Previous Publications Brower Manon Fino (eit) Int Cate od) gpl, The Chine Cir Ely Mole ope ‘The Chine Taste eighteenth Coy Egon COMPARATIVE EARLY MODERNITIES 1100-1800 Edited by David Porter Palgrave macmillanINTRODUCTION, David Porter aderity, i the term retains any cogency a al, woul! appear to be incest. Beonomic meltdowns Europe and che United States hnve revealed the profound vlnerbliesofsn increasingly byperepital- {sr worl onder. Environmental ister in Japan andthe GelF of Mexico aint dierepive climate ifs acrow the globe underscore the etaelysmic anger attending » complacent owerzelince on inexpensive nontenew- thle energy, Prot engalfing Chinete factories, European sets, and Sy squares arom the Mid East convey the frarstion and dessie of hove mnltudes seo he globe the emphant march of progress bat ‘they lef behind, “The gobal rach of sch eres, ofthe steactul origins, ad ofthe ‘modi ecinalogc tha lend them ther sr of resiuble immediacy coo ‘bute to the appeirnce ofan accelerating hetoiel eoovergence AS 2 dobalzed woes becomes soaller and more tghdyinserconnested, the Iiyjectorie mace by i component societies come to seem inreingy, ln fetlsialy predetermined. The eleclogy of modern, fo Benet te fr wort, binds the ers sands of lca and regional tories ever ‘are ihn a recognizable are, comsgning the inexhaustible diversity ofthe paso 3 musty tolevance Ifthe pathy fr “traditional” r"devel- oping! acess points ncseapahily toward a singube vison of the modern, ‘her init might sem litle need fr 3 backwadgance, Increasingly, uch homogenising conception of modernity has ‘been challenged by thote who recognize degree of legitimate vari- lity, not oaly amoag the historical trajectories of human com ‘munities, hue alo amsoag their value hierarchies and aspirations, We seem inceesingly willing to acknostedge, for example, that societies am be successful by economie and ocher measutes of well-being in the abvence of a secular liberal deraocracc politcal sractore. And—————— —_ 2 DAVID PORTER yet. even # eapacions vision of mulkiple modernisies runs the risk of rnonte presen iit focuses sarowly on the terminal endpoints of Bacal poeeies. To atend only £0 the demonstrable diversity of, Thodernties in che sbsence ofthe backward glance sc leave unquet= ‘oned the larger mactoparsdigm of historical coavergenee, not £0 ation the privileged satus of “Westen” moderaity a8 che standard ‘enchusatksguinst which all other aus appear at leser aleratives. ‘Whar is called for, and what an increasingly prominent strand of com- yurtve historical scholarship has sooghe 0 prove fa tecent Yea Bi penpecive chat complicates dis picture of modernization-as- Convergence by aiserting the commensurabilty of seemingly diverse fontext in the ecent premodern ast! "The convergence paradigm present funne-shaped model of global oderneation, where the preven 2 fore ae characteried byimeres- hp inerconnectedness and homogenization, in contrast with 2 pat tmarted by radical diferencts of varios esormourtable Kinds between renera (lien peesented as in one deep-structural respect oF anothes, roto-moders) and non-Werera ("uation societies. The notion of ple modernitiesladably widens the tip ofthe fennel by insisting tn the plorlty of viable configurations of an “advanced” present-day sey, bar this notion in ie dos nhing to counter the sill widely ae ssumption of fundamental incormmensunbility in the histories ff the West and is others. Among the challenges posed by the present “Toncat of global ee chat of recognizing that a mulpliciy of pasts Te embedded i our current condos, snd that some ofthe most sent ‘owrces in coming to terms with ts coaunrems might well be found beyond the puntively decisive boundaries ofthe Eoropean cultural ak ‘on, narowiy conceived "To acre commensarbity oF historia contents otto aim. ‘har they ae che sane, bute, erally chav hey cam be nese nd Inmagine and inorpete) together, and tat there it no gaping chasm of ‘nual akerity dha prevents them fom being productively compared [Nusnced comparisons in ture, can enable us co recognize pattern, pull, and imerconnectone that ay fandamencally reconfigure the Jouder schema by which we understand movcrnity and history. To fad eretively berwoen and acrom often abiary boundaries iin el to lesen this hold on our categorical mapping, aod t0 inte a more {aid and capacious concepion ofa ange of ulatltrsjectores pas and peer ‘Sock, any event, the comsicion behind this volume and the con rence se the Univenisy of Michigan shat inspired it.The Be sand was inTRopverion 3 totende to provoke. Each offs dre pat represen 8 contested atenory tnd potently» problematic one, but each alo has the virae of opening ‘ecome ever more prominent ar precondion of humaninie enquiry And Jere nadsrike x comparison of tegion or societies or dixon a exc “ube nine chaps in his volume ses out to d,s smplciiy bot to poss Ndegce of (potentially Ukwory) Ssermal coherence to dhe endines being ‘corre an to rik eifjingappornt dierence int righ szucteres of binary eseailism, ch of de coreibutors to tis volame was invited think expic~ {ny sbous the methodological problems rased by 2 comparave approach, Who benchmarks do we ke ss the tandardn our comparative analyse? Hom do we eabish viable sandade of commensrairy ia choosing nut to be compared? How do we evo dhe dangers of reed binaries TB wing the always whizary bine ot dds objects of comparison? CCormpartive salys na oeceary and even incapable too bat i an Soto s profoundly misleading one tht can produce no end of mischiefin the form of fse Knowledg, presi, and intellect complaceny. One (Of the principal amp ofthis wolme i to provide = series of cae studies, (Gort only exemplify rnge of cating-edge comparative approaches i the bamaniio and soc seneet bu bo arscuste che methodologeal ‘soumpsions dat enderpin them. "The eiegory of the “early modeen” hasbeen at leat a contested 2+ «as pertising posure in recon years comparison hasbeen a8 2 meth- ‘logy, When aplied oa lobal context, ican helps to foreground Bisorkal eronences, interconnections, and paral developinenrs terest emingly disarste cultural contents Numerous attribute of “exly ‘Rovers Euzopean history, once ten o exemplify the unique o exceP~ onal chaacer ofthat hieory, have more recently been reognized 9 ‘nad chracteric of variety of (osty Eurasian and North Afsica) ttcistes prior 1800. To examine soch phenomena seros variety of ‘Suter undersood as history consgtous can encourage the atea- Tlton of more robse and eapacious categories of elcural avai. 1 my Conerpion of wat a pariclar phenomenon is and why it emerges when ftdoes i imied to the English or Wester Europes context and the Itorialdeerainans internal to Lr the risk of eastaking@ 2a romlypatiule and contingent account fora niversl one, To consider ‘hestme phenomenon in broader asscultral, horizontally etegrasve‘ DAVID PORTER context yields ot only more supple conceptual categories bat ho deat tiscinctons berreen the broadly generalizable and purely local aspects of sthistrial end, ‘A the wae ime, the teleological overtones ofthe term “eely moder iy” might vem c limit its usefulness when applied toa content chat Aid not follow recognizable tjectory coward modemity over the sub- sequent ceautie, What does t mean, after al, 0 refer to “euly moder~ i location —auch a8 China, fr example-where ie did no give ‘eat east in the short etn toa philosophical enlightenment, an ied trial revoltion, a democratic pols, or othe caracenstialy “modern” ‘development? To inst on doing o may ental the projection of 2 cat ‘goey drives dec rom Earopean Rstory (or, mare acuratsy, from 2 conteasive and exceptionalst reading of European history long intent, ‘on emphasizing distiacivenes from tat of others onto potentially Jncommensorable seeing, dereby seducing a wot of diferences to 50 many coy vacations on fimlar Western themes Such projections often ‘ental, moreover, a perverse corroboration ofa verdict of lack or flare fn the part of non-European societies whose variants of “sey enode= rity,” viewed ip 2 teleological light. appear co have remained only 21 ‘anteaized promise, + hitorical dead end. Most of the chapters in &h volume grapple expicity with this comundrem. Together, chey ake the ‘Conversation well beyond the question of whether oF not “esi moder ‘iy ina well eategary in comparative tudes examine fo what end td by what means tight be most productively deployed * ‘Once we accept the potential productivay of ealy modeen” s a ‘he very lest» proviioal rubric im world history, st remsins only to ‘vablinh its Boundaries. Not surprisingly he pesodzation of the exly ‘modern proposed here ae sponning the teven centuries from 1100 c 1800 has ocesoned some good-bumosed skepticism both ffom medi- cals resentful of che chronological incusion and scholars of the [Rensieance jealose ofthe historical dininetvenes oftheir period. Our sever-hunsre-yenr spn i amie intended sa the sic of pucksh ‘provocation, both eo rec the inewable aebarnes of every period ‘ng gesture, bu ao, more importantly te pois othe potential distor ‘ont implicit in more couventional definitions. The choice of 100 2s 2 srting pois i Lagely motivated by 2 desire to disrpe the Eurocentee Teronsnces ofthe more typical date of 1492 or 1500. Ia his si-cited ey "Beyond Eurocentism,” Latin American philoopber Ensue Dasil ‘ater the onset of modernity to 1492, Hit reminder thatthe modern ge, in oh its geopolitical aspirations and ecenomic underpinnings, ‘vat alayyalzady global helpflly decenters the most provincial and INTRODUCTION 5 atcisite versions of Eurocentriam.? Ar the sre time, however, the Implicit asertion thie aodernity sore oly a by-product of te Age of Discovery alo reifiess conception of woe history centered firmly on Europe and driven by the paises! and economic exigencies that mot ‘ated is geogcaphical expansion. To take 2 the waivers benchmarks of Tnodernity te sweeping consequences ofthis expansion is otelegate 0 the extra European + merely failitating role that, being at once inrin= ‘aly primal and forever belated, mus emai structaraly exterior to any Iisoreal conception ofthe modern. ‘A second reson for the capacous dating of early modesty proposed here isto acknowledge that exely moderitis canbe paral not ony nthe synchronic snse—ar when we consider the simaitis berween China ted Europe in the year 1700—but alo, with a nod to Jck Golizone tn Jack Goody, n+ diachronic sete that akes account ofthe cyclical, fate, in some sores, of the Sorts of ealeural efflorescence that We ‘ypc identity with sty modernity So, for example, we an observe feature of the late Song dynaty Chna im dhe yar 1100 tha beac resem ‘ances to Chia inthe year 1600 as well sco ley a oughly the same time. The narrowsess of more conventional periodiations potentially sks obscuring sich broader patterns and eifying expectations of hisor= falsingulaticy and tlelogial development. While sane ofthe chapters that follow propane their own dating schemes, ehey all engage ith the father pointed question thas such definitional exercies mse ase. “The pesenollectonisdividedincothtee part Te in, “lobalzing arly Modernity” offen = series of expansive, broad-gavged method slog paradigms for extending the category ofthe “easly modern” eso a tic lags set of contents than ha eypically been the cate ‘Ayers Ramachandran ses the tone fortis section by exploring how « Single death of “the worl’ is configured across parte regions inthe cay moder period and how, fusthermor, we might understand it coherence as an caiy modern concep in spite of aparently disparate lndersandings. Her clote analysis, informed by the history of cartog- raphy, of a fms allegorical printing fom extlyseventench-ceatary India opens out into productive eigue of paradigms ofealy mode cer globalisation that stress processes of hybridization across contra tive dichoromies n way that may bind us co large patterns of base ommensrailiy "Wale Cohen silly iss on rethinking the houndares hat have traitonlly peecaded « more geographically capaious incerpretation of cexiy modern cultural developmnents In arguing, through 2 wide-ranging ‘vcs int the genealogy oiterary gente snd motif, othe itasical6 AvID PORTER coherence ofthe category of "Eurain Iteratore” he challenges what ‘ithe be consdeted the founding mythology of todern hterary sy, tamely. that national uray tadtions should be sndertood fist and foremodt a8 the suochihonoas expesion of local csleutal conditions Prom sich a vantoge point, “carly modeenity” i cranaformed from = posto of lative ole and el contained Terary efflorescence lim- et the remote Wester regions of Bers the product oF chy fmeertwined neowork of Feary tansmision and exchange spanning ‘som from Ion nia and Chinato Span, rane, and Eagland Tm hin chapter on Asia-ceatered spproaches to early madera world nico, Luke Clssey steps back from specific crosecultural mappings flincay and vn cuare to enguize ito te methodological conde fiom char preclade or enable a izle conception of early modern world Ihiwory more generally. Balancing 4 commitment toa vision of history situned tothe lived experience of is subjects with a insistence on an “ppsopeate demographic wegiting ofits dominant marae, he ages foe recentcting the history ofthe exly modern world squarely in Sout [Ass and for looking to 1 varity of Asian editions forthe intellectual ‘Heourcesnecesary for he construed of ose-Buronormative historic ponadigns “The volume' second ection, "Comparative Caloral History” gathers he chapters that mod explicitly comparative approaches to the cud of litratute, art and philosophy 4 early modem Europe sud China “atherne Cait pick up sce from the end of Waltec Coben's chapter to foun on the ream of genes and seraaity 25st of commensurable ‘Su dtinenvely early myer developments China and England. The ‘Eploymene of teas of chastity in the service of both conduc iterate Sin! pornography emerges in boc locations daring the sixteen and sev- teen cents in she context ofan expanding publishing industry, herening nal ery, atl the proifraton of ew luxury commode fon How cxn an avarezes of sich pall within a macrohistorca) [avae, Cater aks, infect ous undertanding of particular instances of the ertie oF the sentient im erry and visual arifits rom Ming. (China or Elirabetban England? Richard Vinograd shares an interest ia broad cros-cultaal parallels in this era, but shit the focus tm is chapter ftom quescons of con- tore quenions of form, What ae the distinctive representational prac~ thos be ak, that mack peinsingsprodaced ia ealy modern China and TEngizad a belong ro this persica historical moment? And what can be learned fom #ssained compsrative analysis ofthe broader cultural caning ofthese practices actos two such seemingly dsprate context? mo hh iTaopucTION “The compatative method, his chapter semis as, ean be api a5 ait= fly to the deep sracruce of representation 2 to its surfaces ad cam Doteailly rove s much abou the aszheue and more brouly philo~ opis! disposition of an errs delight in artifice, say, of tlerance For ambiquity or internal contracson-—s abot the diinetvenes of productions “ck Goldene is simile concerned, in is ehapes, with she com parion of piilsopical diosions. His reading of the incleetoal fivores of Europesn, Asaz, and Middle Eastern societies duving che tiny modem period, howeres, provides a counterweight io the empha- Sr oe puales and convergences im rose of the preceding chapter, Responding to + concern thatthe pendula of comparative histor rales may have swung too farsa ee dzection of wsimiative syntheses, be offers forceful defense ofthe crcl disincivenes ofthe European Enlydtcomene snd Sciemific Reeohton. is argument acknowledges 2 bane commensurablity inthe consinue attachment to elasieal tad ‘ons actos Eursian civilizations inthe early modern period, but ere the slant serves 20 highlight the singulaty of Europesn itera UP macked skepticism toward and often-deamatic repudiation of ancient fearing over the seveuteen and eighteenth centuries "The thie section, "Economies a States.” takes poll formations and ade networks in Europe and Asia as central objets of comparative Shatin Bin Wong begins sith review of recent comparaeschok “Tah on parlelsia the economic hirory of pars of hee cw regions in the exaly mer erat har spawned the curent interet in broader cul tural comparisons. One ofthe recurrent challenge ising sch proces Te argue isthe inescapabilty ofthe European benchmat, the tendency ‘reategoris detived fom the Eoropean experience co wind shap~ ng the question that comparative historians ask of other word regions "Toh beyond thse categories, he sugges, will eguizeacknowleds- fede posit thas cectain aks we associate with modeenity—lrpe ttesponsored social wellae schemes, for example—emenged fit in fon-Beropesn regions and only belatedly in Europe, leading ca gro- traphieally more variegated geneslogy fr the modern py than has teaiionally been entertained. Martin Powers urns our ateation is his chapter om the pis of ‘ely modern saree tothe cometation oftheir authority in dhe image tion of thee subecs. Visality, be argues, is 2 crite tothe maia~ tence of power ay dicousie, Faced with similar structural challenges Sing fom prowing poliseal centralization, societies at both ends of the Borahianlandeas evolved comparable statepes of sbsraction and® DAVID PORTER ‘soa representation for reconceivig relationships berween » populace edits government. Fa fem being 2 wnigue product of Eoropea pitt ‘alhistry, then, the people” as moder plitcal concept and allegor ‘al nonus merges as necessary cesponse to more broadly shared se of developmental conditions Tithe final chaper ofthe collection, Kenneth Pomeranz runs cal ee on the network node] of global interconnections dat underpins {numberof current theories of ely modernity 3¢ 2 woeld historical ‘ategory. The general growth of taniborder networks was not consent ‘cre regions, far one thing, and for very few eepions did their sgnfi~ ‘ance atch tha ofthe Alone word. Ar consequence che purpose of [Seembling « world history foe te three cenoriee flowing 1492 msghe, pisadoxiealy, ber be served by focusing les exclusively on connections find more intensively on paral ad comparisons among largely separate Soieties hat happened sso tobe pacpane ia everthickening global neta ‘The unorailly capcious conception of historical engury modeled bby thee chapter ir noe wathout detectors. Several weeks before the conference was to take place, [recived liter fom 2 senior historian ‘who wat dappointed not o have been invited to partcpate. Referring to che rover af speaker tht had boen posted on the conference website, heveroee, Dear David nw this as the rection the conferee woul ke with pert 1B, Cyand D combined yee spina mectingo exes ides which have been shoroughly refed and wi aks proper backgroud in thei alae of Bsope But they wl db ay age that ail Ince your desi to diate the Wo so Bow ofthe Chinese sedans rout Michigen, Baiow me, Chew peope do espe emaiutd Were men Moxey ‘The vexation conveyed by my correspondent sugges that work ofthe iin he Following pages, as friar as cere ofitspremises may Beto some readers, continues to be rare in other qoarers at poring 5g nificane challenge oa mare of deeply engrsined assumptions about the eoper and righifl configurtions of word bisory. The esayscoleced hce, however, suggest that the cutting edge ofthe convention hus by ‘now moved well Beyond this initia phate of challenge and confronation peRopucTion ° tw articulate ia ineresngly complex ways novel approaches othe pret= ingproblems ofcomparatvy,petodizstion, nd world bistory sgpested by the notion of global eaty modernity. Taken together, they esablisha promising methodological groundwerk fr frre explorations "Most ofthe nine chapters share a concern with the general question pote most direcly by Closey and Pomerans: aamly, im she later formolaton, Ist possibieroconsract a worl history thats mere han the sum of varios region histories” On the bass ofthe contributors ‘wosk, i sem clear that the answer i resounding "jes" The trickier problem, of course, and che ane on wich there sppescs to be tome- ‘what less consenus, is how sos prodactively t go about it Given the degree to which received notions of modernity and, by implication, ‘aly modernity, have been founded on the presmpion of rial snd ‘exemial ake, eeablishng not ony the eoevalnes but the fundamen= tal commensurability of seemingly dspurste works most be a crucial fin te. Coren parallels botscen, for example, Estope and Chita — urbanization, increasing Iieracy rates, commercialzation-—have Tong been recognized in our period. The contributor cal our atentin to & wealth of futher analogies and smslitades to eavich our conception of + global ely modernity incarwoven by often-unexpected continuities, parle, ad coovergences "A paral list of such parallels taken ffom che following chapters Inches several variation ona general theme of unsetied and confited ‘dynannan inthe reals of art and erature: the production of vernicu- 1s ftons by elite women, the accommodation of incompasbty and (he daleciea! management of conflic and dference a fucination with moment of foci bminaliy, and sm incensinglyexplice entiation ‘of moral Boundaries in response to their perceived erosion in time of Aisrpeive social change. Within the beoade seve of intllecaal his ‘ory, we might point to such adleona shared features ofa plbal exty ‘modernity 2 widespread efforts to preserve and promulgate clasical, ‘ex, 4 desire vo comprchend the pricipl and totality of world order, nda pointed ambivalence with respect to te individuals own postion ‘within this larger word. ‘longi his abundant elaboration of dimslitades, second method ‘logical move apparent ins namber ofthe chapters ic the Foregrounding and theorization of webs, neeworks, dispersed rile effects ad other forms of inerconnectenes, very broadly conceived. These extend well beyond both the economic ligaments ofa trade-based world system and significantly complicate more Gnlir rodeo inition or inacnce0 DAVID PORTER [As Cohen points out, for example, semingly worsted leray produc ‘ons can be productively computed not simply as formally o themat- tally congraent, but more compelinaly s consanguinary nodes on an inzerconinenal amily tee Such model of comparative anal, which are adiinile for being a once radically expansive and censpetly rounded, lend increasing viability both to the category of Eurasian Lie frature and to Coben's salutzy reminder thar hybrity i not so rmuch 3 ‘inte to be stained atthe ordinary eeality of culture. Tinlly, 2 romber of there pices counter the tantalizing allure ofan Icagrced world hixary with a deeply tractor insistence on palyvo~ ality and multpiciy. We are potently contending afte ll, not only ‘with dizying multiplicity oftocal and segionl hore, bat ako with 3 ‘mulipicty ofsnalyticl lenses and hinorcl vantage pois. Most readers ofthis volume will have lng been sare ofthe danger of Eurocenteism. (Cloniey addr welcome twist to familiar etgses by separating out geo rapheal Eurocentssm from methodological Furonocmatvty and as gus, provocatively whatan Asia noemaave history of te cary modern ‘work! might look ike “One rising come oftaring the perspec bls this way is ‘hat Europe fora change, might appen noes these of rginary penal tn the posordined welprins ofl hings modern, bt alo, ar Goldtone fercfily poins out sche we of decency and lack, Coben note, or ‘comple, hut BoropeanInertre dislays an asonihing obvious to the nfion of karmic rebirth while Wong reminds ws dat exiy modecn [European pola history esa lacking in tations of soil spending ‘rod in ale- governed bureaericy andthe vitae of elacally eda ‘ted scholaroffca Norwihstanding the pained objecdons of any eral ‘correspondent such examples serv no o auch the parpose of defaion 1 reorientation in both ints of that ord Tey regi, Wag’ final ‘hapeer eloquently ogg hat we remain slays alere not only 10 the _mleiplicny of moderines nor twenty. Se censary wood but ali € the maitiple and offen widey divergent pathways by which these evolving ‘moderns have been and continue 9 be achieved “The purpowe of this cllecn isnot to provide closure bue rather to open up further comcation IFT may be indulged in an atempt 2 po ‘ioral coslasn, Howes I would suggest, tat the project oF cos- structing a history of early modernity continses to ben fat, Both a wale and an esental one, and second, that his project wil ecesariy incompo> ‘eal dee ofthe methodclagical approaches we ind om dla hee in the exploration of sites and connections and maskphicies The ely ‘moder wold appear, though the lenses che conaibutors provider be 8 mvrropucrion ” pace chancterzed at once by radical commensunbiliy n=rconneton,and ‘arian, Susaining a dynamic itrpay among thee complementary per- ‘spctves wil we can hope encourage i ere work something ofthe se {pit of ative Ferment hat so broly anamates oo ely modern period. Notes 1. The most esueny eked work inti wen inlae Joseph Petchey, lxegave Hisory: Pals and Ttetconmectons in the aly ‘Mose Peo, 500-180," foumal ef Tash Sas 9 (1985) 37-58 ‘nite Gander Frank, ReOtent” Cll Esnomy inthe dein Ae (Gerksey: Unversty of Califa Pr, 1998) Victor Lice, ‘Sunge Pale South Ala Cla Cnet, ¢#O0-1890 (New York! Cambidge Univesity Pets, 2003 Kenseth Pomerant, The Grat Dieenes Ea Chin, ond the Mali of the Modem Wl Envony (Pincion, Nf: Panceton Univer Pre, 2000), Sary Subrabmanyam, Eup le Comedy: Pro he Tau tthe {Gages (Oxted. Oxford Univers res, 2009) al Roy Bin Wor Chin Tome stil Chang en te Lams of Ewen Expr (hae, NY: Conall Usveaty Prony 977 2. Inehisrepec thy ae in lve convertion wth 2number athe eye Called in Lyon Serves The Qing Forman in Hoe Hse Tn (Camldge, MA: Bavard Unisersty Pres, 2008) an Jack Goody's ‘Renan Th One or Men (Cambie: Cambridge Univeity Pres, 2010. 3. Barger Duel “Beyond Forces: the Werk-Sjtrs andthe Timms of Moderiy” in The Chloe 9f bbztn, od. Fede Jeno and Masao Myo (Durham, NC: Dake Univ Pras, 1998, sa 4, See Jick Goody, Reiss al Jack Gldsoe, “Borecences and Economic Growth in Work History Rethinking the Rise ofthe Went andthe Indore! Revolution” Juma of Wd Hr 13.2 (2002: sa, ‘Works Cited Dun, Enrique. “Beyood Barocas: dhe Worle ad the Lins of ‘Modernity In Fhe Jameron and Maso Myo ey The Cale of Golo, Dasha, NC: Duke Univer Pres, 198. ‘kicher, Joep ntepative Hiya and Interconnection ithe aly Modern Period, 15001800" Journal ef Tash Sa 9 (985) 37-38 Fra Anaze Gundes, Onn lll Banyo the Aan ig, Berl ‘Unisenier of Calionna Pre, 199%2 DAVID PORTER CColdnone, Jack ~“Elrecenees and Booomic Grow in Weed Hiary: Reshinkiog the "Rise ofthe Wes” ad he Inu Revlon” ful Hoy 13.2 (2002 323-89. Goody, Jack. Rensaoner” The One orth Many? Cambridge: Cabeidge Usiveniy Pro, 2010 Leber, Vier Saige Prati Sot Aa in ltl Cote, «800-180 [Now Yash: Cameidge Univer Pre, 2003 Pomerns, Kenneth The Great Degas Exp, Chins and he Making of he Moder Word Eom. Princeton, N}-egccton Unies Pres, 2000 ‘seus, Lynn” The Qing Fmaton i Herta Tine. Cais, MA: Harvard Universty Pras, 2008 Subramanyam, Say - Esplin a Come Mitr: Fo he Tips tte ‘Gunes, Oxford: Ofer Univer Pre, 2005 Won. Roy Bin Chie Tansomel Hier Chon and the Lint pee Expoene Khaca, N¥ Corll Universy Pre 997, PARTI GLOBALIZING EARLY MODERNITY