CMMI l g?

CMMI vit tt cho Capability Maturity Model Integration - M hnh trng

thnh nng lc tch hp - v l khun kh cho ci tin qui trnh phn mm. N da
trn khi nim v cc thc hnh tt nht v k ngh phn mm v gii thch k lut m
cc cng ty c th dng ci tin cc qui trnh ca h.
M hnh CMMI l mt khung cc gii php ti u cho qu trnh sn xut phn
mm. Phin bn CMMI-DEV hin nay (CMMI cho chuyn vin pht trin), m t
nhng gii php tt nht trong qu trnh kim sot, o lng v kim tra cc quy trnh
pht trin phn mm. M hnh CMMI khng tp trung m t chnh cc qu trnh m
ch m t c im ca cc qu trnh hiu qu, v vy m hnh CMMI a ra ch dn
cho cc cng ty h c th t mnh pht trin hoc iu chnh chnh cc qu trnh
ca h.
M hnh CMMI c m t trn trang web chnh thc CMMI website: D n
CMMI l mt n lc chung nhm cung cp cc m hnh ci thin nng cp cc sn
phm v quy trnh. Trng tm chnh ca d n l tp trung xy dng cc cng c h
tr vic ci thin cc quy trnh dng pht trin v n nh cc h thng v sn
phm. Kt qu ca d n CMMI l mt b cc sn phm cung cp mt phng php
tip cn tch hp trn ton doanh nghip ci thin cc quy trnh sn xut m vn c
th gim bt nhn cng d tha, phc tp, v chi ph t vic s dng cc m hnh
CMM (quy trnh qun l sn xut phn mm) ring l v nhiu m hnh CMM.

CMMI bt ngun t u?
CMMI l phin bn k tip ca CMM. C CMM v CMMI u c Vin k
ngh phn mm M SEI ti trng i hc Carnegie Mellon Pittsburgh, PA pht
trin. CMM c mt t cui nhng nm 80 v mt thp k sau n b CMMI thay
th. Nm 2000 CMMI phin bn 1.02 c a ra th trng. Phin bn mi nht
hin nay CMMI 1.2 c trnh lng vo thng 8 nm 2006.
i nt v lch s Do cu trc ca CMMI c tha hng rt nhiu t CMM,
chng ta hy xem xt l do v ngun gc c th hiu c c hai m hnh ny c
ngha nh th no.
CMM l kt qu ca mt nghin cu c khng qun M ti tr, nghin cu
ny c coi l mt phng php nh gi khch quan cng vic ca cc nh thu
ph v phn mm. B Quc Phng M cng quan tm ti vic chi ph pht trin phn
mm ang leo thang v cc vn lin quan n cht lng ca cc phn mm nn
thnh lp vin SEI vo u nhng nm 80, v bt u nghin cu m hnh CMM
vo nm 1988.
Ban u, m hnh CMM c s dng nh mt cng c nh gi kh nng
ca cc nh thu chnh ph khi h tin hnh mt d n phn mm theo hp ng. Mc

d CMM c thit k nh gi qu trnh pht trin phn mm nhng n v

ang c p dng nh mt m hnh chung cho k hn ca cc qu trnh trong cc
cng ty v CNTT hay bt c cng ty no khc.
Cc nh ph bnh cng nhn thy CMM lun c gn cht trong mt m
hinh pht trin thc nc v khng quan tm ti cc kha cnh khc ca quy trnh pht
trin phn mm nh thit k v trin khai. CMM khng ph hp vi cc quy trnh
ngoi vi lin quan n vic pht trin phn mm nh l vic mua li. CMM cng b
ph phn l to ra qu nhiu giy t s sch v qu nhiu cuc hp v n cng khng
ph hp vi nhiu ngnh cng nghip.
Cc ngnh cng nghip v chnh ph tm ra gii php cho vn ny bng
cch p dng CMM cho cc lnh vc khc. Ton b quy trnh s c gim st bi
mt ban lnh o bao gm nhng ngi i din t OSD, Khng qun, Qun i, Hi
qun, cc b phn khc ca chnh ph, SEI v ngnh cng nghip. Nhim v ca ban
lnh o ny l hng dn v gim st qu trnh pht trin dng sn phm CMMI, a
ra cc sn phm CMMI thm tra v pht hnh ra cng chng. Vin SEI phi hp
vi cc chuyn gia ti ph trch qun l d n ban u l pht trin phn mm, xy
dng h thng, pht trin quy trnh v sn phm tch hp. Cc c ng/ cc nh ph
bnh u c quyn kim tra, ph bnh v a ra nhng gi pht trin cc sn
phm CMMI. Trong s nhng ngi ny cng c nhng i din t ngnh cng
nghip, chnh ph v vin SEI.
Vy nh ta c th thy, CMMI khng phi hon ton mi. Hn th na,
CMMI l mt s kt hp v ph hp ca nhiu bin th CMM pht trin cng vi
nhng yu cu ca ngnh cng nghip. Hiu c CMM v ngun gc ca n, ta s
bit c nn tng ca CMMI. V CMMI cng c s dng hu ht nhng ni
ging nhau theo ngha v s pht trin, khng phi l cch mng. CMMI mang li
s khn ngoan ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nhau gip CMM ph hp vi
nhng ngnh cng nghip .

Khc bit gia ISO 9001:2000 v CMM/CMMI?

ISO 9001 l mt tiu chun quc t v qun l, cc iu khon gi l yu
cu quy nh nhng im cn phi lm (what to do), khng ch ra vic nn lm
nh th no (how to do).
CMM/CMMi l mt m hnh, cung cp cc hng dn v kinh nghim thc
t dng pht trin, ci tin v nh gi nng lc ca quy trnh.
CMMi khng phi l mt tiu chun, ty vo tng t chc, cch thc hin
khc nhau rt nhiu.
V nguyn tc, ISO bao gm ( mc cao) hu ht cc quy trnh ch cht ca
CMM/CMMi, tuy nhin ISO c dng cho hu ht mi ngnh ngh, do vy khng
c th v gn gi vi cng vic c th c lin quan n phn mm nh

CMM/CMMi. ISO khng cung cp cc v d v kinh nghim c th nh

CMM/CMMi

SCAMPI l g?
Phng php nh gi cht lng CMMI tiu chun ci tin quy trnh
(SCAMPI) cung cp cc phng php nh gi bng cch s dng cc m hnh
CMMI. Cc loi giy php ca SEI kt hp vi nhau thc hin cc phng php
nh gi SCAMPI v o to nhng ngi nh gi.
C ba mc SCAMPI l: A, B v C. SCAMPI A xem xt cc mc k hn v
l mc c bn nh gi trong khi mc B v C xem xt cch tip cn v qu
trnh trin khai.

CMMI c dng lm g?
Cc cng ty thng mi v chnh ph s dng m hnh CMMI h tr vic
xc nh ci tin quy trnh xy dng h thng, xy dng phn mm v pht trin
quy trnh v sn phm tch hp.
Cng ty s dng quy trnh ny pht trin, thu thp v duy tr cc sn phm
v dch v v lm chun cho chnh h chng li cc cng ty khc. Cc quy trnh tt
hn cng c th l nhng quy trnh c gi r hn v kt qu cht lng tt hn, cng
nh l nhng quy trnh ny c tnh thi gian thc cho d n chnh xc hn.
Tuy nhin, cng ging nh tt c cc c cu khc, CMMI khng th nhanh
chng ph hp vi tt c cc cng ty m khng nh hng n s pht trin ca cng
ty . SEI cho bit vic ci thin cc d n s c tnh bng thng v nm ch khng
phi ch tnh bng ngy v tun.V vic ci thin d n thng i hi phi c nhiu
kin thc v ngun lc nn cc cng ty ln hn c th c c kt qu tt hn t
CMMI. Tuy nhin, vic thay i quy trnh CMMI cng c th gip ch cho cc cng
ty nh hn.
SEI khng cp giy chng nhn cho bt c loi hnh CMMI no. n gin l
SEI ch cp giy php hot ng v cho php cc nh thm nh hng u tin hnh
nh gi.

Li ch CMMI
Ci tin nng lc ca cc t chc phn mm bng cch nng cao kin thc v
k nng ca lc lng lao ng.
m bo rng nng lc pht trin phn mm l thuc tnh ca t chc khng
phi ca mt vi c th.

Hng cc ng lc ca c nhn vi mc tiu t chc.

Duy tr ti sn con ngi, duy tr ngun nhn lc ch cht trong t chc.
Li ch CMM mang li cho Doanh nghip gi gn trong 4 t: Attract,
Develop, Motivate v Organize.
Li ch CMM mang li cho ngi lao ng:
- Mi trng lm vic, vn ha lm vic tt hn.
- Vch r vai tr v trch nhim ca tng v tr cng vic.
- nh gi ng nng lc, cng nhn thnh tch.
- Chin lc, chnh sch i ng lun c quan tm.
- C c hi thng tin.
- Lin tc pht trin cc k nng ct yu.

Cc level ca CMM/CMMI
CMM bao gm 5 levels v 18 KPAs (Vng quy trnh quan trng - Key Process
Area).
Ni cch khc mi mt level u tun theo mt chun mc cao hn.
Mun t c chun cao hn th cc chun ca cc level trc phi tho mn. Mi
level u c c im ch quan trng ca n cn cc doanh nghip phi p ng
c.
Level 1 th khng c KPAs no c
Level 2 : c 6 KPAs
Level 3: c 7 KPAs
Level 4: c 2 KPAs
Level 5: c 3 KPAs
18 KPAs ca CMM c u c 5 thuc tnh(chc nng) chung trong c
cc qui nh v key pratice l nhng hng dn v cc th tc(procedure), qui
tc(polities), v hot ng (activites)ca tng KPA.
M hnh ny xc nh nm cp ca CMM i vi mt cng ty : Khi u
(ln xn, khng theo chun) - Lp (qun l d n, tun th quy trnh) - Xc lp (th
ch ha) - Kim sot (nh lng) - Ti u (ci tin quy trnh).

Level 1
Level 1 l bc khi u ca CMM, mi doanh nghip, cng ty phn mm,
c nhm, c nhn u c th t c. lever ny CMM cha yu cu bt k tnh
nng no. V d: khng yu cu quy trnh, khng yu cu con ngi, min l c nhn,
nhm, doanh nghip u lm v phm mm u c th t ti CMM ny.
c im ca mc 1:
Hnh chnh: Cc hot ng ca lc lng lao ng c quan tm hng u
nhng c thc hin mt cch vi v hp tp.
Khng thng nht: o to qun l nhn lc nh l ch yu da vo kinh
nghip c nhn.
Quy trch nhim: Ngi qun l mong b phn nhn s iu hnh v kim
sat cc hot ng ca lc lng lao ng.
Quan liu: Cc hot ng ca lc lng lao ng c p ng ngay m
khng cn phn tch nh hng.
Doanh s thng xuyn thay i: Nhn vin khng trung thnh vi t chc.
Level 2
C 6 KPA n bao gm nh sau:
- Requirement Management (Ly yu cu khch hng, qun l cc yu cu )
- Software Project Planning (Lp cc k hoch cho d n)
- Software Project Tracking (Theo di kim tra tin d n)
- Software SubContract Managent (Qun tr hp ng ph phn mm)
- Software Quality Assurance (m bo cht lng sn phm)
- Software Configuration Management (Qun tr cu hnh sn phm => ng yu cu
ca khch hng khng)

Khi ta p dng Level 2, KPA 2(Software Project Planning), ta s c nhng

common feature (c im c trng) nh sau:
Mc tiu (Goal): cc hot ng v nhng xut ca mt d n phn mm
phi c ln k hoch v vit ti liu y
xut/ Xem xt (Commitment): d n phi tun th theo cc qui tc ca t
chc khi hoch nh
Kh nng (Ability): Vic thc hin lp k hoch cho d n phn mm phi l
bc thc hin t rt sm khi d n c bt u
o lng (Measument): S o lng lun c thc thi v s dng chng ta
lun c th xc nh v kim sot c tnh trng cc hot ng trong tin trnh thc
hin d n
Kim chng (Verification): Cc hot ng khi lp k hoch d n phi c s
reviewed ca cp senior manager
t c Level 2 th ngi qun l phi thit lp c cc nguyn tc c
bn v qun l cc hot ng din ra. H c trch nhim qun l i ng ca mnh
Cc KPA (Key Process Areas) ca n ch trng ti cc thnh phn sau :
+ Ch i ng
+ o to
+ Qun l thnh tch
+ Phn cng lao ng
+ Thng tin giao tip
+ Mi trng lm vic
t level1 tin ti level 2 cn c nhng g:
Trc tin n phi tha mn cc iu kin level1. Tip theo l phi ch trng ti cc
phn sau:
1. Mi trng lm vic:
- m bo iu kin lm vic
- To hng th trong cng vic
- Khng b nh hng, mt tp trung bi cc nhn t khc
2. Thng tin:
Xy dng c ch truyn tin thng sut t trn xung di v ngc li nhm
gip c nhn trong t chc chia s thng tin, kin thc, kinh nghim, cc k nng
giao tip phi hp v lm vic hiu qu
3. Xy dng i ng nhn vin:

Ngay t khu tuyn dng, la chn k cng v nh hng, th ch ha quy

trnh tuyn dng
4. Qun l thnh tch:
y mnh thnh tch, cng nhn nng lc, thnh tch bng cch thit lp cc
tiu ch khch quan nh gi v lin tc khuyn khch kh nng lm vic, tp trung
pht trin s nghip, xy dng cc mc tiu tip theo.
5. o to:
Khng ch o to cc kin thc chuyn mn phc v cho d n m cn m
rng o to cc k nng then cht, cn thit nh k nng lm vic i, nhm, k
nng qun l nhm to c hi cho ngi lao ng pht huy kh nng, c hi hc
hi v pht trin bn thn.
6. Ch i ng:
Hoch nh chin lc i ng, thu thp kin lc lng lao ng v cng
b cng khai. Ch i ng cn tp trung vo vic tr lng cho cng nhn vin
da vo vai tr, v tr ca h (Position), Con ngi (Person) thi v tc phong
lm vic v Thnh tch (Performance) m h t c, cng hin cho t chc. a ra
c chnh sch lng, thng, ph cp cc cc quyn li khc khuyn khch cc
c nhn da trn s ng gp ca h v cp pht trin ca ton t chc.
Level 3

Cc vng tin trnh ch cht mc 3 nhm vo c hai vn v d n v t

chc, v mt t chc (cng ty) to nn cu trc h tng th ch cc qu trnh qun l
v sn xut phn mm hiu qu qua tt c cc d n. Chng gm c Tp trung Tin
trnh T chc (Organization Process Focus), Phn nh Tin trnh T chc
(Organization Process Definition), Chng trnh o to (Training Program), Qun
tr Phn mm Tch hp (Integrated Software Management), Sn xut Sn phm Phn
mm (Software Product Engineering), Phi hp nhm (Intergroup Coordination), v
Xt duyt ngang hng (Peer Reviews).
t c level 3 th ngi qun l phi bin i ci tin cc hot ng ang
din ra, ci tin mi trng lm vic.
Lc lng lao ng s hu nhng kin thc, k nng ct li
KPA ch trng ti cc yu t sau :
+ Vn ha c th
+ Cng vic da vo k nng
+ Pht trin s nghip
+ Hoch nh nhn s
+ Phn tch kin thc v k nng

T Level 2 ln Level 3: Cc KPA cn thc hin

1. Phn tch kin thc v k nng:
Xc nh nhng k nng v kin thc cn thit lm nn tng cho
hot ng nhn s. Lnh vc phn tch ny bao gm: xc nh quy trnh cn
thit duy tr nng lc t chc, pht trin v duy tr cc k nng v kin thc
phc v cng vic, d bo nhu cu kin thc v k nng trong tng lai.
2. Hoch nh ngun nhn lc:
y l lnh vc phi hp hot ng nhn s vi nhu cu hin ti v
trong tng lai c cc cp v ton t chc. Hoch nh ngun nhn lc c
tnh chin lc cng vi quy trnh theo di cht ch vic tuyn dng v cc
hot ng pht trin k nng s to nn thnh cng trong vic hnh thnh i
ng.
3. Pht trin s nghip:
To iu kin cho mi c nhn pht trin ngh nghip v c c hi
thng tin trong ngh nghip, n bao gm: tho lun v la chn ngh nghip
vi mi c nhn, xc nh cc c hi, theo di s tin b trong cng vic, c
ng vin, khuyn khch t mc tiu cng vic, giao quyn v khuyn khch
thc hin nhng mc tiu trong cng vic.
4. Cc hot ng da trn nng lc:
Ngoi cc k nng, kin thc ct li cn c hoch nh nhn lc,
tuyn dng da vo kh nng lm vic, nh gi hiu qu qua mi cng vic
v v tr, xy dng ch phc li, i ng da trn hiu qu gip bo m
rng mi hot ng ca t chc u xut pht t mc ch phc v cho pht
trin ngun nhn lc
5. Vn ha c th:
To lp c c ch lin lc thng sut, knh thng tin hiu qu
mi cp trong t chc, phi hp c kinh nghim, kin thc ca mi
ngi h tr ln nhau, gip nhau cng tin b. Trao quyn thc y nhn
vin tham gia kin, ra quyt nh

Level 4

Cc vng tin trnh ch yu mc 4 tp trung vo thit lp hiu bit nh

lng ca c qu trnh sn xut phn mm v cc sn phm phn mm ang c xy
dng. l Qun l qu trnh nh lng (Quantitative Process Management) v
Qun l cht lng phn mm (Software Quality Management).

Lc lng lao ng lm vic theo i, nhm v c qun l mt cch nh

lng.
Cc KPA ca level 4 ch trng ti:
+
+
+
+
+

Chun ha thnh tch trong t chc

Qun l nng lc t chc
Cng vic da vo cch lm vic theo nhm
Xy dng i ng chuyn nghip
C vn

t c level 4 th phi o lng v chun ha. o lng hiu qu p

ng cng vic, chun hac pht trin cc k nng, nng lc ct li.
Level 4 ny s ch trng vo nhng ngi ng u ca mt cng ty, h c
kh nng qun l cc cng vic nh th no

Level 5
Cc vng tin trnh ch yu mc 5 bao trm cc vn m c t chc v d
n phi nhm ti thc hin hon thin qu trnh sn xut phn mm lin tc, o
m c. l Phng nga li (Defect Prevention), Qun tr thay i cng ngh
(Technology Change Management), v Qun tr thay i qu trnh (Process Change
Management) t c level 4 th phi o lng v chun ha. o lng hiu qu
p ng cng vic, chun hac pht trin cc k nng, nng lc ct li.
t c Level 5 th doanh nghip phi lin tc ci tin hot ng t
chc, tm kim cc phng php i mi nng cao nng lc lm vic ca lc
lng lao ng trong t chc, h tr cc nhn pht trin s trng chuyn mn.
Ch trng vo vic qun l, pht trin nng lc ca nhn vin.
Hun luyn nhn vin tr thnh cc chuyn gia.

Tt c mi ngi u c th s dng CMMI?

V khng phi tt c cc im mnh ca CMMI u ph hp vi tt c cc t
chc. Vi bt c c cu hay phng php no th vic tin hnh CMMI thng tht
bi khng ch do nhng thiu st trong cc khi nim m cn do vic tin hnh ca
cc t chc khng c nh mong i.
Vn y c th l do vn ha. V d, CMMI tng b gi l "cht bi
quy trnh". Nu nhn vin ca bn khng c nh hng quy trnh y th dng
nh CMMI s khng th ph hp nu khng m rng o to (v thm ch cn c th
iu chnh mt s quan im). C gng p dngCMMI vo cc quy trnh tn ti m
khng thc hin phn tch l hng ban u nh gi s ph hp ca CMMI vi cc

quy trnh tn ti c phi l mt cng thc cho s tht bi hay khng. Tng t nh
vy, cc nh ph bnh phn nn rng CMMI(cng ging nh CMM trc y) i hi
ngi s dng phi c mt lng ti liu khng l.
y khng phi l mt tr a. Vic nh gi v t vn c th s rt tn km.
SEI cho bit mt nhm nh gi bao gm t bn n chn thnh vin (bn c th phi
tr cho mi ngi 1000 lamt ngy). V cng vic nh gi ny khng th hon
thnh xong trong vng mt hoc thm ch hai, ba ngy. Nhm nh gi ny khng ch
tho lun vi mt vi ngi hay xem xt mt d n m h phi tin hnh kim tra
nghim tc mt vi d n.
VIT NAM P DNG CMM V CMMI TRONG LNH VC PHN MM
Vit nam c cc li th v nhn lc cn c, chm ch, gi nhn cng r, h
thng gio dc c o to bi bn.... Vit Nam hin l im sng trn bn th
gii. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh tip th v gii thiu tim nng vi cng ng CNTT
quc t, yu cu u tin c pha nuc ngoi t cu hi l: Doanh nghip CNTT
Vit Nam c tc pht trin ra sao ? Nng lc th no, v c bit l ng dng h
thng qun l cht lng phn mm n u ?
V c bn, qun l cht lng phn mm l vn khng mi, nhng li l
vn cn yu ca cc cng ty phn mm Vit Nam. Mt s cng ty t chun
quc t CMM/CMMI trong nng cao nng lc v qun l cht lng phn mm, song
cng ch gi gn trong vi cng ty gia cng cho nc ngoi.
Tuy nhin, thng thng cc cng ty phi u t t nht 40.000- 50.000 USD
cho chi ph t vn, nh gi v kho st. Chi ph ny thc t cn cao hn nhiu sau
khi cng thm cc khon v my bay, n , i li cho cc chuyn gia t vn, gim st,
o to... Thc t y l khon u t kh ln i vi cc cng ty phn mm VN.
Xt n thi im ny, cha c s liu chnh xc v s lng doanh nghip
phn mm ang p dng m hnh nh gi nng lc sn xut phn mm CMM/CMMi
ti Vit Nam, nhng c th nhc n nhng tn tui nh PSV (CMMi mc 5: 2005),
GCS (CMMi mc 4: 2006), FPT Software (CMM mc 5: 2004) v SilkRoad (CMM
mc 3).
Cc cng ty Vit Nam ua nhau ly ISO v CMM c hai dng: 1 l mun ci
tin qu trnh qun l trong vic pht trin phn mm, cn 1 l i theo nhu cu khch
hng hoc qung co.
Vi cc cng ty mun ci tin quy trnh pht trin th vic ly chng ch
hi lu v cn phi o to, ch r cho tt c nhn vin thy c li ch ca cc quy
trnh ny h t nguyn lm theo (v tht s th n s lm cho nhn vin cm thy
mnh phi lm nhiu hn, phi lu gi th giy t, th tc,...). Khi tt c u nhn
thc r c vn v thy rng ISO hay CMM tht s s mang li li ch lu di
cho h th lc ISO hay CMM mi gp phn ci tin quy trnh tht s cho cng ty.
D nhin khi c c ISO hay CMM certification th cng ty cng em ra qung
co, lm li th khi k hp ng. Nhng tht s th ISO hay CMM gip ch cho

cng tc qun l rt nhiu, mi vic phi c c th ho thnh vn bn ch khng

lm vic cm tnh, ni ming vi nhau nh trc na.
Cn vi nhng cng ty ly ISO hay CMM ch v mc ch qung co th u
li vo y thi v sau khi t c chng ch xong h li ct nhng process vo t
v li lm vic theo thi quen c, chng c thay i g ht.
TNG KT
Th nht phi khng nh CMM l bc pht trin tt yu ca cc t chc
trong thi i kinh t tri thc, bi v n l vic kt hp qui chun v sng to cho cch
hot ng ca t chc, khng cng nhc m linh hot thay i theo thc t. M hnh
v tin ho ca t chc khng nh iu ny. Chng ta cng hiu c v sao bt k
thi i, nn vn minh no cng c thi k huy hong ri b sa st v dit vong. Mi
t chc khng thc hin vic i mi, a hiu bit mi ca cc lp tr vo, tt yu s
b dit vong, y l iu cc cp lnh o cn nhn r. Ngy xa dit vong ca tng
triu i l hng trm nm. Ngy nay s dit vong ca cc t chc ch l hng chc
nm hoc cha n th.
Nu l qui lut chung th cc t chc ca Vit Nam cng khng ngoi l.
Do cng a sm CMM vo thc t cng tt v thc y s pht trin Vit Nam.
Nhng iu th hai cn khng nh l ch c th thc hin c CMM nu y l n
lc ca ton t chc, v trong cam kt ca lnh o l quyt nh. V vy vic hun
luyn v CMM phi l hun luyn cho ton t chc, khng phi ch l hun luyn cho
i ng k thut, tuy rng ban u chng ta vn phi xut pht t pha k thut. Cc
cp lnh o, c quyn lc cn c hc v CMM theo gc bo m s pht trin
tin ho ca t chc.
V th ba, chng ta cn c c mt i ng nhng ngi am hiu v CMM
gii thiu cho nhiu t chc thc hin. i ng ny phi c kh nng dy cho mi
loi ngi trong t chc, khng ch cho cc chuyn vin k thut, ngi sn sng
hc ci mi. Chng ta phi kh nng i din vi mi cp lnh o v cung cp
cho h nhng tri thc mi v cch lm vic mi, nhng phi bit ni theo ngn ng
ca h.

Ti liu tham kho:

www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com.vn

CI TIN QUI TRNH VI CMMI

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
0

Hm qua, mt ngi ch cng ti phn mm gi cho ti mt email hi: Lm sao chng

ti bt u ci tin qui trnh dng CMMI? Thy c gi mc CMMI no chng ti bt
u nu chng ti khng mun tr tin cho vic nh gi? Phi mt bao lu chuyn
ln mt mc CMMI? Xin thy li khuyn.
p: bt u ci tin qui trnh dng CMMI, bn cn xc nh bn ang u. Bn c
th t nh gi bng vic hi ngi ca bn mt s cu hi theo m hnh CMMI. Chng
hn: Bn c k hoch d n cho tng d n khng?
Bn c c lng lch biu d n ca bn da trn d liu lch s khng?
Bn c qui trnh chun ca t chc c xc nh cho mi d n trong cng ti ca bn
khng?
Da trn cu tr li bn c th quyt nh vn g bn cn ci tin. Tt nhin, l ngi
ch cng ti, bn c th bt u ci tin qui trnh ca bn m khng bit v bt k mc
no. Bn c th t ra u tin ring ca bn da trn cc vn trong cng ti ca bn
v pht trin cc bn k hoch hnh ng gii quyt cc vn . Chng hn, bn
c th hi ngi pht trin ca bn nhng iu chnh no tc ng ti d n ca h?
Nguyn nhn ca vic trt lch biu l g? Ti sao d n phn mm b tr? Ti sao
phn mm vn c nhiu li sau khi kim th? Bng vic bit nhng vn ny, bn c
th bt u sa chng.
Da trn kinh nghim ring ca ti trong thc hin CMMI, s phi mt t 2 ti 4 nm cho
mt t chc chuyn t mc n ln mc kia. D liu ti SEI ch ra rng trung bnh,
phi mt 28 thng chuyn t mc ny ln mc kia. Tt nhin, mi trng lm vic
ca cng ti c th tc ng ti vic n c th ci tin nhanh hay chm th no. Nhiu
vn nh lm vic t, thiu trch nhim hay xung t c nhn c th l vn chnh,
khng ch vn k thut cho nn ci tin nn ln hn vic ch tun theo m hnh kiu
nh CMMI. Bi v bn l ngi ch, bn c th thay i mi trng lm vic v lm cho
n tt hn, nng ng hn, cng tc nhiu hn gia cc cng nhn. Nu bn quyt tm
ci tin, bn c th lm nhiu iu. Khuyn co ca ti l bt u ci tin qui trnh t t
thi, chn iu bn mun ci tin mt cch cn thn, v gii quyt mt vn mi lc.
(Lu : Xin xem li cc bi vit v hi & p v CMMI trong website ny.)
Xin ng ch qu nhiu ti cc mc CMMI. iu quan trng l ci tin, khng phi
l t mc CMMI. Ci tin thc phi em li kt qu doanh nghip thc. Ci tin thc
phi em li cht lng o c c ngha ln vi d liu. Ci tin thc phi em ti
s tho mn nhiu hn ca khch hng. Ci tin thc phi em li nhiu hi lng hn
cho ngi pht trin. Ci tin thc phi gim li v ci tin cht lng. Tt nhin, n phi
em ti nhiu li nhun hn cho cng ti ca bn v cho c bn na. Nu nhng iu
ny khng xy ra, cng ti ca bn khng ci tin u. ng chi tin vo ci g ch cho
bn mc v ngha hay mnh giy. Nhiu ngi lm iu v h hi tic v iu
khng gip cho doanh nghip ca h hay li nhun ca h. Nm ngoi, khi ti
Trung Quc, mt quan chc iu hnh ni vi ti l cng ti ng ta c nh gi

CMMI Mc 4 nhng ti cng rng gim chi tiu, cng ti cng xo b nhm
kim th v sa thi mt s ngi kim th v h khng vit m. Ngi qun l khc
bo ti rng ng ta lm vic cho cng ti CMMI mc 5, khi hi v cht lng phn mm
ng ta ni: Chng ti vn c nhiu li trong phn mm ca chng ti. Ti ngc nhin:
Cng ti CMMI mc 5 m vn c nhiu li sao? iu l khng tht. Theo kinh nghim
ca ti vi CMMI mc 5, t chc phi c cht lng t nht bng hay tt hn 6 sigma.
iu ngha l 99.9996% sn phm phn mm phi khng c li hay khng qu 3 li
trn mt triu dng m. Nhng tuyn b ny ca cc cng ti c nh gi CMMI
mc cao chng c ngha g vi ti c.

Trong nhiu nm, ti ti s cc cng ti tuyn b rng h c nh gi

CMMI mc 5 tng ln kh nhiu. Dng nh l c cnh tranh trn khp th gii v
cc mc CMMI. Khi nim rng Nu cng ti bn c chng ch CMMI mc 5 th cng ti
ti cng mun c n na ch gip cho cc nh t vn, c bit cc nh t vn khng
o c my lm tin. Xin lu rng Vin k ngh phn mm Software Engineering
Institute (SEI) ti Carnegie Mellon KHNG xc nhn bt k cng ti no v KHNG c
chng ch CMMI no d l bt k ci g. Chng ch c ban hnh bi nh t vn v
n chng lin quan g ti SEI.
V bn l ngi ch ca cng ti, ti chc bn quan tm ti doanh nghip ca bn v
mun ci tin n. Tuy nhin, c nhiu iu bn c th lm v iu khng cn ti nhiu
tin. Li khuyn ca ti l: Nu bn mun u t, xin u t vo ngi ring ca bn.
Cung cp o to tt hn, gip cho h ci tin k nng ca h, to ra mi trng lm
vic tt hn v dng o xc nh cn nguyn ca vn v sa chng. Xin nh
cho l CMMI ch l m hnh, chnh bn mi lm cho m hnh hot ng bng quyt
tm lm ci tin thc xy ra.
Process Improvement with CMMI
Yesterday, a software company owner sent me an email asking: How do we start
process improvement using CMMI? What CMMI level do you suggest that we start if we
do not want to pay for an appraisal? How long does it take to move up a CMMI level?
Please advise.
Answer: To start process improvement using the CMMI, you need to determine where
you are. You can self-assess by asking your people some questions against the CMMI
model. For example: Do you have a project plan for each project? Do you estimate your
project schedule based on historical data? Do you have an organizations standard
process defined for all projects in your company? Based on answers you can decide
what issues that you need to improve. Of course, as the owner of your company you can
start to improve your process without knowing about any level. You can set your own
priority based on issues in your company and develop action plans to solve the problems.
For example, you can ask your developers what are the major things that impact their
projects? What are the cause of schedule slippage? Why software projects are delayed?

Why software is still having many defects after tests? By knowing these problems, you
can start fixing them.

Based on my own experience in CMMI implementation, it would take 2 to 4 years for an

organization to move from one level to another. The data at the SEI indicated that on the
average, it took about 28 months to move from one level to another. Of course, the work
environment of a company can impact how fast or slow it can improve. Many problems
such as teamwork, lack of responsibility or personal conflicts can be a major problems,
not just technical issues so the improvement should be larger than just following a model
like the CMMI. Because you are the owner, you can change the working environment and
make it better, more dynamic, more collaboration among workers. If you commit to
improve, you can do many things. My recommendation is to start the process
improvement slowly, chose what you want to improve carefully, and solve one problem at
a time. (Note: Please review the articles and questions & answers about CMMI in this
website)
Please do not pay too much attention to the CMMI level. The important thing is to
improve, not to get a CMMI level. A real improvement must bring business results. A real
improvement must bring significant measurable quality with data. A real improvement
must bring more customers satisfaction. A real improvement must bring more happiness
to developers. A real improvement must reduce defects and improve quality. Of course, it
must bring more profits to your company and to you too. If these things do not happen,
your company does not improve. Do not spend money on something just give you a
meaningless level or a piece of paper. Many people did that and they regret as it does
not help their business or their profits. Last year, when I was in China. One executive told
me that his company was appraised at CMMI Level 4 but I also noticed that to reduce
expenses, that company also eliminated the Test group and laid-off number of testers
since they did not write code. Another manager told me that he works for a CMMI level
5 company, when asking about software quality he said: We still have a lot of defects in
our software . I was surprised: A CMMI level 5 is still having a lot of defect? It is unreal.
In my experience with CMMI level 5, the organization should have quality at least equal
or better than 6 sigma. That means 99.9996% of the software product should have no
defects or no more than 3 defects per million line of code. These declarations of
companies was appraised at high CMMI levels did not make sense to me.
For many years, I have noticed the numbers of company declared that they were
appraised at CMMI level 5 have increased significantly. It seemed that there is a
competition all over the world on CMMI levels. The notion that If your company has a
CMMI level 5 certificate then my company also want to have it too only help consultants,
especially Not-so-ethical consultants make money. Please note that the Software
Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon does NOT certify any company and there
is NO CMMI certification whatsoever. The certificate is issued by the consultant and it
has nothing to do with the SEI.

Since you are the owner of the company, I am sure you are concerned about your
business and want to improve it. However, there are a lot of thing that you can do and it
does not need a lot of money. My advice: If you want to invest, please invest in your own
people. Provide better trainings, help them to improve their skills, create better working
environment and use metrics to determine the root cause of the problems and fix them.
Please remember that the CMMI is only a model, it is you who make the model work by
commit to make real improvement happens.

Maturity Level:
Mc 1 - Nu t chc cha c quy trnh hoc c quy trnh nhng cha t CL ph hp vi mc 2
Mc 2 - Nu c 7 quy trnh t mc CL2:
PP - Lp k hoch d n (Project Planning)
PMC - Gim st iu khin d n (Project Monitoring and Control)
REQM - Qun l yu cu (Requirement Management)
PPQA - m bo cht lng (Process and Product Quality Assurance)
CM - Qun l cu hnh (Configuration Management)
MA - o kim phn tch (Mesurement and Analysis)
SAM - Qun l thu mua ngoi (Supplier Agreement Management)
Mc 3 - Nu c 18 quy trnh t mc CL3 gm 7 quy trnh mc 2 t CL3 v:
RD - Pht trin yu cu (Requirements Development) TS - Pht trin gii php k thut
(Technical Solution) PI - Tch hp sn phm (Product Integration) VER - Kim tra
(Verification ) VAL - Kim chng (Validation) OPF - Ci tin quy trnh (Organizational Process
Focus) OPD - nh ngha quy trnh (Organizational Process Definition) OT - o to
(Organizational Training) IPM - Qun tr d n tch hp (Integrated Project Management)
RSKM - Qun l ri ro (Risk Management) DAR - Phn tch ra quyt nh (Decision Analysis
and Resolution)
Mc 4 - Nu c 20 quy trnh t CL3 trong c t nht mt quy trnh t CL4
Danh sch cc quy trnh bao gm cc quy trnh mc 3 v b sung thm 2 quy trnh:
OPP - Qun l hiu sut quy trnh (Organizational Process Performance) QPM - Qun tr d n
bng s (Quantitative Project Management)
Mc 5 - Nu c 22 quy trnh t CL3 trong c t nht mt quy trnh t CL5
Danh sch cc quy trnh bao gm cc quy trnh mc 4 v b sung thm 2 quy trnh:
OID - Trin khai ci tin ton cng ty (Organizational Innovation and Deployment)
QPM - Phn tch nguyn nhn gc r (Causal Analysis and Resolution)

Capability Level:
Mc 0 ngha l cc kinh nghim v tiu ch ca m hnh CMMI cha c trin khai thc hin
y trong quy trnh
Mc 1 ngha l cc kinh nghim, tiu ch CMMI c thc hin nhng cha c chnh sch
r rng, cha o to bi bn, cha c o kim xem xt mt cch c h thng.
Mc 2 ngha l cc kinh nghim, tiu ch CMMI c thc hin mt cch lp i lp
li trn tt c cc d n phn mm. Quy trnh c th qun l c vi cam kt trong
chnh sch, vi nhng k hoch hnh ng c th, vi cc hot ng o to ph hp, vi cc
hot ng kim sot, phn tch cc cp khc nhau.
Mc 3 ngha l mi hot ng trong quy trnh tha mn cc iu kin ca mc 2 c nh
ngha chun v s dng ton cng ty. Cc d n hot ng kh ging nhau, ng u

theo quy trnh nh chun cho php ngi ta c th thu thp cc s o v kinh nghim
s dng cho cc d n tng lai.
Mc 4 ngha l quy trnh tha mn cc iu kin ca mc 3 nhng mi hot ng qun l
hay thit lp mc tiu u da trn s o hay d liu thng k c th. Cc quyt nh
a ra trong khi thc hin quy trnh c u c tnh nh lng.
Mc 5 ngha l quy trnh khng nhng c nh ngha v c kim sot bi cc con s, n
cn c thng k mi kt qu thc hin ti u ha. Ngha l nu c 100 d n
chy quy trnh ny, th cc vn ny sinh, cc trc trc gp phi s c a ra phn tch
tm nguyn nhn ct li. Mi yu t lm cho quy trnh hot ng khng n nh v thiu hiu
qu s c loi tr, quy trnh c nng lc thc hin mc 5 va c tnh n nh cao, va lun
c ti u ha.

1. Hng vo khch hng. Mi t chc u ph thuc vo khch hng ca

mnh v v th cn hiu cc nhu cu hin ti v tng lai ca khch hng,
cn p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng v c gng vt cao hn s mong
i ca h.
2. Vai tr ca lnh o. Lnh o thit lp s thng nht gia mc ch v
phng hng ca t chc. Lnh o cn to ra v duy tr mi trng ni b
c th hon ton li cun mi ngi tham gia t cc mc tiu ca t chc
3. S tham gia ca mi ngi. Mi ngi tt c cc cp l ct li ca mt
t chc v vic huy ng h tham gia y s gip cho vic s dng nng
lc ca h v li ch ca t chc.
4. Cch tip cn theo qu trnh. Kt qu mong mun s t c mt cch
hiu qu khi cc ngun lc v cc hot ng c lin quan c qun l nh
mt qu trnh.
5. Cch tip cn theo h thng i vi qun l. Vic xc nh, hiu v
qun l cc qu trnh c lin quan ln nhau nh mt h thng s em li hiu
qu v hiu sut ca t chc nhm t cc mc tiu ra.
6. Ci tin lin tc. Ci tin lin tc cc kt qu thc hin phi l mc tiu
thng trc ca t chc.
7. Quyt nh da trn s kin. Mi quyt nh c hiu lc c da trn
vic phn tch d liu v thng tin.
8. Quan h hp tc cng c li vi ngi cung ng. T chc v ngi
cung ng ph thuc ln nhau v mi quan h cng c li s nng cao nng
lc ca hai bn to ra gi tr.
S thu hiu v p dng 8 nguyn tc ny thng sut v ngay t u, k t
khi bt u thit lp n duy tr v lin tc ci tin h thng qun l cht
lng l yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca h thng qun l cht lng.
Nguyn nhn gc r ca s km hiu qu ca cc h thng qun l cht
lng thng nm trong vic b qua khng p dng mt hay nhiu nguyn
tc trong 8 nguyn tc ny.
1.1.1

Cc yu cu c bn ca tiu chun ISO 9000

Xc nh h thng qun l cht lng

Kim sot ti liu

Kim sot h s

Chnh sch cht lng

Mc tiu cht lng

Xc nh trch nhim quyn hn

Thng tin ni b

o to

Cung cp c s h tng

Mi trng lm vic

Hoch nh to sn phm

Xc nh cc yu cu ca khch hng

Kim sot Thit k

Kim sot Mua hng

Kim sot sn xut/cung cp dch v

Kim sot thit b o lng

o lng s tho mn ca khch hng

nh gi ni b

o lng sn phm

Theo di cc qu trnh

Kim sot sn phm khng ph hp

Phn tch d liu

Hnh ng khc phc

Hnh ng phng nga

Xem xt ca lnh o