Functions of cell wall

Impart shape & rigidity to the cell

Maintains the shape of bacterium
Supports the weak cytoplasmic membrane
Contains bacterial antigens important in virulence & immunity
Takes part in cell division
Provide specific receptors for bacterial virus
20-30% of dry weight
Demonstration - Microdissection, Staining [Differential] procedure, electron
microscope
Enzymes: Lysozyme & autolysin
Cell wall deficient forms - Protoplasts & Spheroplast

 L forms - Mycoplasma

Cytoplasmic (Plasma) membrane

Limits bacterial protoplast
Seen with EM
Unit membrane composed of phopholipids & proteins [Lipoprotein &
CH2O]
Lack sterols [Except Mycoplasma]
Functions of Cytoplasmic membrane
Semipermeable membrane controlling inflow & outflow of metabolites to &
from the protoplasm
Site of enzymes
Capsule

India Ink
Protective gelatinous covering layer outside the cell wall
Microcapsule (< 2 m)
Loose slime: Soluble, amorphous, colloidal
Polysaccaride- Pneumococcus
Polypeptide- Anthrax bacillus
Negative Staining-India Ink, Nigrosin

 Serological - Quellung Reaction

Virulence - Inhibiting phagocytosis

Immunogenic - Capsular antigens
Flagella
Flagella
Organ of locomotion

 Monotrichous
- Vibrio cholerae

Lophotrichous

- Spirilla

Amphitrichous
-Alcaligens fecalis

Peritrichous
-Escherichia coli

Demonstration
Electron microscope
Motility test - Hanging drop method
Flagellar Staining
- Leifson Stain
- Fontana Stain : Silver Impregnation

Fimbriae / Pili
Fine, hair like structure
Pilin
Organ of adhesion
Common / Sex
Hemagglutination
Electron microscope

 Ribosome: Center for protein synthesis - Sedimentation Constant :70s

Mesosomes: Multilaminated structure
- Site of respiratory enzymes & cross wall septa
Intra Cytoplasmic inclusions
Volutin, Polysaccharide & Lipids
Reserve of energy
Storage products


Nucleus
Single double stranded DNA per cell
1000 m in length
Plasmid/ Episomes
Extra chromosomal genetic elements
Toxigenicity & Drug resistance
Bacterial Spore
Highly resistant resting stage of bacteria
Eg: Bacillus spp & Clostridium spp
Dipicolinic acid
Depletion of exogenous nutrients
Autoclaving -1200C / 15 mins
Sporicidal disinfectants
Sterilization controls
Demonstration

- Gram stain

- Modified Ziehl-Neelsens

Terminal

 Subterminal
Central