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ACHPER (SA)
2014
Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, SA Branch Inc.
ACHPER (SA) 2014
Published January 2014
Publisher:
Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, SA Branch Inc.
ACHPER (SA)
105 King William St
Kent Town SA 5067
Phone: +61 8 8363 5700
Email: info@achpersa.com.au
Website: www.achpersa.com.au
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Please note this information has been developed and edited by experienced Physical
Education teachers. Please let us know of any improvements or corrections. Any feedback
is welcomed to ACHPER (SA) on the details above. The content in this document is
designed to support the SACE Stage 2 Physical Education subject.
ACHPER (SA)
2014
Slide Set 3
Key Concept 3: The Specific
Physiological Factors Affecting
Performance
Sub-Concept 1 Body Stature and
Composition
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A number of factors have an influence on the stature and composition of the human
body for example:
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A number of factors have an influence on the stature and composition of the human
body continued:
Gende
r
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Muscle Mass:
Muscle has a big effect on performance both to a positive and negative degree.
When muscle has greater cross sectional area (cm 2) it can produce more force. This is
why athletes undertake training such as weights - to increase the size of muscle
especially in sports where power, strength and speed are essential.
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2014
There are essentially 2 different kinds of skeletal muscle fibres found in the body.
Fibre Type
Alternative Names
Red Fibres
Slow Twitch
SO=Slow Oxidative
White Fibres
Fast Twitch
FG=Fast Glycolytic
Slow
Very Fast
Small
Very Large
Resistance to fatigue
High
Low
Force production
Low
Very High
Mitochondrial density
High
Low
Capillary density
High
Low
High
Low
Smallest
Largest
Colour
Red
White
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2014
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2014
I m p li c a t i o n s o f F i b r e R a t io
a n d A t h le t i c C a p a b i l it y
H ig h % F a s t T w it c h
m e a n s a h ig h
c a p a c it y f o r s p r in t o r
p o w er even ts .
H ig h % S lo w
T w it c h m e a n s a
h ig h c a p a c it y f o r
e n d u ra n c e e v e n ts.
This allows certain athletes to be better suited to specific events. For example :
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Answer
White
fibres
have
produce
more
force
production.
Using the data above state 2 advantages to the long distance runner of having a
greater red fibre ratio.
Answer = Red fibres are smaller but resist fatigue for longer periods of time
essential in
endurance events to resist fatigue. They are also rich in endurance fuels such as
carbohydrate and fatty acid. They are also served by a rich, dense supply of
capillaries that bring lots of oxygen to the muscles to assist in prolonged
Key Concept 3: The Specific Physiological Factors Affecting Performance
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When muscle mass becomes excessive it increases mass affecting acceleration and
speed maintenance.
Key to how an increase in mass affects acceleration and speed related to Newtons
Second Law of physics which states acceleration of a body is directly proportional to
the net force acting on it but inversely proportional to the mass of the body that is
acceleration of a body dependent on the force moving it and weight being moved.
For example 80 kilogram athlete will accelerate more quickly than one who is 90
kilograms (10 kilograms heavier) with the same level of force applied.
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2014
Muscles can get bigger and provide the athlete with more force to a point!
If their mass is greater than the force applied to move it then acceleration will be less
NOT greater!
Increase in cross sectional area of muscle also affects range of motion again affecting
the force potential of a movement through a given range.
Hypertroph
y
Bigger muscles produce
more force = faster
acceleration.
Excessive
hypertrophy
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table below shows the data related to muscle fibre ratio and cross sectional area of muscle in 3 individ
Answer = Individual A.
fibres
Identify the individual who is the elite distance runner.
needed in sprinters.
Answer = Individual B
Answer = Greater ST (red fibre) ratio (69%). Better endurance capabilities with
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Genetics:
Over 10 million genetic variations in the human body with some 2005 influencing
physical performance! 200 gene variations exist that have an influence on :
cardio-respiratory,
endurance,
strength,
muscle size,
muscle fibre composition,
lung capacity,
oxygen intake, flexibility and power capabilities in humans.
A great deal of research done in mapping these alleles, especially ones related to activity.
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2014
Genetics:
Influence
Discovered by Australians this influences skeletal muscle in generating force at high velocity. It is
especially prominent in FT fibres. Endurance runners tend to have a lower level.
Associated with a number of physical, and skill parameters in humans. It is linked to improved
endurance capacity with improved blood flow to muscles that fosters endurance capacity.
Improved heart and lung function which translates to better VO2 max and hence endurance
capacities.
Allele
VDR
PPARGCIa
Influence
Impacts on muscle size and strength.
Influences muscles resistance to fatigue
CK-MM
AMPDI
PPAR
AAG
Determines maximal oxygen uptake capacity. Higher levels of AAG the better the VO2 max.
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Genetics:
Study of fitness levels in 105 pairs of 10-year-old identical twins and was quoted :
"What is clear is that genes have something to say, and they will
determine what range of fitness you can expect yourself to end up
in. If you want to be a top athlete, for instance, you had better
have a pretty good set of genes."
Found approximately 75 % of a child's ability to pull weights with the arms and to do
bent-arm hangs was genetically influenced.
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The Diagram below outlines a number of genes or alleles that influence human
performance capabilities.
Allele
Influence
ACTN3
ACE
ABDR
Discovered by Australians this influences skeletal muscle in generating force at high velocity. It is
especially prominent in FT fibres. Endurance runners tend to have a lower level.
Associated with a number of physical, and skill parameters in humans. It is linked to improved
endurance capacity with improved blood flow to muscles that fosters endurance capacity.
Improved heart and lung function which translates to better VO2 max and hence endurance
capacities.
Explain the advantage to a potential marathon runner that having a higher level of the
ACE gene would have on their performance.
Answer = Improved blood flow delivers more oxygen to the muscles. This oxygen is
then used to keep lactic acid under control better at higher intensities fuels such as
carbohydrate and fatty acids are used better.
Explain the advantage to a potential power athlete that having a higher level of the
ACTN3 gene would have on their performance.
Answer =FT or fast twitch fibres are essential in power events. They produce power
but for short periods of time due rapid onset of fatigue. More of these fibres is a
definite advantage to these athletes.
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Gender:
Track Event
Percentage of Difference in
Performance time
100 metres
7%
200 metres
10%
400 metres
10%
800 metres
12%
1500 metres
12%
3000 metres
10%
5000 metres
12%
10000 metres
11%
Marathon
8%
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Gender:
Difference
Explanation
Females have wider hips than males, and narrower
shoulder spread.
Anthropometric
Muscular
Body Composition
Cardio-vascular
Respiratory
of the muscular
physiological differences.
Hormone testosterone in
males accounts for many
Example females
possess a greater Q
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Explain 1 structural feature males have that give them a performance advantage over
females in the 100 metres.
Males have bigger muscles (cross sectional area) than females there generate
more force (power) needed in an event like the 100 metres.
Males also have larger tendons and ligaments which allow for more force to be
produced by bigger muscles.
Explain 1 system related feature males have that give them a performance advantage
over females in the 100 metres.
Answer =The fact males have bigger hearts allows them to shift a larger
amount of blood quickly needed during a power event such as the 100 metres
where a great amount of blood is needed by the muscles working at 100% effort.
Explain 1 system related feature males have that give them a performance advantage
over females in the 10,000 metres.
Answer =Bigger lungs and a bigger heart with more blood allow for more
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omatotype:
Somatotype categorises human body shapes
Developed in the 1940s by an American psychologist William Sheldon.
Basically used the classification of body types to link to human temperament.
It as the physique or the body proportions of a person, appearance or development.
There are essentially 3 body types that are used. These are outlined below.
Endomorphs
quicklyFactors
when they
stop training.
Key Concept 3: The Specificcondition
Physiological
Affecting
Performance
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Somatotype:
Mesomorphs
Wide broad shoulders, muscled arms and legs, narrow hips with
minimal fat - described as wedge shaped.
Ectomorphs
Long, slender and thin with narrow shoulders and hips, thin arms and
legs.
Not all that suited to power and strength sports where muscle bulk is
essential.
Dominate
endurance
events
and
events
where
lighter
mass
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Somatotype:
Endomorph
Track Sprinters
Low
Marathon Runners
Low
Medium
High
High
Medium
Low
Weight Lifters
(heavy weights)
Mesomorph
High
Ectomorph
Low
Tennis Players
Low
Medium
Water-polo Players
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Low
Soccer Players
Low
Medium
AFL Footballers
Low
High
Low
Netballers
Low
Medium
Low
Gymnasts
(male)
Low
Low
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Somatotype:
Sport
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Track Sprinters
Low
High
Low
High
Medium
Low
Low
High
Low
Weight Lifters
(heavy weights)
Gymnasts
(male)
Explain the advantage of the somatotype seen in the Weight- Lifters in relation to
performance in their sport.
Answer = Power and strength key elements, also balance / stability bigger
mass aids this - therefore high endomorph ratio is essential in this activity.