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Abstract
It is well known that the deliverability of gas condensate wells
can be impaired by the formation of a condensate bank once
the bottomhole pressure drops below the dew-point. There
have been many excellent laboratory studies on gascondensate relative permeability that describe this
phenomenon, but there are few integrated laboratorysimulation-field studies that compare systematic predictions to
field performance.
We present extensive experimental relative permeability
data sets on some sandstone reservoirs. These data span the
krg/kro and capillary number parameter space. We discuss the
experimental procedures, and the design of fluid systems that
mimic reservoir fluids, but at lower temperatures. Next we
demonstrate various steps involved in our approach by
modeling a gas condensate well with field production history.
Here we first measured relative permeability data on core
samples from the reservoir and fit them to capillary number
dependent relative permeability models. Then, we performed
detailed single well compositional modeling with realistic
geology and boundary conditions. Finally, we compared the
predictions to actual production data, and found that the match
was quite good. The productivity reduction was found to be in
the range of 80%, the majority of which occurred in the initial
phases of production. Our ability to reasonably predict the
well performance has given us confidence that our approach,
including measuring only the relevant portion of the relative
permeability curves and using synthetic fluids, may be
sufficient.
Introduction
Gas condensate reservoirs typically consist of single phase gas
at initial reservoir conditions. When the flowing bottomhole
pressure falls below the dew-point of the reservoir fluid, liquid
condensate builds up (condensate banking) near the
wellbore. Condensate banking leads to reduction in gas
relative permeability and loss in well productivity, and this is
well documented in several field1-4 and theoretical studies5-6.
IPTC 10243
IPTC 10243
IPTC 10243
IPTC 10243
CH4
n-C10
n-C20
Reservoir 1
98.7
0.98
0.32
Mole %
Reservoir 2
97.8
2.1
0.1
Reservoir 3
94.0
5.95
0.05
Reservoir 1
Reservoir 2
Swi
porosity
(%)
permeability
(mD)
(%)
10.1
51
13
15
12
9.5
20
17.8
3.6
32.5
16.9
61.9
26.4
17.7
35
23.9
13.78
22.9
19.62
16.27
4.9
21.92
Sample
Reservoir 3
Permeability
(mD)
6.4
1.4
0.081
1.7
5.1
0.143
20.3
Porosity
0.139
Thickness
(ft)
21.5
0.1
0.186
10.5
13.9
0.153
16.1
30.0
2.4
0.039
18.8
0.119
41.5
6.9
0.120
26.7
2.6
0.068
74.1
10
3.7
0.061
141.08
11
6.3
0.031
68.3
12
3.6
0.066
7.6
IPTC 10243
30
0.25
Reservoir Fluid @275 F
Synthetic Fluid @ 113 F
25
0.2
20
0.15
IFT, mN/m
15
0.1
2
10
0.05
5
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0
0
Pressure, psia
1000
2000
3000
4000
0
6000
5000
Pressure (Psia)
25
25
0.30
Reservoir Fluid @ 290 F
0.15
10
0.10
5
0.05
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
20
15
10
0
2000
0.00
7000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
20
1.00
18
IFT, mN/m
6
5
4
3
0.90
7
Retrograde Liq., % of Dew Pt Volume
6500
Pressure, psia
Pressure, psia
16
0.80
14
0.70
12
0.60
10
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
2
1
0
2000
0
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
0.00
6500
Pressure, psia
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
Pressure, psia
IFT, mN/m
0.20
15
20
0
1000
0.25
IPTC 10243
1000.0
0.7
6000 psi (Initial)
4200 psi
0.6
Krg/Kro
3400 psi
100.0
2600 psi
10.0
1.0
Reservoir 1
Reservoir 2
Reservoir 3
SPE 83960
SCA 9930
SPE 31065
SPE 80551
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
Pressure, psia
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
Capillary Number
1000.0
0.8
krg/kro
100.0
0.9
10.0
1.0
Reservoir 1
Reservoir 2
SPE 83960
SCA 9928
SPE 31065
SPE 80551
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-04
1.E-03
To Vent
0.4
Water
Condensate
II
I
III
0.35
IV
1.E-05
Capillary Number
Pressure, psia
Reservoir 1
Reservoir 2
Reservoir 3
SCA 9928
SPE 31065
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
Capillary Number
1.E-04
IPTC 10243
Reservoir 1
Reservoir 2
Reservoir 3
SCA 9930
ft
Time
P ressure
0.4
65 6
0.3
0.2
Time
P ressure
0.5
Pressure
0.6
0.1
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
Well
1.E-04
Time
Capillary Number
Boundary Conditions
Figure 13: Schematic diagram for a vertical well radial model with
specified external boundary conditions
0.4
4500
4000
Krg
Nc = 1E-08 (Low)
Nc = 5E-08
Nc = 1E-07
Nc = 1E-06
Nc = 2E-06
Nc =3E-06
0.3
0.2
0.1
Layer 1
Layer 5
3500
Layer 7
3000
Layer 10
Layer 12
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1
Krg/Kro
10
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (Years)
3521
3487
3405
3351
3486
3366
3301
3266
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0
8
Time (Years)
12
40
IPTC 10243
3500
BHP Measured
3000
Simulation
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
3.5
4.5
5.5
Time (Years)
100
Field data
90
Simulation
PI (MSCF/DAY/PSI)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
3.5
4.5
Time (Years)
5.5