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Breathing exercises
Evidence level down-graded from A to B following review of quality
of evidence and a new meta-analysis
The term breathing exercises (not techniques) is used, to avoid
any perception that a specific technique is recommended
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
Definition of asthma
GINA 2015
Diagnosis of asthma
GINA 2015
Patient with
respiratory symptoms
Are the symptoms typical of asthma?
YES
Detailed history/examination
for asthma
History/examination supports
asthma diagnosis?
YES
Perform spirometry/PEF
with reversibility test
Results support asthma diagnosis?
YES
Patient with
respiratory symptoms
Are the symptoms typical of asthma?
YES
NO
Detailed history/examination
for asthma
History/examination supports
asthma diagnosis?
NO
YES
Perform spirometry/PEF
with reversibility test
Results support asthma diagnosis?
YES
YE
S
Patient with
respiratory symptoms
Are the symptoms typical of asthma?
NO
YES
Detailed history/examination
for asthma
History/examination supports
asthma diagnosis?
Further history and tests for
alternative diagnoses
NO
YES
Perform spirometry/PEF
with reversibility test
Results support asthma diagnosis?
NO
YES
Repeat on another
occasion or arrange
other tests
NO
NO
YE
S
Patient with
respiratory symptoms
Are the symptoms typical of asthma?
NO
YES
Detailed history/examination
for asthma
History/examination supports
asthma diagnosis?
Clinical urgency, and
other diagnoses unlikely
NO
YES
Perform spirometry/PEF
with reversibility test
Results support asthma diagnosis?
NO
YES
Repeat on another
occasion or arrange
other tests
NO
YES
Review response
YE
S
Diagnostic testing
within 1-3 months
NO
GINA 2015
Volume
Normal
FEV1
Asthma
(after BD)
Normal
Asthma
(before BD)
Asthma
(after BD)
Asthma
(before BD)
Volume
Time (seconds)
Note: Each FEV1 represents the highest of
three reproducible measurements
GINA 2015
Respiratory infections
COPD
Upper airway dysfunction
Endobronchial obstruction
Inhaled foreign body
GINA 2015
Assessment of asthma
Assessment of asthma
1.
2.
Treatment issues
3.
Comorbidities
Think of rhinosinusitis, GERD, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea,
depression, anxiety
These may contribute to symptoms and poor quality of life
Partly
controlled
Uncontrolled
None of
these
1-2 of
these
3-4 of
these
*Excludes reliever taken before exercise, because many people take this routinely
Yes No
Any activity limitation due to asthma?
Partly
controlled
Uncontrolled
None of
these
1-2 of
these
3-4 of
these
Diagnosis
Demonstrate variable expiratory airflow limitation
Reconsider diagnosis if symptoms and lung function are discordant
Frequent symptoms but normal FEV1: cardiac disease; lack of fitness?
Few symptoms but low FEV1: poor perception; restriction of lifestyle?
Risk assessment
Low FEV1 is an independent predictor of exacerbation risk
Monitoring progress
Measure lung function at diagnosis, 3-6 months after starting
treatment
(to identify personal best), and then periodically
Consider long-term PEF monitoring for patients with severe asthma
or impaired perception of airflow limitation
Adjusting treatment?
Utility of lung function for adjusting treatment is limited by betweenvisit variability of FEV1 (15% year-to-year)
GINA 2015
How?
Asthma severity is assessed retrospectively from the level of
treatment required to control symptoms and exacerbations
When?
Assess asthma severity after patient has been on controller
treatment for several months
Severity is not static it may change over months or years, or as
different treatments become available
GINA 2015
Remove potential
risk factors. Assess and
manage comorbidities
Consider treatment
step-up
Refer to a specialist or
severe asthma clinic
GINA 2015, Box 2-4 (1/5)
Refer to a specialist or
severe asthma clinic
GINA 2015, Box 2-4 (2/5)
Remove potential
risk factors. Assess and
manage comorbidities
Consider treatment
step-up
Refer to a specialist or
severe asthma clinic
GINA 2015, Box 2-4 (3/5)
Remove potential
risk factors. Assess and
manage comorbidities
Consider treatment
step-up
Refer to a specialist or
severe asthma clinic
GINA 2015, Box 2-4 (4/5)
Remove potential
risk factors. Assess and
manage comorbidities
Consider treatment
step-up
Refer to a specialist or
severe asthma clinic
GINA 2015, Box 2-4 (5/5)
RE
S
Patient preference
S
ES
Symptoms
S
AS
PO
NS
E
Side-effects
Patient satisfaction
RE
VI
EW
ENT
ADJUST TREATM
Exacerbations
Asthma medications
Non-pharmacological strategies
Lung function
STEP 5
STEP 4
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
CHOICE
STEP 1
STEP 2
Consider low
dose ICS
STEP 3
Low dose
ICS/LABA*
Refer for
add-on
treatment
Med/high
e.g.
ICS/LABA
anti-IgE
Add
tiotropium#
Add low
dose OCS
As-needed SABA or
low dose ICS/formoterol**
REMEMBER
TO...
STEP 5
STEP 4
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
CHOICE
STEP 1
STEP 2
Consider low
dose ICS
STEP 3
Low dose
ICS/LABA*
Med/high dose ICS
Low dose ICS+LTRA
(or + theoph*)
Refer for
add-on
treatment
Med/high
e.g.
ICS/LABA anti-IgE
Add tiotropium#
High dose ICS
+ LTRA
(or + theoph*)
Add
tiotropium#
Add low
dose OCS
As-needed SABA or
low dose ICS/formoterol**
*For children 6-11 years, theophylline is not recommended, and preferred Step 3 is medium dose ICS
**For patients prescribed BDP/formoterol or BUD/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy
# Tiotropium by soft-mist inhaler is indicated as add-on treatment for patients with a history of
exacerbations; it is not indicated in children <18 years.
Other options
Consider adding regular low dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for
patients at risk of exacerbations
GINA 2015
STEP 5
STEP 4
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
CHOICE
STEP 1
STEP 2
Consider low
dose ICS
STEP 3
Low dose
ICS/LABA*
Refer for
add-on
treatment
Med/high
e.g.
ICS/LABA anti-IgE
Add
tiotropium#
Add low
dose OCS
As-needed SABA or
low dose ICS/formoterol**
*For children 6-11 years, theophylline is not recommended, and preferred Step 3 is medium dose ICS
**For patients prescribed BDP/formoterol or BUD/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy
# Tiotropium by soft-mist inhaler is indicated as add-on treatment for patients with a history of
exacerbations; it is not indicated in children <18 years.
Preferred option: regular low dose ICS with as-needed inhaled SABA
Low dose ICS reduces symptoms and reduces risk of exacerbations and
asthma-related hospitalization and death
Other options
Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) with as-needed SABA
Less effective than low dose ICS
May be used for some patients with both asthma and allergic rhinitis, or if
patient will not use ICS
Intermittent ICS with as-needed SABA for purely seasonal allergic asthma
with no interval symptoms
Start ICS immediately symptoms commence, and continue for
4 weeks after pollen season ends
GINA 2015
STEP 5
STEP 4
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
CHOICE
STEP 1
STEP 2
Consider low
dose ICS
STEP 3
Low dose
ICS/LABA*
Med/high dose ICS
Low dose ICS+LTRA
(or + theoph*)
Refer for
add-on
treatment
Med/high
e.g.
ICS/LABA anti-IgE
Add tiotropium#
High dose ICS
+ LTRA
(or + theoph*)
Add
tiotropium#
Add low
dose OCS
As-needed SABA or
low dose ICS/formoterol**
*For children 6-11 years, theophylline is not recommended, and preferred Step 3 is medium dose ICS
**For patients prescribed BDP/formoterol or BUD/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy
# Tiotropium by soft-mist inhaler is indicated as add-on treatment for patients with a history of
exacerbations; it is not indicated in children <18 years.
*Approved only for low dose beclometasone/formoterol and low dose budesonide/formoterol
GINA 2015
UPDATED!
STEP 5
STEP 4
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
CHOICE
STEP 1
STEP 2
Consider low
dose ICS
STEP 3
Low dose
ICS/LABA*
Med/high
ICS/LABA
Refer for
add-on
treatment
e.g.
anti-IgE
Add
tiotropium#
Add low
dose OCS
As-needed SABA or
low dose ICS/formoterol**
*For children 6-11 years, theophylline is not recommended, and preferred Step 3 is medium dose ICS
**For patients prescribed BDP/formoterol or BUD/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy
# Tiotropium by soft-mist inhaler is indicated as add-on treatment for patients with a history of
exacerbations; it is not indicated in children <18 years.
UPDATED!
UPDATED!
STEP 5
STEP 4
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
CHOICE
STEP 1
STEP 2
Consider low
dose ICS
STEP 3
Low dose
ICS/LABA*
Refer for
add-on
treatment
Med/high
e.g.
ICS/LABA anti-IgE
Add
tiotropium#
Add low
dose OCS
As-needed SABA or
low dose ICS/formoterol**
*For children 6-11 years, theophylline is not recommended, and preferred Step 3 is medium dose ICS
**For patients prescribed BDP/formoterol or BUD/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy
# Tiotropium by soft-mist inhaler is indicated as add-on treatment for patients with a history of
exacerbations; it is not indicated in children <18 years.
UPDATED!
GINA 2015
Medium
High
200500
>5001000
>1000
100200
>200400
>400
Budesonide (DPI)
200400
>400800
>800
Ciclesonide (HFA)
80160
>160320
>320
100250
>250500
>500
Mometasone furoate
110220
>220440
>440
4001000
>10002000
>2000
Triamcinolone acetonide
Medium
High
100200
>200400
>400
50100
>100200
>200
Budesonide (DPI)
100200
>200400
>400
Budesonide (nebules)
250500
>5001000
>1000
80
>80160
>160
100200
>200400
>400
100200
>200500
>500
110
220<440
440
400800
>8001200
>1200
Ciclesonide (HFA)
Mometasone furoate
Triamcinolone acetonide
O
NS
E
RE
SP
RE
VI
EW
ENT
ADJUST TREATM
S
S
SE
AS
Short-term step-up, for 1-2 weeks, e.g. with viral infection or allergen
May be initiated by patient with written asthma action plan
Day-to-day adjustment
For patients prescribed low-dose ICS/formoterol maintenance and reliever
regimen*
*Approved only for low dose beclometasone/formoterol and low dose budesonide/formoterol
GINA 2015
Aim
To find the lowest dose that controls symptoms and exacerbations, and minimizes the
risk of side-effects
*Approved only for low dose beclometasone/formoterol and low dose budesonide/formoterol
GINA 2015, Box 3-8
Non-pharmacological interventions
Physical activity
Encouraged because of its general health benefits. Provide advice about
exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
Occupational asthma
Ask patients with adult-onset asthma about work history. Remove sensitizers
as soon as possible. Refer for expert advice, if available
(Allergen avoidance)
(Not recommended as a general strategy for asthma)
GINA 2015
Check
Check technique at every opportunity Can you show me how you use your
inhaler at present?
Identify errors with a device-specific checklist
Check
Check technique at every opportunity Can you show me how you use your
inhaler at present?
Identify errors with a device-specific checklist
Correct
Give a physical demonstration to show how to use the inhaler correctly
Check again (up to 2-3 times)
Re-check inhaler technique frequently, as errors often recur within 4-6 weeks
Check
Check technique at every opportunity Can you show me how you use your
inhaler at present?
Identify errors with a device-specific checklist
Correct
Give a physical demonstration to show how to use the inhaler correctly
Check again (up to 2-3 times)
Re-check inhaler technique frequently, as errors often recur within 4-6 weeks
Confirm
Can you demonstrate correct technique for the inhalers you prescribe?
Brief inhaler technique training improves asthma control
GINA 2015, Box 3-11 (4/4)
Poor adherence:
Is very common: it is estimated that 50% of adults and children do
not take controller medications as prescribed
Contributes to uncontrolled asthma symptoms and risk of
exacerbations and asthma-related death
Contributory factors
Unintentional (e.g. forgetfulness, cost, confusion) and/or
Intentional (e.g. no perceived need, fear of side-effects, cultural
issues, cost)
GINA 2015
Shared decision-making
Simplifying the medication regimen (once vs twice-daily)
Comprehensive asthma education with nurse home visits
Inhaler reminders for missed doses
Reviewing patients detailed dispensing records
GINA 2015
Phenotype-guided treatment
Sputum-guided treatment to reduce exacerbations and/or steroid dose
Severe allergic asthma: suggest add-on anti-IgE treatment (omalizumab)
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: consider add-on LTRA
Non-pharmacological interventions
Consider bronchial thermoplasty for selected patients
Comprehensive adherence-promoting program
Asthma flare-ups
(exacerbations)
GINA 2015
Why?
When combined with self-monitoring and regular medical review,
action plans are highly effective in reducing asthma mortality and
morbidity
GINA 2015
If PEF or FEV1
<60% best, or not
improving after
48 hours
EARLY OR MILD
All patients
Continue reliever
Increase reliever
Continue controller
Early increase in
controller as below
Add prednisolone
4050 mg/day
Review response
Contact doctor
LATE OR SEVERE
NEW!
Outcomes were consistently better if the action plan prescribed both increased
ICS, and OCS
GINA 2015
Is it asthma?
MILD or MODERATE
SEVERE
LIFE-THREATENING
Drowsy, confused
or silent chest
URGENT
START TREATMENT
SABA 410 puffs by pMDI + spacer,
repeat every 20 minutes for 1 hour
Prednisolone: adults 1 mg/kg, max.
50 mg, children 12 mg/kg, max. 40 mg
WORSENING
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
While waiting: give inhaled
SABA and ipratropium bromide,
O2, systemic corticosteroid
WORSENING
IMPROVING
ARRANGE at DISCHARGE
FOLLOW UP
Reliever: reduce to as-needed
Controller: continue higher dose for short term (12 weeks) or long term (3 months), depending
on background to exacerbation
Risk factors: check and correct modifiable risk factors that may have contributed to exacerbation,
including inhaler technique and adherence
Action plan: Is it understood? Was it used appropriately? Does it need modification?
PRIMARY CARE
Is it asthma?
LIFE-THREATENING
Drowsy, confused
or silent chest
URGENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
While waiting: give inhaled SABA
and ipratropium bromide, O2,
systemic corticosteroid
PRIMARY CARE
Is it asthma?
MILD or MODERATE
SEVERE
LIFE-THREATENING
Drowsy, confused
or silent chest
URGENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
While waiting: give inhaled SABA
and ipratropium bromide, O2,
systemic corticosteroid
PRIMARY CARE
Is it asthma?
MILD or MODERATE
SEVERE
START TREATMENT
Drowsy, confused
or silent chest
URGENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
LIFE-THREATENING
WORSENING
START TREATMENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
WORSENING
WORSENING
IMPROVING
START TREATMENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
WORSENING
WORSENING
IMPROVING
ARRANGE at DISCHARGE
START TREATMENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
WORSENING
WORSENING
IMPROVING
ARRANGE at DISCHARGE
FOLLOW UP
Reliever: reduce to as-needed
Controller: continue higher dose for short term (12 weeks) or long term (3 months), depending
on background to exacerbation
Risk factors: check and correct modifiable risk factors that may have contributed to exacerbation,
including inhaler technique and adherence
Action plan: Is it understood? Was it used appropriately? Does it need modification?
NO
YES
MILD or MODERATE
SEVERE
Talks in phrases
Prefers sitting to lying
Not agitated
Respiratory rate increased
Accessory muscles not used
Pulse rate 100120 bpm
O2 saturation (on air) 9095%
Talks in words
Sits hunched forwards
Agitated
Respiratory rate >30/min
Accessory muscles being used
Pulse rate >120 bpm
O2 saturation (on air) < 90%
Short-acting beta2-agonists
Short-acting beta2-agonists
Ipratropium bromide
Controlled O2 to maintain
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
NO
YES
MILD or MODERATE
Talks in phrases
Prefers sitting to lying
Not agitated
Respiratory rate increased
Accessory muscles not used
Pulse rate 100120 bpm
O2 saturation (on air) 9095%
SEVERE
Talks in words
Sits hunched forwards
Agitated
Respiratory rate >30/min
Accessory muscles being used
Pulse rate >120 bpm
O2 saturation (on air) < 90%
MILD or MODERATE
SEVERE
Talks in phrases
Prefers sitting to lying
Not agitated
Respiratory rate increased
Accessory muscles not used
Pulse rate 100120 bpm
O2 saturation (on air) 9095%
PEF >50% predicted or best
Talks in words
Sits hunched forwards
Agitated
Respiratory rate >30/min
Accessory muscles being used
Pulse rate >120 bpm
O2 saturation (on air) < 90%
PEF 50% predicted or best
Short-acting beta2-agonists
Short-acting beta2-agonists
Ipratropium bromide
Controlled O2 to maintain
saturation 9395% (children 94-98%)
Oral or IV corticosteroids
Consider IV magnesium
Consider high dose ICS
Short-acting beta2-agonists
Short-acting beta2-agonists
Ipratropium bromide
Controlled O2 to maintain
saturation 9395% (children 94-98%)
Controlled O2 to maintain
saturation 9395% (children 94-98%)
Oral corticosteroids
Oral or IV corticosteroids
Consider IV magnesium
Consider high dose ICS
If continuing deterioration, treat
as
severe and re-assess for ICU
The opportunity
Exacerbations often represent failures in chronic asthma care,
and they provide opportunities to review the patients asthma
management
Background
GINA 2015
Background
Frequent exacerbations
Poor quality of life
More rapid decline in lung function
Higher mortality
Greater health care utilization
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
Definitions
Asthma
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway
inflammation. It is defined by the history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze,
shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough that vary over time and in intensity,
together with variable expiratory airflow limitation. [GINA 2015]
Definitions
Asthma
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway
inflammation. It is defined by the history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze,
shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough that vary over time and in intensity,
together with variable expiratory airflow limitation. [GINA 2015]
COPD
COPD is a common preventable and treatable disease, characterized by persistent
airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with enhanced chronic
inflammatory responses in the airways and the lungs to noxious particles or gases.
Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to the overall severity in individual patients.
[GOLD 2015]
Definitions
Asthma
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway
inflammation. It is defined by the history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze,
shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough that vary over time and in intensity,
together with variable expiratory airflow limitation. [GINA 2015]
COPD
COPD is a common preventable and treatable disease, characterized by persistent
airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with enhanced chronic
inflammatory responses in the airways and the lungs to noxious particles or gases.
Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to the overall severity in individual patients.
[GOLD 2015]
STEP 1
Yes
STEP 2
No
Lung function
Lung function between
symptoms
Past history or family
history
Time course
Chest X-ray
COPD
After age 40 years
Normal
Abnormal
NOTE: These features best distinguish between asthma and COPD. Several positive features (3 or more) for either asthma or
COPD suggest that diagnosis. If there are a similar number for both asthma and COPD, consider diagnosis of ACOS
DIAGNOSIS
Asthma
Some features
of asthma
CONFIDENCE IN
DIAGNOSIS
Asthma
Asthma
STEP 3
PERFORM
SPIROMETRY
STEP 4
INITIAL
TREATMENT*
STEP 5
SPECIALISED
INVESTIGATIONS
or REFER IF:
Features of
both
Could be
ACOS
Marked
reversible airflow limitation
(pre-post bronchodilator) or other
proof of variable airflow limitation
Some features
of COPD
Possibly
COPD
COPD
COPD
ICS, and
Asthma
Asthma drugs
COPD
COPD
usually
drugs
No LABA
drugs
drugs
LABA
No LABA
monotherapy
monotherapy
+/or LAMA
*Consult GINA and GOLD documents for recommended treatments.
Persistent symptoms and/or exacerbations despite treatment.
Diagnostic uncertainty (e.g. suspected pulmonary hypertension, cardiovascular diseases
and other causes of respiratory symptoms).
Suspected asthma or COPD with atypical or additional symptoms or signs (e.g.
haemoptysis, weight loss, night sweats, fever, signs of bronchiectasis or other structural
lung disease).
Few features of either asthma or COPD.
Comorbidities present.
Reasons for referral for either diagnosis as outlined in the GINA and GOLD strategy
reports.
STEP 1
Yes
GINA 2015
No
Physical examination
May be normal
Evidence of hyperinflation or respiratory insufficiency
Wheeze and/or crackles
GINA 2015
Screening questionnaires
Designed to assist in identification of patients at risk of chronic
airways disease
May not be generalizable to all countries, practice settings or
patients
See GINA and GOLD reports for examples
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
STEP 2
ASTHMA
COPD
Age of onset
Pattern of symptoms
Worse during the night or early morning Good and bad days but always daily
symptoms and exertional dyspnea
Triggered by exercise, emotions
including laughter, dust or exposure
to allergens
Lung function
Normal
Abnormal
Chest X-ray
Normal
Severe hyperinflation
NOTE: These features best distinguish between asthma and COPD. Several positive features (3 or more) for either asthma or COPD suggest
that diagnosis. If there are a similar number for both asthma and COPD, consider diagnosis of ACOS
DIAGNOSIS
Asthma
Some features
of asthma
Features of
both
Some features
of COPD
COPD
CONFIDENCE IN
DIAGNOSIS
Asthma
Asthma
Could be ACOS
Possibly COPD
COPD
GINA
2015, Box 5-4
GINA
2014
STEP 3
PERFORM
SPIROMETRY
GINA 2015
Marked
reversible airflow limitation
(pre-post bronchodilator) or other
proof of variable airflow limitation
Step 3 - Spirometry
Step 3 - Spirometry
Spirometric variable
Normal FEV1/FVC
pre- or post-BD
Asthma
COPD
Post-BD
FEV1/FVC <0.7 Indicates airflow
limitation; may improve
ACOS
Not compatible unless
other evidence of chronic
airflow limitation
Usual in ACOS
FEV1<80% predicted
Indicates severity of
airflow limitation and risk
of exacerbations and
mortality
Post-BD
increase in
High probability of
FEV1 >12% and 400mL asthma
from baseline
Unusual in COPD.
Consider ACOS
Compatible with
diagnosis of ACOS
STEP 4
INITIAL
TREATMENT*
Asthma drugs
No LABA
monotherapy
Asthma drugs
No LABA
monotherapy
ICS and
consider LABA
+/or LAMA
COPD drugs
COPD drugs
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
STEP 3
PERFORM
SPIROMETRY
STEP 5
SPECIALISED
INVESTIGATIONS
or REFER IF:
GINA 2015
GINA 2015
Asthma
COPD
DLCO
Often reduced
Normal between
exacerbations
Airway
hyperresponsiveness
High resolution CT
scan
Conforms to background
prevalence; does not rule out COPD
FENO
Blood eosinophilia
Sputum inflammatory
cell analysis
Patients
www.ginasthma.org
GINA 2015