Internal

OMF 007001
Frequency Planning
ISSUE1.4

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Chapter 1 Frequency planning

Chapter 2 Tight frequency reuse
Chapter 3 Frequency hopping

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Content of Frequency planning

Frequency resource of GSM system
Requirement for interference and carrier-to-interference ratio
Signal quality grade coding
Concept of frequency reuse
4*3 frequency reuse

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Frequency Resource of GSM System

GSM 900 :

890

915

935

960

Duplex distance : 45 MHz

GSM 1800 :

1710

1785

1805

Duplex distance : 95 MHz

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1880

Frequency Band Configuration

GSM900:

BTS receiver (uplink ): f1 (n) =890.2+ (n-1)*0.2 MHz

BTS transmitter (downlink ): f2 (n) =f1 (n) +45 MHz

GSM1800:

BTS receiver (uplink ): f1 (n) =1710.2 + (n-512) * 0.2 MHz

BTS transmitter (downlink ): f2 (n) =f1 (n) +95 MHz

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Requirement for Interference and Carrier-toInterference Ratio

C/I =

All useful signals

All useless signals

Useful signal

carrier
interference

Noise from environment

Other signals

GSM standard: C / I >= 9 dB

In practical projects: C / I >= 12dB
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Requirement for Interference and Carrier-ToInterference Ratio

C/I =

All useful signals

All useless signals

Useful signal

carrier
interference

Noise from environment

Other signals

GSM standard: C / I >= 9 dB

In practical projects: C / I >= 12dB
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Effect of Interference
Decrease of signal quality

Bit error
Recoverable: channel coding, error correction
Irrecoverable: phase distortion
System interference model
Unbalanced: uplink interference downlink interference
Asymmetrical: the interference is different at the MS and
BTS ends

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Signal Quality
Receiving quality (RXQUAL parameter)
Level of receiving quality (0 ... 7)

Bit error rate before decoding and error correction

Good
Fairly good
Acceptable
Intolerable

RXQUAL
class
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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Mean BER
(%)
0.14
0.28
0.57
1.13
2.26
4.53
9.05
18.1

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BER range
from... to
< 0.2%
0.2 ... 0.4 %
0.4 ... 0.8 %
0.8 ... 1.6 %
1.6 ... 3.2 %
3.2 ... 6.4 %
6.4 ... 12.8 %
> 12.8 %

Page 9

Concept of Frequency Reuse

Macro-cell system

{fi,fj..fk}

d
Micro-cell system
{fi,fj..fk}

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..

{fi,fj..fk}

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..

{fi,fj..fk}

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The Reason of Frequency Reuse

Frequency resource is limited. If there is 8MHz frequency

resource, 8 MHz = 40 channels * 8 timeslots = 320

==> max. 320 users can access the network at the same
time.

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Reuse Density

Reuse density is the number of cells in a basic reuse

cluster.

4*3 12

n*m n*m

n: BTS number in a basic reuse cluster

m: Frequency group number in a BTS
Tighter reuse
0

Looser reuse
10

Higher frequency reuse

efficiency, but interference
is serious. More technique

20

Little interference, but frequency

reuse efficiency is low.

Is needed.

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Problem of Frequency Reuse

[fn]
R

[fn]
D

[fn]

Reuse of a frequency causes the co-channel interference

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Interference (C/I) Estimation

C q 1

I
6

1/2

q = D/R = ( 3 k )

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Frequency Reuse Patterns

Purpose: to minimize the interference in the whole network with
the final frequency allocation plan
Theoretically
Regular hexagon cell
Regular network distribution
Cell cluster
D

Multiplexing distance
D = R *sqrt(3*K)

This old-fashioned frequency distribution

mode is not recommended

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4*3 Frequency Reuse

C1 C2
A1 A2
C3 D1
C1 C2
D2
A3 B1
A1 A2
B2 D3
C3 D1
D2 B3
A3 B1
C1 C2
C1 C2
B2 D3
A1 A2
A1 A2
B3 C1
C3 D1
C3 D1
C2 A3
D2 A3
D2
A1 A2
B1 B2
B1 B2
C3 D1
D3 C1
D3
D2
C2
A3 B1
B3 A1
B3
B2 D3
A2 C3
D1 D2
B3
A3 B1
B2 D3
B3

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Illustration of Frequency Allocation of 4*3

Frequency Reuse

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Chapter 1 Frequency planning

Chapter 2 Tight frequency reuse
Chapter 3 Frequency hopping

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Tight Frequency Reuse Technology

Multi-layer reuse pattern
Underlaid and overlaid cell
1*3
1*1

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern

BCCH: n1
TCH1: n2
TCH2: n3

TCHm-1: nm
n1 n2n3 n4 ...... nm
And n1+n2+...+nm=n

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern Frequency

Allocation
Suppose that the available frequency carrier is 10MHZ, channel

number is 46 94, the Multi-layer reuse pattern should be:

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern Frequency

Allocation
{f1,f2,f3,f4,f5...f40}

{f1,f3,f5...f23}

BCCH

TCH1

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{f2,f4..f22,f24...f40}

TCH2

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TCH3

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TCH4

Advantages of Multi-layer Reuse Pattern

Capacity increase when reuse density is multiplied:

Supposing there are 300 cells

Bandwidth: 8 MHz (40 frequency)
Normal 4*3 reuse: reuse density=12

==> network capacity = 40/12 * 300 = 1000 TRX

Multiple reuse:
cap. N
BCCH layer:
re-use =14,
(14 frq.)
Normal TCH layer:
re-use =10,
(20 frq.)
Aggressive TCH layer:re-use = 6,
(6 frq.)

==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200 TRX

BWi
re use
i

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Advantages of Multi-layer Reuse Pattern

Capacity increases when reuse density is multiplied:

Supposing there are 300 cells

Bandwidth: 8 MHz (40 frequency)
Normal 4*3 reuse: reuse density=12

==> network capacity = 40/12 * 300 = 1000 TRX

Multiple reuse:

BCCH layer:
re-use =14,
(14 frq.)
Normal TCH layer:
re-use =10,
(20 frq.)

BWi
cap. N
re usei

Aggressive TCH layer:re-use = 6,

(6 frq.)

==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200 TRX

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Underlaid/Overlaid Frequency Allocation

Overlaid-cell
Underlaid-cell

The inner circle covers a smaller area, and the

frequency can be reused more tightly.

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Overlaid/Underlaid Frequency Configuration

Super fn
Super fn
Regular fm

BCCH 15f

BCCH

Super fn

Regular fm

Regular fm

Regular 24f

Super 12f

Reuse density: 15

R TCH TRX reuse density: 12

S TCH

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TRX reuse density: 6

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1*3 and 1*1 Reuse Patterns

BCCH14+TCH36
1BCCH+3TCH

1BCCH+3TCH

1BCCH+12TCH

1BCCH+3TCH

1BCCH+12TCH

1*3

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1BCCH+12TCH

1*1

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Illustration of 1*3 TCH Frequency Allocation

TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7

TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7

TRX8 TRX9... TRX14

TRX8 TRX9... TRX14

TRX15 TRX16...TRX21

TRX15 TRX16...TRX21

The red items are BCCH RCs

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Frequency Planning Principle

There should be no co-channel frequency carriers in one BTS.
The frequency separation between BCCH and TCH in the same cell should

be not less than 400K.

When frequency hopping is not used, the separation of TCH in the same

cell should be not less than 400K.

In non-1*3 reuse mode, co-channel should be avoided between the

immediately neighbor BTS.

Neighbor BTS should not have co-channels facing each other directly.
Normally, with 1*3 reuse, the number of the hopping frequencies should be

not less than twice of the number of frequency hopping TRX in the same
cell.
Pay close attention to co-channel reuse, avoiding the situation that the

same BCCH has the same BSIC in adjacent area.

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Example of Frequency Planning

.

An example network in a specific place, BTS are densely

located. The topography is plain. The maximum BTS

configuration is S3/3/2
Initial planning:

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Example of Frequency Planning

Final frequency planning:

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Example of 1*3 Frequency Reuse

Suppose 900 band: 96 124
BTS configuration: S3/3/3
BCCH layer: 96 109 reuse pattern: 4*3
TCH layer: 110 124

reuse pattern: 1*3

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TCH Consecutive Allocation Scheme

Group 1 (MA1): 110 111 112

113

114

Cell1

Group 2 (MA2): 115 116 117

118

119

Cell2

Group 3 (MA3): 120 121 122

123

124

Cell3

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TCH Interval Allocation Scheme

Group 1 (MA1): 110

113

116

119

122

Cell1

Group 2 (MA2): 111

114

117

120

123

Cell2

Group 3 (MA3): 112

115

118

121

124

Cell3

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Comparison Between Multi-layer reuse and 1*3

For Multi-layer reuse pattern, either Base band hopping or RF hopping can

be used. But for 1x3 reuse, only RF hopping can be used.

Multi-layer reuse pattern is a gradual process for TCH frequency planning.

In other words, the reuse is rather loose in TCH1 layer and it is quite close
in the last TCH layer (such as TCH5). The reason for this pattern is that
base band hopping is used in the Multi-layer reuse pattern. When there are
rather few frequency carriers, the hopping gain is small. Therefore, more
frequency carriers should be allocated for the layer with small TCH and
then the reuse coefficient is relatively large. When RF hopping is used in
the Multi-layer reuse pattern and there are a large number of frequency
carriers, the hopping gain is high and the reuse coefficient can be very
small. In addition, the Multi-layer reuse pattern is of a free pattern. It is
different from base band hopping, in which the reuse must be loose in the
first TCH layer and more close in inner layers.

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Comparison Between Example of Frequency

Planning and 1*3
The frequency planning for the 1x3 mode is simple and it is easy to plan

the frequency for new added BTS.

1x3 mode requires a rather regular BTS location distribution.
For the cells with fixed number of TRX, when the traffic is heavy, the 1x3

provides higher service quality than that of Multi-layer reuse pattern.

TRX can be easily added to the 1x3 network, but TRX number of hopping

should not exceed the product of the allocated hopping frequency

number and the max RF load ratio.
BCCH of Multi-layer reuse pattern can take part in the frequency

hopping, while BCCH in 1x3 mode can not.

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Chapter 1 Frequency planning

Chapter 2 Tight frequency reuse
Chapter 3 Frequency hopping

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Content of Frequency Hopping

Class of hopping
Advantages of hopping
Parameter of hopping
Collocation of hopping data

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Content of Frequency Hopping

Class of hopping
Advantages of hopping
Parameter of hopping
Collocation of hopping data

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Frequency Hopping

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Class of Hopping
Hopping can be implemented in two ways

Base-band hopping
RF hopping
Class according to the min hopping time unit

Timeslot hopping
Frame hopping

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Base Band Hopping Principle

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RF Hopping Principle

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Class of Hopping
Frame hopping

Frequency changes every TDMA frame. The different

channel of one TRX uses the same MAIO.
Timeslot hopping

Frequency changes every timeslot. The different channel of

one TRX uses the different MAIO.

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Advantages of Hopping
Get an agreeable radio environment.

Provide a similar communication quality for every user.

Tighter reuse patterns are possible to be used for larger

capacity.

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Frequency Diversity of Hopping

Smoothen the rapid fading (Rayleigh fading)

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Interference Diversity of Hopping

Smoothen and average the interference

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Hopping Parameters
All the parameters which are related to hopping are configured

in cell/configure Hopping data

Hopping mode: the mode used by the BTS system, including

three options: not hopping, base band hopping and RF

hopping.
MA (Mobile Allocation Set): the set of available RF bands when

hopping, containing at most 64 frequency carriers. The

frequency being used must be those of the available frequency

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Description of Hopping Parameters

HSN hopping sequence number 0 63 .
HSN=0 cycle hopping.
HSN0 random hopping. Every sequence number

corresponds a pseudo random sequence.

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Hopping Parameters
MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset): used to define the initial frequency

of the hopping.
Be careful to configure the MAIO of same timeslot in all channels,

otherwise interference occurs.

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Description Hopping Parameters

At the air interface, the frequency used on a specific burst is an

element in MA set. MAI is used for indication, referring to a

specific element in the MA set.
MAI is the function of TDMA FN, HSN and MAIO.

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