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Chapter 34 Animal Behavior

Section 341 Elements of Behavior

(pages 871876)

This section explains what produces behavior in animals. It also describes

innate behavior and the major types of learning.

Stimulus and Response

(pages 871872)
1. How do biologists define behavior? Behavior is the way an organism reacts to changes in
its internal condition or external environment.

2. Behaviors are usually performed when an animal reacts to a(an)

stimulus

3. What is a response? A response is a single, specific reaction to a stimulus.

4. Circle the letter of each response.
a. alarm ringing

c. answering the phone

b. hunger pangs

d. swimming toward moving prey

5. Circle the letter of each stimulus.

a. light

b. sound

c. heat

d. odors

6. Is the following sentence true or false? All animals can detect all types of stimuli.
false

7. What body systems interact to produce a behavior in response to a stimulus?

The sense organs, nervous system, and muscles interact to produce the behavior.

respond to stimuli with more complicated and precise behaviors.

Behavior and Evolution

true

(page 872)

9. Is the following sentence true or false? Animal behaviors are not influenced by genes.
false

10. Explain how natural selection works in the evolution of behaviors in a population.
Organisms with an adaptive behavior will survive and reproduce better than organisms that lack the
behavior. After many generations, most individuals in the population will exhibit the adaptive
behavior.

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8. Is the following sentence true or false? Animals with more complex nervous systems can

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Innate Behavior

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(page 873)

11. What is an innate behavior? It is a behavior that appears in fully functional form the first time
it is performed, even though the animal may have had no previous experience with the stimuli to
which it responds.

12. What two things interact to cause innate behaviors?

a. An animals genes
b. An animals environment

Learned Behavior

(pages 873875)
13. What is learning? Learning is the changes in behavior that result from experience.

14. List the four major types of learning.

a. Habituation

c. Operant conditioning

b. Classical conditioning

d. Insight learning

15. The process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus
habituation

that neither rewards nor harms the animal is called

16. What is the advantage of habituation? Animals can spend their time and energy more
efficiently by ignoring unrewarding or nonthreatening stimuli.

17. Identify the type of learning illustrated below.

Bell ringing

What is the stimulus?

Classical conditioning

What is the reward or

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punishment that is associated with the stimulus? Food is the reward.

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18. What is operant conditioning? Operant conditioning occurs when an animal learns to behave
in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment.

19. How does a Skinner box work in operant conditioning? When an animal presses a
button, it receives food. After the animal has done it several times, it learns that it gets food
whenever it presses the button.

20. When does insight learning occur? It occurs when an animal applies something it has
already learned to a new situation.

21. Is the following sentence true or false? Insight learning is common among reptiles and
amphibians.

false

Instinct and Learning Combined

(page 876)
22. What is the purpose of imprinting? Imprinting keeps young animals close to their mother,
who protects them and leads them to food sources.

23. Is the following sentence true or false? Imprinting can be changed after it has occurred.
false

Reading Skill Practice

Students should make note of the main points on pages 871876. Their notes should include enough
detail to be clear and informative.

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When you read a section, taking notes can help you organize and remember the
information. As you read or review Section 341, take notes by writing each
heading and listing the main points under each heading. Do your work on a
separate sheet of paper.