Cellular Physiology

Gian Carlo Delante, PhB PTRP RPT

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Basic Cell Organelles

Basic Cell Organelles

3.3

Nucleolus site of ribosome

synthesis
Nucleus information center of the
cell
Centriole directs cellular division
and reproduction
Ribosome creates proteins
Mitochondrion - produces energy
thru cellular respiration
Plasma Membrane barrier to

Cell Membrane Structure

3.5

Phospholipids

Membrane Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Receptors

Enzymes

for the attachment of

chemical hormones
and neurotransmitters
help with chemical
reactions or
breakdown molecules

Ion Channels

allow water-soluble
substances, like ions,

Membrane Proteins and

Transport Mechanisms

Endocytosis/exocytosis
(pinocytosis for small molecules) 3.8
Diffusion through the lipid bilayer
(in the case of fat-soluble molecules)
Diffusion through protein channels
(in the case of water and watersoluble molecules)
Facilitated diffusion
Active diffusion

Diffusion
Movement of molecules

Chemical Concentration Gradient

from an area of high concentration to

low concentration

Electrical Gradient

positively charged ions move toward

negatively charged areas (and vice
versa)
Electrochemical equilibrium

Diffusion
Lipid-Soluble Substances
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, and
some steroid hormones

Phospholipid-bilayer membrane
Water-Soluble Substances

Water and many ions such as Na+ and

K+
Protein channels

Factors Affecting Diffusion

Size of protein channels

Molecular charge
Electrochemical gradient
Number of protein channels

Types of Transport
Mechanisms

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

Primary active transport

Secondary active transport (cotransport)

Difference in terms of:

Osmosis

Movement of water molecules from

low solute concentration to high
solute concentration
Or from high solvent concentration
to low solvent concentration or
DOWN its concentration gradient

Tonicity of a Solution

Isotonic solution

Hypotonic solution

Cell would swell or shrink?

Cell would swell of shrink?

Hypertonic solution

Cell would swell or shrink?

Concentration Gradients
and Membrane
Permeabilities

Membrane Potentials

Na-K Pump

Pumps out 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+

ions pumped in
Active transport mechanism
ATP

Function of the Na-K Pump

Without the Na-K Pump most cells
would swell until they burst

Resting membrane potential

maintenance
Significance of RMP

Ignition of action potentials needed

for the propagation of impulses by
different tissues in the body