EE101

Calculus and Analytical

Geometry 2

Work and Fluid

Forces
ngcy@ucsiuniversity.edu.my

Work

Work
Work is the product of force and distance.
Definition
The product of
The force exerted on an object
The distance the object is moved by the force
When a force of 50 lbs is exerted to move an
object 12 ft.
600 ft. lbs. of work is done
50
12 ft

WORK
Work can be described as the change of energy when a force
causes a displacement of an object
y

If a constant force F displaces an

object a distance d in the direction of
the force, work done is:
Work (W) = Force (F) x Distance
(d)

force
a

WORK
If a variable force F displaces an
object a distance d along a line from
x = a and x = b in the direction of
the force, work done is:

force
a

Hookes Law for Springs

Hookes Law: The force it takes to stretch or compress a

spring x length units from its natural (unstressed) length is
proportional to x.

F kx
Where the force constant, k measures the
stiffness of the spring

Hooke's Law
We sum those values using the definite integral
The work done by a continuous force F(x)
Directed along the x-axis
From x = a to x = b

W F ( x) dx
a

Example 1
Find the work required to compress a spring from its natural
length of 1ft to a length of 0.75ft if the force constant is k=16lb/ft.

0.25

W 16 xdx
0

2 0.25
0

[8 x ]

0.5 ft lb

Example 2
A spring has a natural length of 1m. A force
of 24N stretches the spring to a length of
1.8m.
(a) Find the force constant k.
(b) How much work will it take to stretch
the spring 2m beyond its natural length?
(c) How far will a 45N force stretch the
spring?

Example 3

A 5lb bucket is lifted from ground

into the air by pulling in 20ft of rope
at a constant speed. The rope weighs
0.08lb/ft. How much work was spent
lifting the bucket and rope?

Work on bucket 5 20
20

Work on rope

0.08 20 x dx
0

Distance left
at elevation
x

Example 4: Lifting a leaky object

A bag of sand originally weighing 144 lb

was lifted at a constant rate. As it rose,
sand was leaked out at a constant rate.
The sand was half gone by the time the
bag was lifted 18 ft. How much work was
done lifting the sand this far?

15

Pumping Liquids
Weight = Density x Volume
Work = weight x distance
moved

16

Pumping Liquids
Consider the work needed to pump a liquid
into or out of a tank
Basic concept:
Work = weight

x distance moved

For each V of liquid

Determine weight
Determine distance moved
Take summation (integral)

17

Pumping Liquids Guidelines

Draw a picture with the
coordinate system
Determine mass of thin
horizontal slab of liquid
Find expression for work needed to
lift this slab to its destination
Integrate expression from bottom of
liquid to the top
a

W r 2 (b y ) dy
0

a
y

Pumping liquid from container Exp 1

The tank fully filled with water. How much work is needed to
pump all the water out of cylindrical tank with a height of 10
m and a radius of 5 m to a level of 5 m above the top of the
tank?
3
y
(Water
density = 9800
N/m
Radius, r) = 5
1
5

15
y

= 25

force

distance

Pumping Liquids from Containers

Exp. 2
The conical tank is filled to within
2 ft of the top with olive oil
weighing 57 lb/ft3. How much
work does it take to pump the oil
to the rim of the tank?
(Density of olive oil: 57 lb/ft3)

Fluid Pressure
and Forces

The Constant Depth

Surface

The Variable Depth Formula

25

Fluid Pressure
Consider the pressure of fluid
against the side surface of the
container
Pressure at a point
Density

x g x depth

Pressure for a horizontal slice

Density

x g x depth x Area

Total force
d

F h( y ) L( y ) dy
c

Example 1:
A flat isosceles right triangular plate with base 6 ft
and height 3 ft is submerged vertically, base up, 2 ft
below the surface of a swimming pool. Find the
force exerted by the water against one side of the plate.
Water density: 62.4 lb/ft3

Solution:
The length of the thin strip at level y is
L( y ) 2 x 2 y
The depth of the strip beneath the surface is (5-y).
Thus, the force is
b

w (strip depth) L( y ) dy
a

(62.4)(5 y )2 y dy
0
3

124.8 5 y y 2 dy
0

5y
y
124.8

2
3

1684.8
lb
2

Example 2
Calculate the exact force exerted
by the molasses against the
bottom 1- ft band of the Puritan
Distilling Companys storage tank
when the tank was full.
Density of molasses: 100 lb/ft3

Extra Exercise
Q1
The workers in Example 3 (under sub-topic work) changed
to a larger bucket that held 5 gal (40 lb) of water, but the new
bucket had an even larger leak so that it, too, was empty by
the time it reached the top. Assuming that the water leaked
out at a steady rate, how much work was done lifting the
water ? (Do not include the rope and bucket.)
Ans: (400 lb-ft)

Extra Exercise
Q2
A vertical right circular cylindrical tank measures 30-ft high
and 20-ft in diameter. It is full of kerosene weighing 51.2
lb/ft3. How much work does it take to pump the kerosene to
the level of the top of the tank ?
(Ans: 7,238,229 lb-ft)

Extra Exercise
Q3
A force of 2 N will stretch a rubber band 2cm (0.02
m). Assuming Hookes Law applied, how far will a 4
N force stretch the rubber band ? How much work
does it take to stretch the rubber band this far ?
Ans: (0.08 J)

Extra Exercise
Q4
Rectangular Plate
In a pool filled with water to a depth of 3m, calculate
the fluid force on one side of a 1m by 2m rectangular
plate if the plate rests vertically at the bottom of the
pool. (Water density = 9800 N/m3)
ANS: (39,200 N)

THANK YOU