Diode Circuits or Uncontrolled

Rectifier
Rectification: The process
of converting the alternating
voltages and currents to
direct currents

The main disadvantages of

: half wave rectifier are
High ripple factor,
Low rectification efficiency,
Low transformer utilization
factor, and,
DC saturation of transformer
secondary winding.

Performance Parameters

Pdc / Pac rectification effeciency

Vac

2
Vrms

2
Vdc

FF Vrms / Vdc form factor

ripple factor
Vac
RF

Vdc

2
Vrms

2
Vdc

Vdc

2
Vrms
2
Vdc

1 FF 2 1

THDi
THDv

I S2 I S21

I S21

VS2 VS21
VS21

I S2

I S21
VS2
VS21

VS I S1 cos 1 I S1
P
PF

cos 1
VS I S
VS I S
IS
Distortion Factor * Displacement Faactor

.Single-phase half-wave diode rectifier with resistive load

Vdc

Vm
1

Vm sin t dt

2 0

Vrms

Vm
1
2
2
Vm sin t dt

2 0
2

the load and diode currents

I dc

Vdc Vm

R R

I rms

Vrms Vm

R
2R

IS ID

Vm

2R

Example 1: The rectifier shown in Fig.2.1 has a pure resistive

load of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c)
Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1.

Vdc

V
V
1

Vm sin(t ) dt m ( cos cos(0)) m

2
2

Vrms

V
1

(Vm sin t ) 2 m
2
2

Pdc
V *I
dc dc
Pac Vrms * I rms

Vrms
FF
Vdc
RF

I rms

I dc

Vdc Vm

R R

Vm

2R

Vm Vm
*
R

40.53%
Vm Vm
*
2 2R

Vm

1.57
Vm 2

Vac
FF 2 1 1.57 2 1 1.211
Vdc

It is clear from Fig2.2 that the PIV is) d(

Vm

Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

Fig.2.3 Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

Vm
i (t )
sin t sin e tan

Vm
tan

i( )
sin

sin

Vdc

Vm
Vm

* sin t dt
* (1 cos )
2 0
2

Vrms

1
Vm
2

* (Vm sin t ) dwt

* 0.5(1 sin( 2 )
2 0
2

Single-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifier

Center-Tap Diode Rectifier

Vdc

2 Vm
1

Vm sin t dt

I dc

2 Vm

I rms

Vm

2 R

Vrms

Vm sin t
0

Vm
dt
2

= PIV of each diode 2Vm

IS ID

Vm

2R

Example 3. The rectifier in Fig.2.8 has a purely resistive load

of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple
factor (d) TUF (e) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1
and(f) Crest factor of transformer secondary current.

Pdc
Vdc * I dc

Pac Vrms * I rms

Vrms
FF
Vdc

2 Vm 2 Vm
*

81.05%
Vm
Vm
*
2
2R

Vm

1.11
2 Vm 2 2

Vac
2
2
RF
FF 1 1.11 1 0.483
Vdc
The PIV is

2Vm

Single-Phase Full Bridge Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load

Example 4 single-phase diode bridge rectfier has a purely resistive load

of R=15 ohms and, VS=300 sin 314 t and unity transformer ratio.
Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor, (c) Ripple factor, (d) The
peak inverse voltage, (PIV) of each diode, , and, (e) Input power factor.

Vdc

2 Vm
1
Vm sin t dt
190.956 V
0

Vrms

2
Vm sin t dt
0

1/ 2

I dc

2 Vm

12.7324 A
R

Vm
212.132 V
2

Pdc
Vdc I dc

81.06 %
Pac Vrms I rms

Vrms
FF
1.11
Vdc

2
2
Vrms
Vdc2
Vac
Vrms
2
RF

FF
1 0.482
2
Vdc
Vdc
Vdc

The PIV=300V

VS I S cos
Re al Power

1
=Input power factor
Apperant Power
VS I S

Full Bridge Single-phase Diode Rectifier with DC Load Current

2 Io
cos nt 0

2
bn I o * sin nt dt

2 Io
4 Io
cos 0 cos n

for n 1, 3, 5, .............
n
n

4 Io
1
1
1
1
i (t )
* (sin t sin 3t sin 5t sin 7t sin 9t ..........)

3
5
7
9

1
THD ( I s (t ))
3

1

5

1

7

4 Io
I S1
2

IS

THD ( I s (t ))
I S1

1

9

11

13

15

46%

Io
4 Io

2
4

1 48.34%

Example 5 solve Example 4 if the load is 30 A pure DC

From example 4 Vdc= 190.986 V, Vrms=212.132 V I dc 30 A and I rms = 30 A
Vrms
Pdc
Vdc I dc
FF
1.11

90 %
Vdc
P
V I
ac

rms rms

2
2
2
Vrms
Vdc
Vac
Vrms
2
RF

FF
1 0.482
2
Vdc
Vdc
Vdc

The PIV=Vm=300V
4 Io
4 * 30
I S1

27.01A
2
2
Re al Power

Input Power factor=

Apperant Power

VS I S1 * cos
I S1 * cos
27.01

*1 0.9 Lag
VS I S
IS
30

. Effect Of LS On Current Commutation Of Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier

2Ls I o

u cos 1
Vm

Vdc actual Vdc

2 I o2
Is

u
2 3

Vrd

4 LS I o

4 f LS I o
2

without sourceinduc tan ce

Vrd

8I o
u
I S1
* sin
2
2 u

2Vm

4 fLs I o

2 sin u
pf
u
u
2 3

Example 6 Single phase diode bridge rectifier connected to 11 kV, 50 Hz,

source inductance Ls=5mH

supply to feed 200 A pure DC load, find: (i) Average

DC output voltage, (ii) Power factor. And (iii) Determine the THD of the utility line
current.

Vm 11000 * 2 15556V

Vdc actual

2 *15556

4 * 50 * 0.005 * 200 9703V

2Ls I o
2 * 2 * * 50 * 0.005 * 200
1
cos 1
u cos 1
0.285 rad .
Vm
15556

I S1
u
pf
* cos
IS
2

IS

2 I o2

2 * sin u

u
u
2 3

2 * sin 0.285

.285
0.285
3
2

0.917

u
2
*
200

0.285

193.85 A
2 3

3
2

8I o
u
I S1
* sin
2
2 u
IS

THDi
I S1

8 * 200
0.285
* sin
179.46 A
2 * 0.285
2

193.85
1

179.46

1 40.84%

Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier

Vdc

Vrms
I rms

5 / 6

Vm sin t dt

/6

3 3 Vm
0.827Vm
2

5 / 6

Vm sin t

/6

0.8407 Vm

ThePIV of the diodes is

I dc

3 3 Vm 0.827 * Vm

2 * * R
R

1 3* 3
dt

Vm 0.8407 Vm
2 8

08407 Vm
Vm
Ir IS
0.4854
R
R 3
2 VLL 3 Vm

Example 7 The rectifier in Fig.2.21 is operated from

460 V 50 Hz supply at secondary side and the load
resistance is R=20. If the source inductance is
negligible, determine (a) Rectification efficiency, (b)
Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage
(PIV) of each diode.

460
VS
265.58 V , Vm 265.58 * 2 375.59 V
3
Vdc

3 3 Vm

0.827 Vm
2

Vrms 0.8407 Vm

3 3 Vm 0827 Vm
I dc

2 R
R
0.8407 Vm
I rms
R

Pdc
Vdc I dc

96.767 %
Pac Vrms I rms
Vrms
FF
101.657 %
Vdc
2
2
2
Vrms
Vdc
Vac
Vrms
2
RF

FF

18
.
28
%
2
Vdc
Vdc
Vdc

=The PIV

3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier With DC Load Current and zero

source induct

New axis

1
a0
2

/3

Io
I o dt 3
/ 3

/3

1
Io
/3

an
I
*
cos
n

t
dwt

sin
n

t
o
/ 3
/ 3
n
Io

* 3 for n 1,2,7,8,13,14,....
n
Io

* 3 for n 4,5,10,11,16,17
n
0 for all treplean harmonics
I s (t )

IO
3I O
1
1
1
1
1

sin t sin 2t sin 4t sin 5t sin 7t sin 8t ...

3

2
4
5
7
8

I
THD ( I s (t )) S
I S1

I / 3
1 o

3
I
O

2 * 2
1 1.0924 109.24%
9

Example 8 Solve example 7 if the load current is 100 A pure DC

Vdc

3 3 Vm
0.827 Vm 310.613V
2

Vrms 0.8407 Vm 315.759 V

I dc 100 A

I rms 100 A

Pdc
Vdc I dc
310.613 * 100

98.37 %
Pac Vrms I rms 315.759 *100

Vrms
FF
101.657 %
Vdc
2
2
2
Vrms
Vdc
Vac
Vrms
2
RF

FF
1 18.28 %
2
Vdc
Vdc
Vdc

=The PIV

3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With Resistive Load

Vdc

I dc

Vrms

2 / 3

/3

3 3 Vm 3 2 VLL
3 Vm sin t dt

1.654Vm 1.3505VLL

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm 3 2 VLL 1.3505VLL

R
R
R
R
3

I rms

2 / 3

3 Vm sin t

/3

2 dt

3 9* 3

Vm 1.6554 Vm 1.3516VLL
2
4

1.6554 Vm

1.6554 Vm
Vm
Ir
0.9667
R
R 3
I S 0.9667

Vm
R

Example 10 The rectifier shown in Fig.2.30 is operated from

460 V 50 Hz supply and the load resistance is R=20ohms. If
the source inductance is negligible, determine (a) The
efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse
voltage (PIV) of each diode .

Vdc

3 3 Vm

1.654Vm 621.226 V

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm
I dc

31.0613 A
R
R
3 9* 3
Vrms

Vm 1.6554 Vm 621.752 V
2
4
I rms

1.6554 Vm

31.0876 A
R

Pdc
Vdc I dc

99.83 %
Pac Vrms I rms

Vrms
FF
100.08 %
Vdc
2
2
2
Vrms
Vdc
Vac
Vrms
2
RF

FF
1 4 %
2
Vdc
Vdc
Vdc

=The PIV

3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With DC Load Current

I s (t )

2 3I o

1
1
1
1

sin

sin
5
v

sin
7

sin
11

sin
13

5
7
11
13

1
THD( I s (t ))
5

11

13

17

19

2* 3
Io

2
IS
I o I S1
3
IS

THD ( I s (t ))
I S1

2/3
2*3/

1 31.01%

I S1
I S1
Power Factor =
* cos(0)
IS
IS

23

25

31%

2 LS I o
u cos 1

VLL

Vdc actual Vdc

2 I o2
IS

Vrd

6 LI o

6 fLI o
2

u
3 6

without sourceinduc tan ce

I S1

Vrd 1.35VLL 6 fLI o

2 6 Io u
sin
u
2

2 6 Io u
sin
I
u
u
2 cos u 3 * sin u
pf S 1 cos

2
IS
2
2
2Io u
u
u

3 6
3 6

Example 11 Three phase diode bridge rectifier connected to tree

phase 33kV, 50 Hz supply has 8 mH source inductance to feed
300A pure DC load current Find;
Commutation time and commutation angle.
DC output voltage.
Power factor.
Total harmonic distortion of line current.
1

2 LS I o
u cos 1

VLL

Vdc

actual

Vdc

u 0.2549 rad . 14.61

without sourceinduc tan ce

Vrd 1.35VLL 6 fLI d

Vdcactual 1.35 * 33000 6 * 50 * .008 * 300 43830V

3 * sin u
3 sin 0.2549
pf

0.9644
u
u
3 6

0.2549
0.2549 *
6
3

2 I d2
Is

I S1

2 * 300 2
u
3 6

0.2549

239.929 A
6
3

4 3 Io
4 3 * 300
u
0.2549
sin * 2 3
* sin
233.28 A
2
u 2
* 0.2549 * 2
2

I S1
233.28
u
0.2549
pf
* cos
* cos
0.9644
Is
239.929
2
2

IS

THDi
I S1

239.929
1

233.28

1 24.05%