Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Shakedown and limit load of pipe bends with local wall thinning under
combined internal pressure and cyclic in-plane bending moment
W.E. Abdel-Ghany1, S.J Ebeid2 and M.R Kasem3
1, 2
Abstract
The behaviour of smooth 90-degree pipe bends under
combined internal pressure and cyclic bending loads has
received a substantial attention in recent few years where
shakedown and ratcheting boundaries have been
determined. However such data are scarcely found for
those pipe bends suffering from local wall thinning. This
paper quantifies the effect of local wall thinning
parameters on both elastic and shakedown boundaries via a
non cyclic-numerical technique developed by Abdalla et
al. [1]. The effect of local wall thinning parameters is
investigated also on limit loads of pipe bends under the
internal pressure and bending moments based on a
systematic FE limit loads using elastic perfect plastic
material model. The limit load study has been verified with
the proposed approximations developed by Oh et al. [2]
and Kim et al. [3]. The thinning geometry is assumed to be
rectangular rather than circular but the geometrical
nonlinearities are considered. Finite and fully
circumferential local wall thinning in pipe bends under
combined internal pressure and in-plane bending; opening
and closing have been studied. Both extrados and intrados
local wall thinning locations have been considered also.
Keywords: Finite Element, Pipe Bends, Shakedown,
Reversed Plasticity, Ratcheting, Local Wall Thinning,
Twice-Elastic-Slope, Plastic Load
1. Introduction
Pipe bends are considered the most critical components in
piping systems, especially in nuclear power plants and
natural gas pipe lines. They are incorporated into piping
systems to allow modifications in isometric routings and
maintain integrity of piping systems under transient
loading conditions by absorbing the thermal expansions
and seismic movements by dissipating energy as a result of
local plastic deformation. On the other hand due to their
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Nomenclature
Local wall thinning depth
d
Inner diameter of pipe
di
do
E
Fo
rm
M
Mi
E
ELPL
eq
rx , ry , rz
ML
Mo
M oA
M Co
M oD
M oExp
M oK
M os
P
PL
PO
straight pipe = 4 r m 2t
o
Shakedown limit moment
Internal pressure
Limit pressure of defective pipe bend
Limit pressure of smooth pipe bend
POS
PEQ
R
MSD
Temperature difference
Stress
Elastic stress component
Elastic-plastic stress component
Yield strength
rx , ry , rz
Abbreviations
American petroleum institute
API
American society for mechanical engineers
ASME
Elastic compensation method
ECM
Linear matching method
LMM
Flow accelerated corrosion
FAC
Finite element
FE
FFS
IPC
IPO
PCM
SD
In-plane closing
In-plane opening
Plastic collapse moment
Shakedown
TED
TES
TIM
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
2.1. Geometry
Fig. 1 depicts a 90 pipe bend characterized by two nondimensional variables R/r and r/t leading to another nondimensional pipe bend characteristic defined by
Rt (R rm )
(1)
=
=
(rm t)
rm2
Where R is the mean bend radius of the elbow, r m and t
are the mean cross sectional radius and the wall thickness
of the elbow.
rm
rm t
R rm
= Rt rm2
50
50
50
50
5
2.5
10
5
10
20
5
10
2
6
2
5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of 90pipe bend with finite extrados local wall thinning under in-plane bending; (a) the cross
section of wall thinning, (b) characteristics of elbow wall thinning and (c) characteristics of longitudinal extent of wall
thinning.
Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of 90pipe bend with finite intrados local wall thinning under in-plane bending; (a) the cross
section of wall thinning, (b) characteristics of elbow wall thinning and (c) characteristics of longitudinal extent of wall
thinning.
Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of 90pipe bend with fully circumferential wall thinning under in-plane bending; (a) the cross
section of wall thinning, (b) characteristics of elbow wall thinning and (c) characteristics of longitudinal extent of wall
thinning.
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
= 1 + 2 =
(2)
4 R
Where x denotes the longitudinal length of local wall
thinning in the attached straight as shown in Fig. 2c, 3c and
4c. The limiting case of = 4 indicates that the
thinning exists in the entire elbow.
The other limiting case is the thinning without longitudinal
extent. Also d o ranges from 0 to 2. The length of the
longitudinal extent depends on the thinning location and
whether the thinning is finite or fully circumferential.
Hence the previous values of the aforementioned
parameters cover the locations of local wall thinning at
both extrados and intrados.
Pipe bends contains local wall thinning with zero
longitudinal length corresponds to circumferential partthrough constant depth surface cracks which is
characterized by two non-dimensional parameters a/t and
, where denotes the half crack length Fig. 2, 3 and
4. The value of is systematically varied
2.2. Material
Material non-linearity was considered in this study. This
was implemented by using elastic perfectly plastic
material model. The effect of the strain hardening of the
material was eliminated by using this model. Materials
used with youngs modulus E , yield strength y and
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 8 Loading and boundary conditions of pipe bend with local wall
thinning
(3)
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
(4)
Mo =
0.6
for >1.45
0.8 ;
(
(
)(
)
M o =M so 0.935
;2 3 for <0.5
(5)
23
o
M o =M s 1.04
1+
);
(6)
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Table 2 Comparison between the experimental results, published works and current FE analysis for limit load determination
Material
R/r
r/t
2.88
2.88
2.06
2.07
2.09
2.09
2.14
2.84
2.91
6.176
6.176
18.52
19.69
11.34
11.34
7.171
11.34
7.171
SA106Gr B
SA106Gr B
BS970
BS970
ASTM A-106B
ASTM A-106B
ASTM A-106B
ASTM A-106B
ASTM A-106B
( )
Where = 2+ 3
3
23
Temp.
)(
( C)
20
120
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
322
286
216
288
273
317
238
345
261
4 (1+
2 ) o r
E t
469
424
511
469
485
507
448
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.17
0.13
Closing moment;
Mo=M so
( 0.715
)
( 0.722
)
23
(7)
13
(8)
Exp
Mo
( KN.m )
20.25
20.76
0.2
0.23
23.27
21.92
41.69
29.83
48.36
Exp
Mo
Mo
Exp
Mo
1.17
1.35
1.27
1.21
1.52
1.24
1.55
1.26
1.33
Exp
Mo
Mo
1.02
1.17
1.1
1.05
1.33
1.08
1.34
1.1
1.16
Reference
Mo
1.03
1.18
0.96
0.98
1.13
0.93
1.18
1.07
1.14
[13]
[13]
[20]
[20]
[26]
[26]
[26]
[26]
[26]
23
moment; M Co =M so 1.047
13
(15)
(16)
( )
( )
( )
( )
M o =M so 0.769
23
(13)
M o =M s 0.906
23
(14)
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
0.09
A=1.19 rt +1
-1; B=0.0013 rt +0.307
The abovementioned formula was compared with the
present FE results in Fig. 13, showing good agreement
with Kim et al. [32].
3.3. Combined
bending
Fig. 12 show that the limit moment does not depend only
on the bend characteristics but it is additionally dependent
on either on r/t or R/r .
Po =Po
1-r R
1-r ( 2R )
(20)
( r+tr-t 22 ) =( 23 rt )
o
(21)
internal
pressure
In-plane
13
Mo = 1.04 2 3 1-P r
(24)
2to
Mso
This equation shows that the limit bending moment
decreases with the increase of the internal pressure which
is against the observations of Rodabaugh [33], Hilsenkopf
et al. [13], Touboul et al. [20], Shalaby and Younan [34]
and Chattopadhyay et al. [28]. This is due to using small
displacement analysis which neglects the stiffening effect
of internal pressure.
Kim and Oh [35] modified the abovementioned equation
and proposed a new equation for pipe bends under
combined internal pressure and in-plane bending.
Po
M
(25)
Mo = 1- Pos
Fig. 14 shows a comparison between the current FE and
the above mentioned equations proposed by Goodall [31]
and Kim and Oh [35].
Touboul et al. [20] proposed an equation for instability
moment; defined as the maximum moment in the moment
rotation curve under combined internal pressure and
bending moment as following
Mo
1+ 0.7 Pr . 1.4-0.5 Pr (26)
=
m
=
o Mo ( P=0 )
to
to
( )
( )( )
( )
and
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
13
[ ]
+p
()
=-0.18+0.07 rt
=0.005 rt
(32)
(28)
o
For opening in-plane bending
-0.0617+1.0485 +
o
M
m
=
=
1.2182P
9.6431 1-P
o Mso
1 3 +7.8509P
m = 1+p + p
(30)
m = 1+p + p
Where
+p
(33)
0.5
For 0.3
=
122
For 0.1
0.3
105 2 -105+23.75
0.5
For 0.3
=
1.7
For 0.1
0.3
-752 +75-18.83
0.5
For 0.3
=
-3.08
For 0.1
0.3
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 15 Effect of wall thinning parameters on TES plastic loads for pipe bends with extrados local wall thinning under in-plane bending
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 16 Effect of wall thinning parameters on TES plastic loads for pipe bends with intrados local wall thinning under in-plane bending
R/r. Also the effect of r/t on TES plastic loads are depicted
in Fig. 18 showing that TES plastic loads decreases with
increasing r/t.
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
=2.9
,=0.29+0.9
()
()
()
()
( ) ,=0.1+2.9-3.6 ( )
=2.2
) ( dt )
)
(38)
Fig. 22 shows that the pipe bend can be used with surface
crack up to crack depth of 0.5 of thickness for
circumferential crack angle /=0.5 which means the
whole extrados section of the pipe bend but for intrados
section this limit was decreased to be /=0.3 which
indicates that the intrados surface crack is more danger
than the extrados one.
( )( )
(35)
)( )
)
(39)
MO =
F
Where Mo, F and Fo from previous sections depending on
the location of local wall thinning and bending mode.
( )
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 17 Effect of pipe bend characteristics on TES plastic loads for pipe bends with local wall thinning
Fig. 18 Effect of pipe bend radius to thickness ratio on TES plastic loads for pipe bends with local wall thinning
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 19 Comparison between the FE TES loads for extrados sufficiently long wall thinning under IPC with the solution proposed by Oh et al. [5]
Fig. 20 Comparison between the FE TES loads for intrados sufficiently long wall thinning under IPO with the solution proposed by Oh et al. [5]
Fig. 21 Comparison between the FE TES loads for extrados and intrados sufficiently long wall thinning under IPO and IPC with the solution proposed by Oh et al. [5]
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 22 Effect of circumferential part-through constant depth surface cracks on TES plastic loads of pipe bends under crack opening bending modes
( )
( )
Fig. 23 Effect of longitudinal extent on FE TES plastic loads for pipe bends with extrados local wall thinning under in-plane closing bending moment
Fig. 24 Effect of longitudinal extent on FE TES plastic loads for pipe bends with intrados local wall thinning under in-plane opening bending moment
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 25 Effect of longitudinal extent on FE TES plastic loads for pipe bends with extrados local wall thinning under in-plane opening bending moment
and intrados thinning under in-plane closing moment
PL
Po = ( Fo F ) exp
( )
(- dL ) +F
o
( )
( )(
(43)
=5.625-20 dt + 37.5 dt
Where Fo is given from Eq. 40 and F is denoted from the
following equation
PL
(44)
min 1.0, 13 1- dt 10 dt +1
O
PO= F=
Fig. 26 Effect of longitudinal extent on FE TES plastic loads for pipe bends with extrados local wall thinning under in-plane closing bending moment
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 27 Effect of thinning on FE TES plastic loads for pipe bends with extrados and intrados local wall thinning under IPC and IPO moment
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 28 Effect of circumferential thinning angle on FE TES plastic loads for pipe bends with extrados and intrados local wall thinning under IPC and IPO moment
Fig. 29 Effect of circumferential thinning angle on FE TES plastic loads for pipe bends with extrados and intrados local wall thinning under IPC and IPO moment
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 30 Bree diagram showing the safe and the unsafe operating regions
under combined steady and cyclic loadings
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
( )
eq r =12
-
rx ry
rz - rx
) + ( - ) +
) + ( + + )
2
ry
rz
rx
ry
rz
(46)
1
2
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
Fig. 35 Elastic and shakedown boundary of pipe bends with local wall
thinning at extrados under IPC moment
Fig. 34 Elastic and shakedown boundary limits for pipe bends with
local wall thinning at extrados and intrados under in-plane opening and
closing bending moments
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
8. Conclusions
Three dimensional, geometrically non-linear elastic-plastic
finite element analyses were performed on pipe bends with
internal local wall thinning subjected to pure in-plane
bending only, internal pressure only and combined inplane bending and internal pressure to investigate the
effect of local wall thinning parameters on the integrity of
elbows. The effect of local wall thinning parameters such
as thinning depth, circumferential angle, longitudinal
extent and thinning location, on the plastic collapse
behaviour were investigated.
Two limiting cases of local wall thinning corresponding to
sufficiently long wall thinning and zero longitudinal length
wall thinning corresponding to constant depth part through
surface cracks were considered. The TES plastic loads
have no longer dependency on the axial longitudinal extent.
Shakedown domains for locally thinned elbows were
obtained via a non-cyclic numerical technique were
obtained and full cyclic elastic plastic analyses were done
to gain confidence for the obtained boundaries. The
shakedown boundary for locally thinned elbow; where the
thinning did not exceed the crown surface is almost the
same with the defect free elbow at low internal pressure
and it is affected with the increasing pressure.
References
[1] Abdalla HF, Megahed MM et al.Younan MYA. A Simplified
Technique for Shakedown Limit Load Determination. Nuclear
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 10, December 2014.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 7968
[18] Calladine C. Limit analysis of curved tubes. J Mech Eng Sci 1974;.
1974;16.
[19] Goodall I, Large deformations in plastically deforming curved tubes
subjected to in-plane bending. Research Division Report
RD/B/N4312. UK:: Central Electricity Generating Board;
1978.,
[20] Touboul F, Djedidia MB et al.Acker D, 1989, "Design criteria for
piping components against plastic collapse: application to
pipe bend experiments," Cengdian Liu Nichols RW, eds.,
Beijing, pp. 73-84.
[21] Griffiths JE. The effect of cracks on the limit load of pipe bends
under in-plane bending: Experimental study. International
Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 1979;21:119-30.
[22] Miller AG. Review of limit loads of structures containing defects.
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping.
1988;32:197-327.
[23] Zahoor A. Ductile fracture handbook: Novotech Corp; 1991.
[24] Marie S,Chapuliot S,Kayser Y,Lacire MH, et al. French RSE-M and
RCC-MR code appendices for flaw analysis: presentation of
the fracture parameters calculationpart IV,cracked
elbows.Int J Pres Ves Piping 2007; 84:65986.
[25] Drubay B, Marie S et al.Chapuliot S, A16: Guide for Defect
Assessment and Leak-Before-Break Analysis
1995, Third Draft, Atomique Commissariat A Lenergie, France.
[26] Greenstreet WL, Research USNRCOoNR, Laboratory ORN et
al.Energy USDo. Experimental Study of Plastic Responses of
Pipe Elbows: Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 1978.
[27] Chattopadhyay J, Dutta BK, Kushwaha HS, Mahajan SC et
al.Kakodkar A. Limit load analysis and safety assessment of
an elbow with a circumferential crack under a bending
moment. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping.
1995;62:109-16.
[28] Chattopadhyay J, Nathani DK, Dutta BK et al.Kushwaha HS.
Closed-Form Collapse Moment Equations of Elbows Under
Combined Internal Pressure and In-Plane Bending Moment.
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology. 2000;122:431-6.
[29] Chattopadhyay J, Tomar AKS, Dutta BK et al.Kushwaha HS.
Closed-Form Collapse Moment Equations of Throughwall
Circumferentially Cracked Elbows Subjected to In-Plane
Bending Moment. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology.
2004;126:307-17.
[30] Kim Y-J et al.Oh C-S. Closed-form plastic collapse loads of pipe
bends under combined pressure and in-plane bending.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2006;73:1437-54.
[31] Goodall IW, Lower bound limit analysis of curved tubes loaded by
combined internal pressure and in-plane bending moment,
1978, CEGB report RD/B/N4360, Board Central Electricity
Generating, France.
[32] Kim YJ, Je JH, Oh CS, Han JJ et al.Budden PJ. Plastic loads for 90
thick-walled elbows under combined pressure and bending.
The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design.
2010;45:115-27.
[33] Rodabaugh EC. Interpretive report on limit load analysis and plastic
deformations of piping products. Weld Res Counc Bull.
1979;254:65-82.
[34] Shalaby MA et al.Younan MYA. Limit Loads for Pipe Elbows With
Internal Pressure Under In-Plane Closing Bending Moments.
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology. 1998;120:35-42.
[35] Kim Y-J et al.Oh C-S. Limit loads for pipe bends under combined
pressure and in-plane bending based on finite element limit
analysis. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping.
2006;83:148-53.
[36] Chattopadhyay J, Kushwaha HS et al.Roos E. Some recent
developments on integrity assessment of pipes and elbows.
Part I: Theoretical investigations. International Journal of
Solids and Structures. 2006;43:2904-31.