of the
same month.
The five important tenets of Islam which every devout Muslim is bound to follow
are
1.
Offer Namaz five times a day
2.
Believe that there is no God but Allah
3.
Visit Mecca at least once in his life time i.e. perform Haz
4.
Give alms to the poor
5.
Fast in the month of Ramadan.
Famous Dargahs of India

Dargah
Dargah of Sheikh Salim Chisti
Location
Fatehpur Sikri, near Agra in Uttar
Pradesh
Dargah of Haji Ali
Worli, Mumbai
Dargah of Moinuddin Chisti
Ajmer in Rajasthan
Dargah of Khwaja Nizamuddin Awliya
Delhi
Important points to remember on Christianity
The birth place of Jesus Christ is Bethlehum. Its present day location is in West
Bank.
The forty days period of fasting before Good Friday is called Lent.
Good Friday is the day of Jesus Christ death while Easter, the Sunday which
follows Good Friday is the day of his resurrection.
Judas Iscariot was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original
apostles of Jesus, and the one who betrayed him.
The first Christian saint to visit India was St Thomas in 52 A.D.
The country with the highest number of Christians in the world is the United States
of America.
The first authorized version of the Bible also known as King James version was
published in 1611.
The Ten Commandments were brought to the people from God by Moses
Gregorian Calendar (Christian Era) came into being from 1582. Introduced by Pope
Gregory XIII to provide corrections in the Julian Calendar.
Pope, the head of Roman Catholic Church resides in Vatican City, a landlocked
country in Italy, also the smallest country in the world.
Buddhism and Jainism

Important points to remember on Buddhism
The founder of Buddhism, Gautama Buddha was born at Lumbini located in present
day Nepal.
Gautama Buddha's original name was Siddhartha and he was the son of King
Suddodhana of Kapilvastu.
He attained enlightenment at Bodhgaya and gave his first sermon at Sarnath.

Bodhgaya is located in Bihar, while Sarnath is in Uttar Pradesh.
The state of Bihar is named after Buddhist 'Vihara' - the residential quarters of
Buddhist monks.
The first day of the Buddhist calendar is Vaishakhi Purnima
Vesak or Buddha Purnima is the day which marks the birth, enlightenment and
passing away of Buddha.
The Indian state with the maximum number of Buddhists is Maharashtra.
The country with the largest Buddhist population is China
Six Buddhist councils have been held so far as follows
Immediately after the death of Gautama Buddha.
After about 100 years after his death.
During the reign of Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century BC.
During the reign of King Kanishka around 100 AD
From 1888 to 1871 in Mandalay, Burma
From 1954 to 1956 at Rangoon, Burma.
The Leshan Giant Buddha in China is the tallest stone Buddha statue in the world.
The Borobudur Temple in Java, Indonesia is the largest Buddhist temple in the
world.
Jataka tales are about the Buddhas previous lives in various forms before he was
born as a human being.
Mahayana and Hinayana are the two sects in Buddhism.
Important points to remember on Jainism
The founder of Jainism, Vardhamana Mahavira was born at Vaisali located in Bihar.
His father's name was King Siddhartha and mother was Queen Trishala.
Thirthankara is a saviour who has succeeded in crossing over lifes stream of
rebirths and has made a path for others to follow, in short, a path maker. Jainism had
24 thirthankaras.
The first thirthankara was named Rishab who is also regarded as the real founder of
Jainism.
Mahavira was the 24th Thirthankara, while Parshava was the 23rd thirthankara.
Jain comes from the word Jina which means 'the conqueror'.
Mahavira gave his 1st sermon called Divya Dhwani at Mt Vipul in Rajgriha.
Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism before his death.
Shwetamber and Digamber are the two main sects of Jainism. The followers of
Shwetamber sect wear white clothes (Shwet for white and amber for clothes) while
the followers of Digamber sect do not wear any clothes (Dig for sky and amber for
clothes).
Buddha and Mahavira - A comparison

Buddha
Mahavira
Place of birth
Lumbini
Vaisali
Year of birth
567 BC
599 BC
Original name
Siddhartha
Vardhamana
Teachings contained in
Tripitakas
14 Purvas
Father's name
Suddhodhana
Siddhartha
Wife's name
Yasodhara
Yasoda
Place of death
Kushinagar, Gorakhpur
Rajgir, Bihar
Sikhism and Other Religions

Important points to remember on Sikhism
Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism was born at Talwandi in Lahore district of
Pakistan, He is credited with starting the Langar (the system of providing food to all
visitors in Gurudwaras).
Guru Angad invented the Gurumukhi script
Guru Ramdas is credited with the establishment of the city of Amritsar.
Guru Arjun Dev is considered the author of the sacred text Guru Granth
Sahib He is also credited with the construction of the Golden Temple at Amritsar.
Guru Arjun Dev was tortured to death by the then Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by Aurangzeb and Gurudwara Shish Ganj in
Delhi stands at the place where he was executed.
Guru Gobind Singh, the last guru founded the Khalsa Sect making it mandatory for
all Sikhs to possess five Ks

Kripan (a sword),
Kachcha (shorts),
Kesh (long hair),
Kada (bangle)
Kangha (Comb).
Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna in Bihar.
The ten Sikh Gurus in the order of succession are Nanak, Angad, Amardas, Ramdas,
Arjun, Hargovind, Har Rai, Har Kishan, Teg bahadur and Gobind Singh.
Other religions and faiths
Baha'I Faith
Baha'I Faith originated in Iran
The founder of the faith was Baha-u-llah.
The Lotus temple at New Delhi belongs to the Baha'I faith.
Judaism
The religion followed by Jews is known as Judaism.
Judaism was founded by Moses.
The sacred text of the Jews is the Torah.
The Jews place of worship is called the Synagogue.
Zoroastrianism
Baha'I Faith
Baha'I Faith originated in Iran
The founder of the faith was Baha-u-llah.
The Lotus temple at New Delhi belongs to the Baha'I faith.
The founder of Zoroastrianims is Zoroaster or Zarusthar.
It was formed around 6 BC in Iran.
Zoroastrians are also called Parsees.
The sacred book of the Parsees is Zend Avesta and their place of worship is the Fire
Temple
Parsee new year is called the Navroze.
The Tower of Silence or Dakhma is the place where Parsees dispose off their dead.
Confucianism
The founder of Confucianism is Confucius, a Chinese teacher who lived during 599
- 479 BC.
The Analects are the sacred texts of Confucianism.
Important Days
Date
Jan 12
Day
National Youth
Remarks
Birthday of Swami Vivekananda
Day
Jan 15
Army Day
Field Marshall K.M. Cariappa took over the

command of Army on this day in 1949 from the
Date
Day
Remarks
British.
Jan 27
International
The largest Nazi death camp, Auschwitz-
Holocaust Day
Birkenau, was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan

27, 1945.
Jan 30
Martyr's Day
Martyrdom day of Mahatma Gandhi
Feb 14
St. Valentine's
Day
Feb 28
National
Science Day
Mar 8
International
Women's Day
Mar 15
Apr 7
May 1
World
President John F Kennedy formally addressed the
Consumer Day
issue of consumer rights on this day in 1963.
World Health
WHO was formed on this day in 1948, but the
Day
first World Health Day was observed in 1950.
International
Worker's Day
May 8
May 11
International
JH Dunant, the man behind Red Cross was born
Red Cross Day
on this day in 1828.
National
Nuclear tests at Pokhran carried out in 1998 on
Technology
this day.
Day
May 21
Jun 5
Anti-terrorism
Former PM Shri Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated
Day
World
Environment
Day
Jun 21
International
Yoga Day
Date
Jul 11
Day
World
Remarks
Inspired by 5 Billion Day in 1987
Population Day
Jul 12
Malala Day
Birthday of Malala Yousafzai
Aug 6
Hiroshima Day
Bombing of Hiroshima on 6 Aug, 1945
Aug 9
August Kranti
Launch of Quit India Movement in 1942
Diwas
Aug 20
Sadbhawna
Birthday of Shri Rajiv Gandhi (1944)
Diwas
Aug 29
National Sports
Birthday of Shri Dhyanchand (1905)
Day
Sep 5
Teacher's Day
Birthday of Dr. Radhakrishanan (1888)
Sep 8
International
Literacy Day
Sep 14
Hindi Diwas
Hindi accorded the Official language status by

the Constituent Assembly on this day in 1949.
Sep 27
Oct 2
World Tourism
Statutes of United Nations World Tourism
Day
Organisation adopted on this day in 1980.
International
Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi (1869)
Non-violence
Day
Oct 8
Oct 16
Oct 24
Oct 31
Indian Air Force
IAF was officially established on this day in
Day
1932.
World Food
Food and Agricultural Organisation was founded
Day
United Nations
Charter of the United Nations came into force on
Day
this day in 1945.
Rashtriya Ekta
Birth Anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Diwas
Nov 11
National
Birthday of Shri Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Date
Day
Remarks
Education Day
(1888), the first Education Minister of India.
Nov 14
Children's Day
Birthday of Shri Jawaharlal Nehru (1889)
Nov 19
National
Martyrdom of Smt Indira Gandhi (1984)
Integration Day
Dec 1
World AIDS
Day
Dec 4
Navy Day
Dec 7
Armed Forces
Flag Day
Dec 10
Dec 16
Human Rights'
Universal Declaration of Human Rights was
Day
proclaimed and adopted on this day in 1948.
Vijay Diwas
Marks India's victory over Pakistan in the IndoPak war in 1971.
Dec 18
Minorities
United Nations adopted and promulgated the
Rights Day
Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to

National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic
Minorities on this day in 1992.
Dec 24
National
Consumers' Day
Jan 25
National Voters'
With effect from 2011
Day
Important Days related to Diseases/Disorders
Date
Day
Feb 4
World Cancer Day
Mar 21
World Down Syndrome Day
Mar 24
World Tuberculosis Day
Date
Day
Apr 2
World Autism Awareness Day
Apr 17
World Hemophilia Day
Apr 25
World Malaria Day
Jun 25
World Vitiligo Day
Jul 28
World Hepatitis Day
Sep 21
World Alzheimers Day
Sep 28
World Rabies Day
Oct 12
World Arthritis Day
Oct 20
World Osteoporosis Day
Nov 12
World Pneumonia Day
Nov 14
World Diabetes Day
Dec 1
World AIDS Day
Important Years in Indian History 1851 to 2013

Year
Event
1851
First telegraph line in India is operational between Calcutta and

Diamond Harbour.
1853
First train in India runs from Bombay to Thane.
Year
Event
1857
First war of Indian independence also called the Sepoy Mutiny by the
British.
1881
The first complete census of population conducted on a uniform basis

throughout India.
1885
Formation of Indian National Congress by A.O. Hume, Dadabhai

Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee and others.
1905
Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon. Swadeshi Movement launched.
1909
Indian Council Act popularly known as Minto Morley reforms allowing

a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in governance passed.
1911
Visit of King George V to India, Shifting of capital from Calcutta to

Delhi. Jana Gana Mana first sung at Calcutta session of INC. Launch of
first air mail in India & World from Bumraulli to Allahabad.
1919
Government of India Act, 1919 introducing dyarchy, Rowlatt Act,

Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.
1920
Khilafat movement, Launch of Non-cooperation movement.
1922
Chauri Chaura outrage in UP, Suspension of Non-cooperation

movement.
1928
Visit of Simon Commission to India, Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
1929
Resolution of complete independence at Lahore session of Indian

National Congress.
1930
Dandi March, Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
1931
Gandhi Irwin pact, execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.
1935
Government of India Act.
1942
Quit India movement, Formation of Azad Hind Fauz.
1943
Visit of Cripps Commission to India.
1946
British Cabinet mission visited India.
1947
Independence and partition of India.
1948
Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, 1st Pak aggression
Year
Event
1950
India became republic
1951
1st Five year plan and 1st Asian Games in Delhi
1952
1st General elections
1954
Panchasheel signed by India and China
1956
Reorganisation of Indian states on linguistic basis
1957
Introduction of decimal system in currency
1959
First television service started in India in New Delhi.
1961
Liberation of Goa from the Portuguese
1962
Chinese aggression
1964
Death of Jawaharlal Nehru
1965
Indo-Pak war
1966
Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri
1969
Split in Indian National Congress and nationalisation of 14 banks.

India's first Atomic Power Station Tarapur commences commercial
operation.
1971
Indo-Pak war
1972
Simla agreement signed between India and Pakistan
1974
First nuclear test codenamed Smiling Buddha carried out at Pokhran

(Rajasthan)(May 18).
1975
First Indian satellite Aryabhatta launched, Imposition of Emergency in

the country.
1977
Congress loses power for the first time at the centre
1980
Return of Congress to power, nationalisation of six more banks.
1982
Colour television comes to India. IX Asian Games held in Delhi.
1984
Death of Indira Gandhi.
1991
Death of Rajiv Gandhi. Commencement of economic liberalisation in

India.
Year
Event
1992
Demolition of Babri Masjid.
1995
Internet comes to India.
1998
Indias second nuclear test codenamed Operation Shakti.
1999
Kargil invasion by Pakistani troops.
2000
India's population reaches 1 billion mark.
2001
Earthquake in Gujarat (January), Attack on Indian Parliament

(December).
2002
Godhra incident.
2004
Tsunami in Indian Ocean.
2008
Launch of India's first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1.
2013
Launch of Mars Orbiter Mission.
Important Years in World History

Event
Year
Birth of Jesus Christ
4 B.C.
Death of Jesus Christ
29 A.D.
Birth of Prophet Mohammed
570
Emigration of Mohammed to Madina, Beginning of Hijri era
622
Death of Prophet Mohammed
632
Magna Carta, first document limiting the powers of KIng of
1215
Enland was signed
Black Death, most devastating pandemic in Europe killed over
1348-50
100 million people
100 years war between England and France
1337-1453
Event
Year
Christopher Columbus discovers the New World
1492
Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route from Europe to India
1497-98
Defeat of Spanish Armada also known as Invincible Fleet by
1588
England
Great Plague of London which killed about 1 million people in the
1665-66
city
Great fire of London which destroyed about 70000 homes in the
1666 (2 - 5
city
Sep)
7 years war involving the great powers of the time
1757-1763
Declaration of independence of United States of America
1776
Beginning of the French Revolution
1789
Battle of Waterloo in which Napolean was defeated
1815
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
1848
published
On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin published
1859
Slavery is abolished by the 13th Amendment in the United States
1865
of America
First modern Olympic Games held at Athens
1896
Robert Peary reached the North Pole
1909
Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole
1911
Republic of China is established, Titanic sinks
1912
1st World War
1914-1918
Russian Revolution ending the Tsarist autocracy
1917
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) came into existence
1922
Beginning of the Great Depression
1929
2nd World War
1939-1945
Dropping of Atom Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1945
Event
Year
Launch of Sputnik 1, marking the beginning of space age
1957
Chernobyl disaster
1986
World Wide Web invented
1990
End of apartheid in South Africa
1994
9/11 attack on World Trade Center
2001
Tsunami in Indian Ocean
2004

Ancient Indian Books

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Ancient Indian Books

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Ancient Indian Books

Books written by Kings

Sri Krishna Deva Ray

Malik Mohd Jayasi

Facts to remember on Ancient Indian Books

Book and its Author

The book which gives an account of how

Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the power of the

The book based on the life of Padmini, Queen of

Chittor. Allauddin Khilji, the ruler of Delhi, laid siege

The book which is based on the life of Agnimitra son

of Pushyamitra Sunga. The latter founded the Sunga

The ancient Indian treatise on Economics as well as

A collection of Sanskrit fables which seeks to

illustrate the principles of Politics (Rajneeti) through

Geet Govinda by Jaidev

Book and its Author

The play based on the story of King Dushyant and

Shakuntala as it appears in the beginning of the

The book which deals with the history of Kashmir

It is highly systemised and complete book of Sanskrit

The book is a commentary on Panini's Ashtadhyayi in

The book is in the form of questions and answers of

eternal values as preached by Sanatana Dharma.

The book is a collection of folk tales written for the

entertainment of Queen Suryamati, wife of King

The book was authored by Charaka, known as the

"Father of Indian Medicine". The book contains the

The book was authored by Sushruta, known as the

"Father of Indian Surgery". In the books he explains

The book authored by famed Indian astronomer and

Book and its Author

The book in dialogue form is an ancient treatise on

astrology (jyotish shastra).

The first complete biography of the Buddha written by

Ashwaghosha who was patronised by Emperor

Importance of Ancient Texts

Book and its Author

The book which gives an account of how

Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the power of the

The book based on the life of Padmini, Queen of

Chittor. Allauddin Khilji, the ruler of Delhi, laid siege

The book which is based on the life of Agnimitra son

of Pushyamitra Sunga. The latter founded the Sunga

The ancient Indian treatise on Economics as well as

Book and its Author

A collection of Sanskrit fables which seeks to

illustrate the principles of Politics (Rajneeti) through

Geet Govinda by Jaidev

The play based on the story of King Dushyant and

Shakuntala as it appears in the beginning of the

The book which deals with the history of Kashmir

It is highly systemised and complete book of Sanskrit

The book is a commentary on Panini's Ashtadhyayi in

The book is in the form of questions and answers of

eternal values as preached by Sanatana Dharma.

The book is a collection of folk tales written for the

entertainment of Queen Suryamati, wife of King

The book was authored by Charaka, known as the

"Father of Indian Medicine". The book contains the

Book and its Author

The book was authored by Sushruta, known as the

"Father of Indian Surgery". In the books he explains

The book authored by famed Indian astronomer and