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Cast Irons
Outline
Properties of cast irons
Microstructure
Mechanical properties
Types
Properties
Cast Iron
C = 2 ~ 6.67%
Properties depend on
1) Carbon content
Carbon content
1) Degree of solution
%
4.30.3(%+%)
T>1
Hypereutectic
T=1
Eutectic
Ledeburite
T>1
Hypoeutectic
Ledeburite + Perlite
Cooling rate
2) Cooling rate
Iron + Graphite
Iron + Cementite
Cooling rate
2) Cooling rate
Fe - graphite
Fe - cementite
Alloying elements
Graphite producing elements
Co, P, Cu, Ni, Ti, Si, C, Al
Maurer diagram
Gray cast iron
(Stable)
Ferrite + Graphite
Microstructure
C + Si %
Perlite +
Graphite
Ledeburite+
Perlite
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
P%
<0.3
Tensile
Strength
400
100
Ferritic
microstructure
Perlitic
microstructure
- good machinability
- good wear resistance (graphite as lubricant)
- lower cost
Ferrite + Graphite
ASTM A438
TS (psi)
TS (MPa)
Class
20
150
30
200
0.94
35
250
0.88
Method:
CaSi 0.5~1%
- finer flakes
- higher strength
ASTM A438
TS (psi)
TS (MPa)
Class
40
300
0.8
50
350
0.76
60
400
0.72
100
400
Si %
C=3.5%
F + P +Sph +
Graphite flakes
F + P + Sph.
F + Sph. + Carbides
Mg %
Microstructure
spherical graphite
in gray cast iron
TS (MPa)
YS(Mpa)
El (%)
structure
Grade 60-40-18
400
250
18
Ferrite
370
420
480
6
3
2
F+P
P (AQ)
M (Q+T)
Elongation (%)
Yield Stress (psi)
Tensile strength (psi)
Grade 80-55-06
Grade 100-70-03
Grade 120-90-02
600
700
800
T (C)
ASTM A47
Grade 325-10
TS (MPa)
400
940 C
neutral
atmosphere
723
YS(Mpa)
130
El (%)
10
Ledaburitic-perlitic structure
Iron carbide disociates to Fe and C
Austenite transforms to ferrite and
graphite
12 48 hours
time
T (C)
ASTM A47
Grade 450-06
Grade 600-04
Grade 800-02
Grade 900-01
TS (MPa)
310
420
550
650
1000C
oxidizing
atmosphere
723
100
YS(Mpa)
175
250
340
430
El (%)
6
4
2
1
Ledaburitic-perlitic structure
C = ~ 3%
Iron carbide dissociates to Fe and C
25 -100 hours
Microstructure