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Environmental
Chettyappan Visvanathan
Environmental Engineering and Management Program
Asian Institute of Technology
Thailand
Shift of Thinking
We think, the earth is a source of infinite resources
Module 3a
Products
- sector
wastes
Environmental Performance
Raw
material
wastes
Gender Development
Role in micro economy
local/ family
Poverty Alleviation
Local employment
generation
Product
EoP :
Treatment and
Discharge
Social contribution
Industries treat the waste only to meet the (national regulatory) disposal
standards
Treatment technology is selected to meet the standards only. Technology
advancement acquiring social benefits are missing
Waste utilization
Chances of waste reutilization into many useful by-products using innovative technologies are
misses
Waste reuse
Reuse of materials and avoiding the waste generation is missed
Module 3a
As a preventive Approach
Upstream resource efficiency breaks the linear flow of material into the cyclic pattern by recovering
and recycling waste.
This can be achieved through Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) technologies and cleaner production
(CP) practices.
Using these tools is possible and achievable in EICs through inter-firm networks.
Module 3a
Waste.New Look
Conventional
Look
Waste
End-of-Pipe Treatment
New
Business!
New
Look
Waste
Upstream Resource
Efficiency
Module 3a
Recycle
structured
and
systematic
use of waste
itself as raw
material /
resource
Consumption,
Use
Reduce
choosing things
and materials so
as to decrease
the volume of
waste generated
Consumption,
Use
Reuse
Discard
Treatme
nt
Final Disposal
Discard
Module 3a
putting
things back
into the
system,
repeated
use of
materials
Case 1: Nike..Reuse-A-Shoe
Started in 1990, Reuse-a-Shoe is Nike's
longest-running environmental program
Nike established a business model to
stabilize the market for granulated
rubber from footwear manufacturing.
Since then Nike has transformed 28
million pairs of shoes and 36,000 tons of
scrap material into Nike Grind for use in
more than 450,000 locations around the
world.
Helped to establish more than 210 sport
surfaces in communities around the
world.
Module 3a
Shoe
productio
n Process
End of life
Products
Disposal
Other raw
materials
Transport
Product
(Nike
Grind)
New
Business
Recycling
Process
New
factory
Job
opportunities
Reuse-AShoe
Program
Better env.
performance
Module 3a
Minimized
Disposal
Resource Recovery
Recycling and reusing wastes within companies or by exchanging wastes between
companies is another option that has both environmental and economic benefits
Module 3a
End-of-Pipe Treatment
Cleaner Production
CP Advantages
long term solution
energy/material savings
waste disposal savings
better work safety
proactive
Market
Waste
Minimization
Options
CP Disadvantages
longer time scale
high risk
complex procedures
unfamiliar to regulators
EOP Advantages
meets short time scales
simple procedures
low risk
known to regulators
EOP
Treatment
Time
EOP Disadvantages
short term solution
transfers problem to
another
form or media
reactive
Waste
Waste
Waste
Raw Material
Processing
Manufacturing
Consumer
Use
Transportation
Waste
Transportation
Waste
Techniques
Available
Minimum Extraction
Downstream Pollution
Maximum Extraction - 3R
Upstream
Resource
Control
Efficiency
- Cleaner Production
- Eco-Industrial Cluster
Module 3a
Waste
Measure
Costs
Dilution
Pollution
control
Prevention
10 Million Nok
Plus saved:
5 Million Nok /yr on
chemicals,
10 Million Nok /yr on
energy and
8 Million Nok /yr due to
increased productivity
Module 3a
GHG Emission
CO2 emission = 264 kg/Batch)
Conventional
Jet Dyeing
Advanced
Jet Dyeing
Rapid
Water for dyeing = 30.4 m3/batch
Steam Requirements
Simple "Jet Dyeing" machines : 1,480 kg /batch: 396 t CO2
per/batch
"Advanced Jet dyeing" units: only 980 kg/batch
33% reduction in GHG emission or air
pollutants
(CO2 emission = 264 tons per batch).
55 % reduction in
water consumption
Cr
Platin
g Bath
Qin = 10 m 3/h
Q = 10 L/h
Cr
Co
PROCESS MODIFICATION
Cr
Cr
Rinsing
a) Flow
Rinsing
Dragout
Tank
Co
Rs
Cr
Cr Rinsing
b)
Equivalent
degree of
rinsing for a) ,
b) and c)
Static +
Flow
Rinsing
Cr
Platin
g Bath
Cr
Platin
g Bath
c)
Replace
50 L/h
Qin = 0.4 m 3/h
Q = 10 L/h
Dragout
Tank
Co
2 Static + Flow
Rinsing
Cr
Cr
Replace
Replace 50 L/h
50 L/h
Cr
Q= Total
quantity,
Cr
Chromiu
m,
Co Cobalt
Improving Environmental
Performance- through EIC
A successful EIC has an environmental face, an economic doctrine, and a social
dimension.
Improving environmental performances is the most eminent strategies of
transforming a mere conglomeration of small and medium-sized industries into
an eco-industrial cluster.
Environmental performance measurement of an EIC is a two-fold process:
21
Improving Environmental
Performance- through EIC
Eco-Industrial Cluster formation is one of the strategies to implement the
concept of industrial ecology by inter-company collaboration
Waste of one company can be utilized by another company to increase the
resource conservation which results in Upstream Resource Efficiency and
better environmental performance
Inter-firm connectedness works collectively to fight the pollution through waste
exchange, technology sharing, or common waste treatment plants, etc.
Industry 2
Industry 3
Limited
Wastes
Resource
Industry 1
What it Requires?
Policy amendments
Introduction of new technologies
Community awareness and commitment
Formalizing the informal sector activities
Investment capital
Remove end-of-pipe mentality
Large amount of waste (nearly 500 tonnes/day) is dumped in nearby Dhigampathaha forest
reserve.
Herd of elephants eating up the rotten vegetable and fruit wastes, packed in polyethylene bags
The Wildlife Department has cautioned the risks of elephants venturing into neighboring villages
in search of vegetables/fruits thus causing damage to crops and homes.
Further, elephants could consume polythene too, causing health issues in animals bowel.
Waste dumped at Habaraththawala, into a private land caused damage to cashew farms with
increased insects.
Agricultural
Produce
Agricultural
Farm
Unsold, loss,
waste
Dambulla
Dedicated
Economic Center
Compost
Agricultural
Produce
Dambulla Dedicated
Economic Center
Unsold/
transportation,
Packaging loss/
Waste
Agricultural
Residues, Postharvest waste
Decentralized
Composting Unit
Retail Market
Before Cluster
Electricity
Waste to Energy/
Anaerobic Digestion Unit
Digestate
Agricultural
Residues
Land
application of
ash
Open Burning
Agricultural Farms
After
Cluster
Surplus
Electricity
National
Grid
Module 3a
b)
Module 3a