Climate Change

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.
html
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[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading,

Copenhagen Accord: Meaning, Explained
Environment (http://mrunal.org/category/environment) / 4 years Ago /
91 Comments (http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html#comments
1. What is Rio Summit/ Earth Summit ?
2. What is the UNFCCC?
3. What is Conference of the Parties (COP)?
4. What is Kyoto Protocol?
5. What is common but di erentiated
responsibilities?
6. Annex
7. Kyoto protocol: How does it actually work?
1. #1 Emissions Trading / Carbon Trading
2. #2 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
3. #3 Joint Implementation (JI)
8. Why USA did not ratify Kyoto Protocol?
9. Canada Quits Kyoto protocol
10. What is the Copenhagen Accord?
11. Important Players in climate change
1. United States
2. BASIC Countries
3. European Union (EU)
4. Alliance of Small Island State (AOSIS)
What is Rio Summit/ Earth Summit ?

It was a United nations summit, held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992.
It led to creation of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
What is the UNFCCC?
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Created because of the Rio Summit/ Earth Summit of 1992.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html
It is an international treaty for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Nearly every country on Earth is a party to the UNFCCC.
What is Conference of the Parties (COP)?
The nations, whove signed UNFCCC convention, meet every year to discuss climate change strategy.
These meetings are called Conference of the Parties (COP)
The rst COP (COP 1) was held in Berlin.
Third COP (COP 3) held in Kyoto, Japan. It was here the famous Kyoto Protocol came in to existence.
2011: COP held in Durban, S.Africa.
2012: COP will be held in Doha, Qatar in November 2012 (so it becomes important topic for next
prelims!)
What is Kyoto Protocol?
1997: third meeting of UNFCC nation (also known as Conference of Parties/COP3),
In this meeting Kyoto Protocol was created.
Kyoto protocol wants the Industrialised nations to reduce their green house gas emission by around
5.2% by 2012. (measured against 1990 levels)
Before dwelling much into Kyoto, some important terms.
What is common but di erentiated responsibilities?
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The developed countries such as US,UK have already polluted the atmosphere with greenhouse
gases (GHGs) through industrialization. So theyre the one who created/started global warming and
all the mess.
While Developing countries (India and Brazil) have started polluting the world only recently.
Therefore, the developing countries such as India, Brazil should share less of the burden of lowering
overall emissions.
And Developed countries (US,UK) should bear more responsibility in xing this global warming mess
etc. because theyre the one more responsible for it.
So, while it is the Common responsibility of every nation of this world, to reduce Green house gas
emission, but there should be some di erence between the responsibility given to developed
countries and developing countries.
Kyoto Protocol follows that principle and assigns separate responsibilities to the countries.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
Annex
Annex means some elaboration/detail given at the end of a book/treaty.
Annex
What?
List of industrialized countries and economies in transition: US, France, Japan etc.
Annex I
These countries had pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990
levels by the year 2000.
A sub-group of Annex 1 Countries, these Annex II countries are required to give
Annex II
nancial assistance and technology to the developing countries (non-Annex

countries).
Developing countries like India, Brazil, China.
Non
Annex
They donot have compulsory binding targets to reduce green house gas emission,
although they are encouraged to do it.
It gives the list of 6 Green House gases that are responsible for the whole problem
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2);
2. Methane (CH4);
Annex A
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O);

4. Hydro uorocarbons (HFCs);
5. Per uorocarbons (PFCs); and
6. Sulphur hexa uoride (SF6)
This gives the Annex I countries (Developed countries) compulsory binding targets
Annex B
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to reduce green house gas emission.

For example USA is required to cut down its emission by 7%
Back to Kyoto Protocol

Ok, so far we learned that
In Earth Summit, Rio De Janero, Brazil, they formed a treaty called UNFCCC
The UNFCCC gangsters meets every year, there is item song, gun- ring, consumption of desi-liquor
and deliberations on how to x the global warming problem and these meetings are called
Conference of Parties COP.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
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In third such COP meeting @Kyoto, Japan, they come up with an idea under which
Developed nations like US, will compulsorily reduce their green house gas (GHG) emission by
2012.
Developing nations like India, should reduce GHG emission but not compulsory.
Although various countries signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997, it did not came into force immediately.
Kyoto protocol came into force only after required number of Annex 1 Countries rati ed it.
So this was achieved only in 2005.
Thus, Kyoto although signed in 1997, came into force in 2005.
Kyoto protocol: How does it actually work?

Suppose Abdul, Bhide and Champak (ABC) goto a Gujarati dining hall. This hall serves only xed
dish i.e. 1 sabji, 4 roti,dal and rice. And each dish costs Rs.50. If you want more roti then youll have
to pay extra 5 rupees per roti.
Now Champak is an old man so he cannot eat all the 4 rotis served in his plate. He eats only two
rotis.
On the other hand, Abdul and Bhide are quite hungry, so they want more, they take 1-1 roti each
from Champaks plate and agree to pay 5-5 rupees to him.
Another example: You know how broadband internet billing works= there are plans for example
2GB plan for Rs.500 That means as long as you download music, movies etc. worth less than or
equal to 2GB then youll get bill of Rs.500 but if you download more les above 2GB quota, then
company will charge you Rs.1 per MB of extra download.
Similarly, Under Kyoto Protocol, each Annex-B country is given emission target quota (Kyoto Units).
For example, for the year 2009, Australias allowed quota was 2,957,579,143 Kyoto units. (each unit
is equivalent to 1 ton of carbon dioxide)
Now, as long as Australia emits that much green house gas= no problem.
So rst of all, Australian Government should do all steps to make sure it doesnt cross that quota for
example
Making compulsory anti-pollution laws: for example a Tire making company with daily output of
200 tires must not emit more than 200 tonnes of green house gas per year.
Promoting solar energy, reducing tax on solar cells, wind mill equipments etc.
If a family buys second car then it will have to pay higher tax (just like Chinas one child policy
but with cars!)
if a kid is found bunking his college lecture and loitering on his motorbike then hell be ned for
polluting the environment.
But even after all these measures, if Australia wants to emit more green house gas, then it will have
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
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to buy additional quota or units from another country. Kyoto Protocol allows three mechanisms to
do so
#1 Emissions Trading / Carbon Trading
Suppose two Annex B parties are Japan and Australia.

Japan was given quota of 100 units
And Australia was given quota of 200 units.
But Austrialian Government is unable to maintain this limit and Australia emits 210 units of green
house gas, in given year.
On the other side, Japanese Government takes very strong steps to control emission and hence they
only emit 90 units of Green House gas. So it has spare 10 Kyoto Units.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
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Now, under Emission trading system, Australia can buy this 10 spare kyoto units from Japan and
thus remain within its limit.
In real life scenario, each annex B country makes law giving xed quota to the companies.
Suppose steel factory cannot emit more than 1 ton of Green house gas
Tire company cannot emit more than 2 tonnes of green house gas.
So if tire company owner buys super ne machinaries that produce less gas so he has some
spare credit/quota (say 1 ton)
While Steel factory emits more than its allowed quota (suppose it was allowed 2 tonnes but
emitted 3 tonnes)
Then the steel company can pay the tire company and get a certi cate that weve purchase 1 ton
quota from this xyz tire company. This Is the essence of Carbon Trading.
Here are some charts to understand it better. But the text in below image is hard to read (because
the original images were in low quality). Solution =just hold down Ctrl Key on your keyboard and
move your mouse-wheel upwards and itll zoom the image.
#2 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Suppose Annex B country Australia is given emission quota of 200 units, but it emits 210 units of
green house gas.
But Australia can nance a solar power project in some village of India (Non-Annex or developing
Country) and get certi cate that the solar plant led to reduction of 10 units of green house gas. In
this way, Australia will remain in its quota/limit.
Similarly, suppose Australian Government has passed a law that a steel production company with
output of 200 tonnes of steel per a day, must not emit more than 10 units of green house gas in a
year.
But this company wants to produce more steel, then its green house gas emission has increased
to 11 units. (1 more unit above the quota)
So this company can also do some solar-projects in India, Brazil etc. and get a certi cate that it
has led to reduction of 1 unit of GHG emission. = problem solved.
#3 Joint Implementation (JI)
This is identical to CDM.
In CDM, Australia can do good project in a non-Annex country (developing country) e.g. India.
In Joint Implementation, Australia can do the good project in another Annex B country e.g. Japan to
meet the quota.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
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Why USA did not ratify Kyoto Protocol?

US President George W Bush refused to ratify Kyoto protocol saying that it would gravely damage
the US economy.
for example a US steel company would need to either buy Carbon Credits from another company or
invest in some projects in a developing country), while an Indian or Chinese Steel company has no
such obligation so their cost of production = low, hence they can sell their products @lower MRP =
US steel company will loose customers.
So US Government feels is that the treaty is fatally awed, because it does not require developing
countries (especially India and China) to commit to emissions reductions.
After President Bush, President Obama too, didnt ratify Kyoto protocol for the same reason. (plus
we should also understand that the powerful US industrialist lobby may stop election funds to a
candidate, if he is in favor of Kyoto protocol, so USA is unlikely to ratify Kyoto or any such future
protocols that are legally binding!)
Canada Quits Kyoto protocol
In 2011, Canada, become the rst country to quit the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, saying
the 1997 accord was handicapped because top green house emitters like the United States and
China not covered by it.
Because USA has refused to ratify the treaty and China being an Annex II country has no
compulsory responsibility to cut down emission.
What is the Copenhagen Accord?
Recall that UNFCCC countries meet every year and it is called Conference of Parties (COP).
15th such meeting was held @Copenhagen, Denmark = COP15
In the meeting, the BASIC blocBrazil, South Africa, India and Chinaand the U.S., came up with a
political agreement.
This agreement is known as the Copenhagen Accord.
It says all countries should pledge to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emission but all of the pledges
made under the Copenhagen Accord are voluntary; There are no binding obligations placed on
these pledges by the UNFCCC or any other international body.
UNFCCC acknowledged the Copenhagen Accord and has assisted in collecting the GHG reduction
pledges of various countries.
Copenhagen Accord also lays the groundwork for nancial commitments from developed countries
(US,UK) to developing countries (India,Brazil etc) for climate change mitigation and adaptation
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
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e orts.
Important Players in climate change

The First commitment period of Kyoto will end in 2012.
Thats why, the next meeting (COP18, Doha, Qatar in Nov2012) becomes very critical.
So nowadays UNECC nations are trying to form factions (small gangs) to discuss what should be
their stand in that meeting?
either extend commitments under Kyoto or
create a successor of Kyoto Protocol: a post-2012 international climate treaty.
United States
China is the world leader in total annual Green House Gas emissions
U.S. is second.
EU is third.
United States is the only Annex I country that has not rati ed the Kyoto Protocol.
In line with the Copenhagen Accord, the U.S. has pledged a 17% reduction in GHG emissions,
against a 2005 baseline, by 2020. (but this is not legally binding).
As we saw earlier, US is not in favour of any legally binding commitments. Besides, Obama has to
face election in November.
BASIC Countries
Brazil, South Africa, India and China,
this group includes the worlds major emerging economies and some of its largest emitters
together, the group accounts for around 30% of global GHG emissions.
BASIC countries, along with the US, were the authors of the Copenhagen Accord and will continue to
be some of the most in uential players in the negotiations.
All of the BASIC countries have rati ed the Kyoto Protocol.
But theyre not under any binding obligation to meet a speci ed target. (because these countries are
not part of Annex B countries of Kyoto Protocol).
Under the Copenhagen Accord, China and India have pledged to reduce their carbon intensitythe
amount of GHG emissions per unit GDPby 40-45% and 20-25%, respectively, against 2005 levels
by 2020. (again not legally binding).
BASIC countries recently met in Brazil in September 2012, and declared their intentions (what they
want in COP meeting @Doha, Qatar in Nov.2012):
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
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1. rich countries should take on more of a burden to reduce emissions because of their historical
contribution to global warming.
2. new agreement should respect the principles of equity and common but di erentiated
responsibilities,
3. new Kyoto commitment period should start on January 1, 2013
European Union (EU)
EU is a Party to both the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol.
EU is the 3rd largest GHG polluter, accounting for about 12% of global emissions
EU states have rati ed Kyoto.
Alliance of Small Island State (AOSIS)
Not really a player, these are the future victims if green house gas emission is not reduced.
AOSIS is an team of 43 small island and low-lying coastal countries (Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados,
Cuba etc.)
More green house gas = rise in global temperature = ice melts= sea level rise =many of these areas
to become uninhabitable.
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So far 91 Comments posted
10 of 25
R EPLY (HT T P://MR UNAL.OR G /2 0 1 2 /0 9 /C LIMAT E- C HANG E- KYO T O- PR OT O C O L- C AR BO NT RADI NG .HT ML?R EPLYT O C OM= 1 2 2 8 7 4 # R ESPO ND)
VARUN
hats o sir .for your help.
R EPLY (HT T P://MR UNAL.OR G /2 0 1 2 /0 9 /C LIMAT E- C HANG E- KYO T O- PR OT O C O L- C AR BO N-
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
11 of 25
T RADI NG .HT ML?R EPLYT O C OM= 1 2 3 5 1 1 # R ESPO ND)
sushil
concepts ek dum clear . thanks
Prasanna Kanakeri
Comendable job !! Great analysis. Thank you Mrunal.
SWETA
Very sincere thanks to you Mrunal Sir. Being a late entrant (aspiring for 2014
UPSC CSE) and having never followed newspapers (except until recently, i.e.
since last 2 months) I am devoid of background knowledge on many topics.
Your articles are so simple yet so pithy. I am so much interested to keep
reading and keep knowing. Thanks to you indeed. Request you to keep
writing and helping people like me!
VIKAS K
Sir, the you prepare the articles that is really amazing.you make the concept
crystal clear.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
REPLY (HT T P://MRUNAL.ORG /2 0 1 2 /0 9 /C LI MAT E- C HANGE-K YOT O -PRO T OC O L-C ARBONT R AD ING .HT ML?R EPLYT O C O M= 1 3 3 9 0 0 # R ESPO ND )
12 of 25
VIKAS K
Sir, the way you prepare the articles that is really amazing.you make the
concept crystal clear.
shas
impressive sir
Ankush Awatade
Dear Mrunal
You r doing very nice job by giving so much study material on line.even we
cant think how much pain u r taking by posting huge study material on line.
real aspirants will always give blessings.
saikiran
The matter published by you is awesome.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
13 of 25
Andu
you are really next to godyou r doing very good job with your tremendous
help to the peoplethanks a lot
DHARMESH SINGH
sir.. the way u have written is really very clear and worth praising.. thanks for
making such a clear approach .. keep writing sir no various topics thanks a
lot
priyanka
One of the image in this article is missing.. please x it Mrunal.. !!!
Amasidda
Good article.
neeta
thanks sir this article is helpful for me.
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
14 of 25
Starry starry nights

Hi Mrunal,
Excellent article as always.. Just one correction, you have written China is an
annex II country, which is incorrect, it is a non-annexe country and hence has
no legally binding targets.
Regards
Rashi
This article is really very helpful for aspirants like us.Lots of an information
has been shared in a very brief and summarised way.
Your articles are really very helpful for our preparation.Thank you.
digonto
One doubt sir. How it was ensured that the countries were not exceeding
their alloted quota vide kyoto protocol? Any monitoring mechanism . or
how ?
SHAHID
SOMETHING RELATED TO RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THIS REGARD IS STILL
MISSING, SO PLZ update the topic if u can. thanks
vinay kumar
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
15 of 25
one of the best article. rst time understand completely climate issue &
carbon trading ..thanks sir..
Birdy
Brilliant article! Thanks Mrunal
ranjithgummadi@gmail.com
If UPSC is a religion for civil aspirants,then mrunal site is GOD of it.only site
where with least input getting maximum output.Thank u mrunal sir.
kalki
correction = china is nat an annex 2 country
Aasim
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
16 of 25
koi neend se utha k kyoto protocol ka mechanism poochega to bhi i will be

able to explain. thanks alot for this excellent job.
Surendra Singh
Thanks sir for this valuable article. but how do UNFCCC measure GHG
emissions for a perticular country.
kks sharma
Mrunal sir thank u very much for u mind blowing article
dayakar
Kyoto protocol provides 3 exible mechanisms:
1).IET(International Emission Trading):
Every Annex B country is given carbon credit quota called AAUs (Assigned
Amount Units). If Japan saves its 10 AAUs then it will sell to other country and
earns MONEY (other country means of course Another Annex B country as
non Annex countries are not required to buy carbon credits)
2. CDM & 3. JI are project based mechanisms means
2).CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)
Annex B country invests in Green Technology in non annex country and says
this green technology reduced 2 tons of carbon emissions in that non annex
country.. so i need some pro t for that.. Kyoto protocol gives some CERs to
that Annex B country
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
17 of 25
CERs (Carbon Emission Reduction units): by these CERs, the above discussed
Annex B country can emit some extra carbon emissions
3). JI(joint implementation)
same as CDM but here one Annex B country Invest in another Annex B
country and earns carbon emission units.. these units in this case are called
EURs (Emission Reduction Units)
hope you understood.. All the best..
sk, imame azam

thank you mrunal dada aaj hi class hua tha mera vaji me, ,nice
swati
Thank u very much mrunal sir..u teach so well
Nimish Sahay
I think China is Non Annex and not in Annex II Kindly rectify ( at the
canadas reason to leave ) or mail me if i am wrong
shifana V H
in above example of carbon trading,why steel company accept the
tons.accutally steel have more so tyre company have less.so tyre have a
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
chance to buy exess production of steel company
Rangrezz
nice but update with recent COP paris =21,,no one could explain better than
you ..we are looking for same
R Pawar
Thankyou for the outstanding explanation sir. These articles help a lot of
aspiring students in a true sense
Ramesh
Cop 11 held in hyderabad
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/recruitment.html)
Gas Limited
Metro
Memorial Centre
(https://www.mmrcl.com(https://tmc.gov.in
21-Jun: NIOS
(http://www.aglonline.net
(http://www.nos.org
15-Jun: Bihar Vikas
/careers)
/vacancy.aspx)
Mission
21 of 25
/tmh/index.php
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
Engineers
01-Aug: Haryana SSC

(http://hssc.gov.in
02-Jul: Mangalore
/careers)
21-Jun: SBI
(http://online.bih.nic.in
31-May: Central Uni.
(http://www.sbi.co.in
/drcc/)
of Haryana
/careers/ongoing-
13-Jun: Hindustan
(http://cuh.ac.in
recruitment.html)
Insecticides
/cuh-jobs.aspx)
18-Jun: CSIR
(http://www.hil.gov.in
(http://www.csmcri.org /HomePage.aspx)
Re nery
(http://mrpl.co.in
/careers)
27-Jun: Delhi Metro
ParaMedics
21-Jun: Ins. of
/Pages
10-Jun: RailTel
/Jobs/Jobs.php)
(http://railtelindia.com
16-Jun: UPSC
/careers.html )
Medical Edn
(http://www.upsc.gov.in 10-Jun: National
(http://delhimetrorail.com
/recruitment
Projects Const. Corp.
/career.aspx)
/category/jobs/)
/advt/2016
(http://npcc.gov.in
21-Jun: NIOS
17-Jun: ISRO
/Advt_10_16_Eng.pdf)
/writereaddata
(http://www.nos.org
(http://www.isro.gov.in/) 15-Jun: Power Grid
/others
/vacancy.aspx)
15-Jun: Inst of Liver &
AO
/Advt_DGM_SM_M_May16.p
21-Jun: Himachal SSC
Biliary
(http://www.powergridindia.com
07-Jun: Hindustan
(http://hpsssb.hp.gov.in
(http://www.ilbs.in
/_layouts/PowerGrid
Prefab Ltd
/AllNoti cations.aspx)
/index.php?option=com_jobs&
/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=166&
(http://www.hindprefab.o
20-Jun: Haldia
Itemid=110)
LangID=English)
/english/career.html)
Re nery
06-Jun: Punjab Uni.
06-Jun: CDAC Noida
(https://www.iocl.com
(http://cup.ac.in
Biliary
(http://cdac.in
/PeopleCareers
/teaching_jobs.php)
(http://www.ilbs.in
/index.aspx?id=job_noida_
/job.aspx)
06-Jun: AIIMS
/index.php?option=com_jobs&
31-May: EdCIL
20-Jun: Shipping
Jodhpur
Itemid=110)
Company Secy
corp.
(http://www.aiimsjodhpur.edu.in
14-Jun: DDA Delhi
(http://edcilindia.co.in
(http://www.shipindia.com
/index.php?vr=facultyrecruitment)
(http://dda.org.in
/index.php?option=com_co
/uploaded_pdfs
/ddanew/jobs.aspx)
task=view&id=18&
/career/DGM.pdf)
13-Jun: AMU
Itemid=68)
Uniform
17-Jun: IG atomic
(http://amuregistrar.com31-May: Power Grid
research
15-Jul: BSF
/vacancies.html)
(http://www.powergridind
(http://www.igcar.gov.in (http://bsf.nic.in
10-Jun: Allahabad
/_layouts/PowerGrid
/recruitment/)
/en/recruitment.html)
Uni.
/User/ContentPage.aspx?P
17-Jun: ISRO
30-Jun: Army
(http://www.allduniv.ac.in
LangID=English)
(http://www.isro.gov.in/) (Technical)
/index.php?option=com_k2&
31-May: Mumbai
15-Jun: Numaligarh
(http://www.joinindianarmy.nic.in/)
view=item&
Metro
Re nery
27-Jun: BSF
layout=item&
(https://www.mmrcl.com
(http://www.nrl.co.in/) commandant
id=662&Itemid=1802)
/careers)
14-Jun: DDA Delhi
(http://bsf.nic.in
22 of 25
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
(http://dda.org.in
/doc/recruitment
06-Jun: Punjab Uni.
/ddanew/jobs.aspx)
/r158.pdf)
(http://cup.ac.in
13-Jun: AMU
21-Jun: Harayana
/teaching_jobs.php)
(http://amuregistrar.comPolice constable
06-Jun: RBI
/vacancies.html)
(http://hssc.gov.in
management
11-Jun: ITI LTD
Faculty
01-Jul: Indian Inst. of

Packg.
(http://www.iip-
in.com/site/tenders
(https://opportunities.rbi.org.in
/tenders.aspx)
(http://www.itiltd20-Jun: BSF
/Scripts
30-Jun: Tripura Uni.
india.com/careers)
constables
/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=3172)
(http://www.tripurauniv.in
11-Jun: inter state
(http://bsf.nic.in/)
02-Jun: UPSC
/index.php
Council
10-Jun: Army
(http://www.upsc.gov.in
/employment(http://interstatecouncil.nic.in
havaldar
/recruitment
noti cation)
/downloads/vacancy(http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/)
/advt/2016
30-Jun: NE Medical
circular-research08-Jun: INDIAN ARMY
/Advt_No_9_of_2016.pdf)
Sciences
o cer.pdf)
Technical
31-May: EdCIL
(http://neigrihms.gov.in/
10-Jun: Allahabad
(http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/)
Manager
27-Jun: Sanskrit uni.
Uni.
05-Jun: Indian Navy
(http://edcilindia.co.in
Varanasi
Sailor
/index.php?option=com_content&
(http://ssvv.ac.in
(http://nausenatask=view&id=18&
/user les
view=item&
bharti.nic.in
Itemid=68)
/recuritment%20-1-2016.pd
layout=item&
/forthcomingSailor.php) 31-May: Central Uni.
id=662&Itemid=1802)
of Haryana
10-Jun: RailTel
(http://cuh.ac.in
Legal
(http://railtelindia.com
/cuh-jobs.aspx)
21-Jun: Ins. of
30-Jun: HPCL
/careers.html )
31-May: Mumbai
Medical Edn
06-Jun: AIIMS
Metro
Jodhpur
(https://www.mmrcl.com
/category/jobs/)
20-Jun: Nat. Jud.
/careers)
20-Jun: Nat. Jud.
Academy
Academy
(http://nja.gov.in
03-Jun: RITES LIMITED
(http://nja.gov.in
Deskjobs
/vacancies(http://rites.com
/vacanciesinternships.html)
01-Aug:
Haryana
SSC
/vacancy/)
internships.html)
18-Jun:
UP
Judicial
(http://hssc.gov.in
31-May: Power Grid
20-Jun: South Asian
services
(http://www.powergridindia.com
Uni.
(http://allahabadhighcourt.in
22-Jun:
Odisha
SSC
/_layouts/PowerGrid
(http://www.sau.int
/calendar
(http://online.odishassc.in/)
/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=166&
/recruitment
/itemWiseList.jsp?group=7)
LangID=English)
/jobs.html)
14-Jun: DDA Delhi
31-May: UP Rajya
20-Jun: NIT Goa
23 of 25
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
Vidyut Aayog
(http://dda.org.in
(http://www.nitgoa.ac.in
(http://www.uprvunl.org /ddanew/jobs.aspx)
21-Jun: Ins. of
/DisplayPage.aspx?page=ig
/pdf/recruitment_notice 11-Jun: inter state
Medical Edn
/Advt.%20No%20U-
Council
Biliary
23-UPRVUSA-
(http://interstatecouncil.nic.in
/category/jobs/)
(http://www.ilbs.in
2016.pdf)
/downloads/vacancy-
20-Jun: Nat. Jud.
/index.php?option=com_jo
circular-research-
Academy
Itemid=110)
of Haryana
(http://nja.gov.in
10-Jun: RGIPT
(http://cuh.ac.in
03-Jun: RBI Law
/vacancies-
RaeBareli
/cuh-jobs.aspx)
internships.html)
(http://rgipt.ac.in
cer.pdf)
cer
(https://opportunities.rbi.org.in/)
17-Jun: ISRO
Banks
/rec-faculty.htm)
(http://www.isro.gov.in/) 10-Jun: Maha.

14-Jun: DDA Delhi
National Law Uni.
14-Jun: Bank Of India
(http://dda.org.in
(http://www.nlumumbai.e
(http://www.banko ndia.co.in
/ddanew/jobs.aspx)
06-Jun: Gandhi Kashi
/english/career.aspx)
13-Jun: AMU
Vidyapeeth
13-Jun: PNB (sports)
(http://amuregistrar.com(http://mgkvp.ac.in
(https://www.pnbindia.in
/vacancies.html)
/recruitment.aspx)
/En/ui
11-Jun: UP SSC - Amin
06-Jun: Punjab Uni.
/Recruitment.aspx)
(http://upsssc.gov.in/)
(http://cup.ac.in
10-Jun: Exim Bank
10-Jun: Allahabad
/teaching_jobs.php)
(http://www.eximbankindia.in
Uni.
06-Jun: Tata
/career)
Memorial Centre
10-Jun: Union Bank
(https://tmc.gov.in
Specialist
view=item&
/tmh/index.php
(http://www.unionbanko ndia.co.in
layout=item&
/careers)
/abt_recruitmentaspx.aspx)
id=662&Itemid=1802)
02-Jun: UPSC
31-May: Canara Bank
09-Jun: UP SSC (Urdu
(http://www.upsc.gov.in
specialist
translator)
/recruitment
(http://www.canarabank.com
(http://upsssc.gov.in/)
/advt/2016
/English/scripts
06-Jun: AIIMS
/Advt_No_9_of_2016.pdf)
/Recruitment.aspx)
Jodhpur
31-May: IIM Shillong
24 of 25
(http://www.iimshillong.in
/careers/vacancy06-Jun: Bharat
details.asp)
Petroleum
31-May: NIT
(https://bharatpetroleum.com
Uttarakhand
01-Jun-16 10:48 PM
/Careers/current-
(http://www.nituk.ac.in
openings.aspx)
/recruitment.php?id=new)

of Haryana
(http://cuh.ac.in
/cuh-jobs.aspx)
31-May: Gujarat High
court (http://hcojas.guj.nic.in/)
31-May: NIT
Uttarakhand
(http://www.nituk.ac.in
/recruitment.php?id=new)
1. Online Form Part-I stops few days before deadline, so don't wait till last date. Dont forget
reg.id & roll no.Note'em in Google Drive (https://www.google.com/drive/)
2. I usually update vacancies every Monday.Purple link= newly added,Blue= existing.Last
updated May 30th, at 11:10PM
25 of 25
(https://www.facebook.com
(https://twitter.com
(https://plus.google.com
(http://www.youtube.com
(http://feedburner.google.com
/Mrunal.org)
/mrunal_patel)
/109455346868280536907?rel=author)
/user/TheMrunalPatel)
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01-Jun-16 10:48 PM

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[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading,

What is Rio Summit/ Earth Summit ?

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

It is an international treaty for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

nancial assistance and technology to the developing countries (non-Annex

3. Nitrous oxide (N2O);

to reduce green house gas emission.

Back to Kyoto Protocol

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

Kyoto protocol: How does it actually work?

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

Suppose two Annex B parties are Japan and Australia.

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

Why USA did not ratify Kyoto Protocol?

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

Important Players in climate change

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

Tags: EnB-Treaties (http://mrunal.org/tag/enb-treaties)

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So far 91 Comments posted

R EPLY (HT T P://MR UNAL.OR G /2 0 1 2 /0 9 /C LIMAT E- C HANG E- KYO T O- PR OT O C O L- C AR BO N-

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

T RADI NG .HT ML?R EPLYT O C OM= 1 2 3 5 1 1 # R ESPO ND)

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

Starry starry nights

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

koi neend se utha k kyoto protocol ka mechanism poochega to bhi i will be

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sk, imame azam

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....! } [Topper's Interview] Poonam (Rank-308/CSE-2015)

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[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html

01-Aug: Haryana SSC

27-Jun: Delhi Metro

01-Jul: Indian Inst. of

20-Jun: Nat. Jud.

24-Jun: Nat. Police

06-Jun: Punjab Uni.

27-Jun: Central Road

15-Jun: Bihar Vikas

[Climate Change] Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Trading, Copenhagen Accord:... http://mrunal.org/2012/09/climate-change-kyoto-protocol-carbon-trading.html