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1.
INTRODUCTION
n+k ~ F k F n+i
+ F
k-lFn
n+k = k , )
( F k F k- 2 ) F n + 1 " ( W k - ^ '
n+k = ( F k F k - i F k - 2 / 2 > F n + 3
(1.1)
n+k E a J
iKP)F
3=o
Here we show such an expansion does indeed exist, find an expression for the
coefficients a.(k s p), and generalize (1.1) to second order recurrent sequences.
2S
ml
:\ by
(r > 0);
= 1
of p sequences each
[Oct. 1966]
p+1
J2 H-> 3 ( J + I ) / 2
(2.D
for i n t e g r a l n.
275
n-j
"n+r+s
(r,s =
0,l,-,p)
= (-l)P(P+1)(n+1)/2|(P).
( F ^ . - F p ) ^
i=o \ J /
implying that the
p+1
sequences
{F },{F P
} , , {FP
are
linearly
<5., = 0
for
if
j 4= k,
6-,,
k 0,ls , p ,
w h e r e 6.-. i s the K r o n e c k e r - d e l t a d e -
= 1.
{a.(k,p)}l^o
obeys (2.1) for j = 0 , 1 , , p .
p+i
o = J2 <-D r(r+1)/2
p I p+i
j=o j r=o
P + 1
"n+k-r
P+1
r
a ( k - r , p ) } F;
n+j
1 r(r+1)/2
E <- >
r=o
p+1
r
a.(k - r , p ) = 0 ( j
0,l,---,p)
276
Now consider
b.(k,p) = (F, F,
F,
)/F,
[Oct.
.(F.F. " F F
>00
F.
for
Since {b.(k,p)}j_
is ;the term-by -
(P~J)(P-J+3)/2
+3
a.(k,p) = (-1) (lH)(P-J )/2
(-i)
I VW" F 1 ll(Fr-Fi)(V]"-^flFk-j/
(P-J)(P-J+*)/2
ClDf]
(F
k-P/Fk-j>'
F0 / F 0 = 1.
Then (1.1)
becomes
P
(2 2)
'
n+k = 2 ^ "
v(p-3)(p-J+3)/21
ir
LP.
<Fk^/Fk-j>^
bers obey
5 ( "" i r J ( P - 1 ) ( n + J ) P = '
3=o
(2.3)
(n + k)*-
e l )
2^
<-'(:)(;)(-)
j=o
(n + if
1966]
277
yn+2 =
Pyn+1
-qyn
(q * 0)
(a - b) if a + b, and u
= na
and define u
by u
= (an-bn)/
if a = b s so that u
m l = _m_m-i
rn^r+i
Tml =
rju
UiU 2 ---u r
|_0ju
Jarden [4] has shown that the product x of p sequences each obeying (3.1)
satisfies the (p + 1)
(3.2)
^TVl)^" 1 )/ 2
p+1
J
J=o
^-3=
= w p obeys (3.2).
(3 3)
'
^ + k = I ] a 3 ( k ) w Jn+j
j=o
V W ) = K+r+sl
<r's = O.L.P)
278
[Oct.
the space of solutions of (3.2), so that the expansion (3.3) indeed exists.
ting k = 0 , l , - * * , p in (3.3) gives a.(k) = 6.,
Put-
It also fol-
~l
j-p
p-j
( .i)P-J q (P-J)(P-J
+1
/ U, U,
)/2 /
\
U,
k k-i
Vp-l'
= (-l)P"jq(p"j)(p~3+l)/2
.PJuu.
,J V /
U U
UJ
\ / U,
k-p+i W
pp-i
* . ]/
" U l ' V ( u j- * * u i>< u p-j-'' ul> /1
(u,
/u, .)
v
k-p k - j '
k-p\
u
k-j /
,
'
<->
.-ki
( 1)P
n+k=Z -
1
J ,<p-i)(p-J+ )/*" '
LPJ
(u,
/u, .) w ,.
v
k - p / k - j ' n+j
u
1966
279
(3.6)
n+aj n+a2
n+a r
-r n + k ^ E ^
P-Jq(P-J)(P-J + 1)/2
Then we have
1(u.
;
k-p /u.k - j.)x
n+j
9,
3=o
=0
re-
{?'}{;}..{"&}
are linearly independent.
Now (3.6) is true for k = 0 and all n. Assume it is true for some k ^ 0 and
all ns and replace n by n + 1 ,
5>
x(p)
xi+k+i
u j=o
p
J
giving
k-p X(P)
1)P P-J+UP-J+I)(P-J
j+lq
X> ~
+2
n+j+1
Vj
)/ 2
1-1
UJ=1
X(P) +
J
k-i+i
J
n+p+i
( 1)jq3(j 1)/2
"S "
"
p + 1
P-L(P-J)(P-J )/
J^o
n+p+i-j
j
+1
X(P)
u
p+1
3
n+j
-u
,( P )
n+p+i
280
[Oct
Thus
1 k
(P)
x
n+k-H
1)P-jq(P-j)(P"j+l)/
JP)
3 k-j+i
3 -1
-*U j=0
p+i k-j+i
k-p 3
Since
qP 3+lu
ViVj+i -
"
k-p u j
ViVj+i
'
we have
Z ( - 1)P " 3q
JP)
P-L(P-j)(P-J+i)/2
n+k+i - u,k+il
P
( 1) P~J q (P~J)(P-J+
u.u, . , ,
3 k-j+i
J - 1
u j=o
k + 1i
JVitL x (p)
)/ 2 P
u.
u.k-p+i
Vj+i
n+jJ
(p)
n+j
J . i=0
SPECIAL CASES
, , u = F , where r
n
ns+r'
n
ns'
then both w and u
satisfy
(4.1)
= F
vr
n+2'
- L yJ
+ (-1) v
s n+i
= 0 .
and u
g e n e r a l i z e d binomial coefficients
Fml
coefficients
,
defined by
s ==
f 09
Ju
s o that
In this c a s e the u -
b e c o m e the s - g e n e r a l i z e d
L
First
Fibonacci
1966]
281
F
1
ins (m-i)s
(m-t+i)s (t > 0) ;
e
F F
F
ts t s - s
s
= 1
ei)(PJ)[s(P^lH]/2
ral)(P-J)[s(p-j-M)+2]/2
(4.3) F(n+k)s+r
F
F
.j J.
1=0
(k-p)s
(k-J)s
Fp
<n+s+r
J
n+2 - 2v
n-H + JVn
(4.4)
=0
Since the characteristic polynomial of (4.4) has the double root x = 1, both
w
and u
satisfy the conditions for the validity of (3.5). In this case we have
pf
\p/\j/\k - j .
(O + j]s + rf
REFERENCES
1. L9 Carlitz, "Some Determinants Containing Powers of Fibonacci Numbers s?f
Fibonacci Quarterly, 4(1966), No, 2, pp 12 9 - 1 3 4 .
20 V. E0 Hoggatt, Jr a and A P 0 Hillman, "The Characteristic Polynomial
of the Generalized Shift Matrix/ 1 Fibonacci Quarterly, 3(1965), No 25
pp 91 94.
282
[Oct. 1966]
Clara
through
REQUEST
The Fibonacci Bibliographical Research Center desires that any reader
finding a Fibonacci reference send a card giving the reference and a brief
description of the contents. Please forward all such information to;
Fibonacci Bibliographical Research Center,
Mathematics Department,
San Jose State College,
San Jose, California.
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