..

:


II

1999

532.517.4
88
: . . / .. ;
. . . -. II. , 1999. 136 .

: ( :
,
). ,
. .
, . , , , , . , , .
- .
.89. .: 35 .
:

,
- .-., ..

ISBN 5-88151-193-
1.

1999

1.

2.

3.

4.

4.1.
4.2. .
4.3. 1941 (41)
4.4. (62)
4.5.
4.6.
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4. -
6.5. -
6.6. -
7.
7.1.
7.2. -
7.3. GOY
7.4.
7.5
7.6. -
8.

6
9
13
22
27
35
45
46
51
53
59
65
71
71
80
87
90
95
102
109
109
110
113
119
124
130
136

, .
. :
1., 2. , 3. .
.
, .

.
, , . , , , , . , ,
( ,
).
. , 1941 . (- , -). ,

, - .
. ,
. , (.. ), ,
.

,
, . -. -
( )

- . , , -, .
, - ,

. , ( ),
. ,
.
" ", - , , . ,
,
,
( ) .

1.
2.
3.

4.
4.1.
, , , . , ,
- ,
t vi + v j j vi = - r - 1i p + n2jj vi + f i ,
k v k = 0 .

(4.1)
(4.2)

v i - , f i - , r - ,
p - , n - . , (4.1)-(4.2)
,
,
(. 3).
, , ( ,
), . , .
,
, .
3 ,
(4.1)-(4.2) :
r
r
r
vi (r , t ) = U i ( r , t ) + u i ( r , t ) ,

r
r
r
r
r
r
p (r , t ) = P (r , t ) + p (r , t ) , f (r , t ) = F (r , t ) + f (r , t ) . (4.3)

tU i + U j jU i = - r - 1i P + n2jjU i - j u j ui + Fi ,

k U k = 0 ,

(4.4)
(4.5)

- (
- ).
(4.4)-(4.5) .
( )
, . ( , ) , .
, ,
.
,
, ? ,
,
, . , , ,
l << L ( L - ,
). , , , , , . , l << l << L , l -
, , .
.4.1 ( , )

.4.1
, , -

. ( ) .
.
, , , , ( , ,
L ). D ,
. ,
n, m, q
f ( x + nD, y + mD, z + qD ) = f ( x, y, z ) .

(4.6)

(4.1)-(4.2).
( )
. ,
r , (4.4)
r
U (t , r ) = 0 . ( -) r
, f (t , r )
r
f ( t ,r ) =

n ,m ,q

k =

2pi
rr
)
)
( nx + my + qz )
= r f k ( t )e ik r ,
f nmq ( t )e D

(4.7)

r
r
2p r
(ne x + me y + qe z ) , D

)
1
fk ( t ) = 3
D

DDD

r rr r
f ( t ,r )e - ik r dr .

(4.8)

0 0 0

- ,
. , l = 2p k , ,
)r 2
E( k ) =
|
v
(4.9)
k | .
r
|k |= k

4.2. .
,
, - (4.1)(4.2) . (4.7), , ,
. ,
, ( ).
, , , -

rr r
) r
r
1
f ( r ,t ) = 3 f ( k ,t )e ik r dk ,
8p -

(4.10)

) r
f ( k ,t ) =

rr
r
- ik r r
f
(
r
,
t
)
e
dr ,

(4.11)

r
r
r = ( x, y, z ) - -, k = (k x , k y , k z ) - .

(4.1) - (4.10)

rr r
)
r r
t v ( k ,t )e ik r dk +
-

rr r r ) r
rr r
)r r
r
1
ik r
ik r

v
(
k
,
t
)
e
d
k

v
(
k
,
t
)
e
dk =

8p 3 -

rr r
rr r
r ) r
)r r
ik r

= - r p( k ,t )e dk + nD v ( k ,t )e ik r dk +
-1

rr r
) r
ik r

f
(
k
,
t
)
e
dk

(. 2.4.2
1)

)r r r r r
t v ( k )e ik r dk +
-

=-

r r r r r
r r r )r r
i
[ v?( k )k ] v ( k )e i ( k + k ) r dk dk =
3
8p - -

) r ikrrr r
i r ) r ikrrr r
2r

n
k
p
(
k
)
e
d
k
k
v
( k )e dk +
r -

) r ikrrr r
f
( k )e dk .

10

rr
r
- ik r
t . e dr . ,

r r r
r r
r
2p e i ( k - k ) r dr = d( k - k ) ,
-

f (k )d(k -

r r
r
k )dk = f (k ) ,

k = q ,
)
r r
t v ( k ) +

r) r
)
)
) r
r r r r )
r r r r
r r
i
[ v ( q )( k - q )] v ( k - q )dq = - ir - 1k p( k ) - nk 2 v ( k ) + f ( k ).
3
8p -

(4.12)

(4.2)
r )r r
k v ( k ) = 0

(4.13)

r (4.12)
. (4.12) k (4.13)
r
- k
) r
r p( k ) = 3 2
8p k
-1

r
)
r r r r )
r r r r ik ) r
[ v ( q )( k - q )] v ( k - q )dq - k 2 f ( k ) .
-

r r

(4.14)
r rr

r rr

(4.14) (4.12) a (b c ) = b (ac ) - c (ab )

,
)r r
t v ( k ) +

i
8p 3

r )r r r r
) r
) r
[ k ( v ( k - q ) k )] )r r r r r
2r
=
n
+
[
v
(
q
)(
k
q
)]
d
q
k
v
(
k
)
f
'( k ),

k2
-

(4.15)

)r r
r )
r r
-2
f ' ( k ) = k [ k ( f k )] .

,
( ),
-

r
| k |= k :
E( k ) =

)
r r 2 r
|
v
( k ) | dk .

r r
k =|k |

(4.16)

11

(4.15) r r
v?* (k )
k
t E ( k ) = T ( k ) - D ( k ) + F ( k ) .

(4.17)

T (k ) - ,
(4.15)
, D(k ) = - nk 2 E (k )

, F (k ) , ( ). T (k )
F (k ) (4.15). , .
. , , ,
, , t E (k ) = 0 ( ). ,
T (k ) - D (k ) + F (k ) = 0 ,

. .4.2,
D(k ) F (k ) .
k L , L . ( ), D(k ) k 2 D(k ) k l ( l - ,
). , , ,
.
( , ) k L << k << k l , D(k ) = F (k ) = 0 , T (k ) = 0 .
-

.4.2

12

.
, -
,
. T (k ) = 0 ,

.

k

E(k ) = E (k )dk ,
0

, ,
( k < k ). (4.17)
k

t E(k ) = P (k ) -

D(k )dk +
0

F (k )dk .
0

, ,
,
P (k ) = F = const .
P (k ) k . F , -

. , , .
, , ,
, , ,
. ., 1922 , - . , ,
. . 1941 .

13

4.3. 1941 (41)

4.3.1.
. . ,
, ,
.
1- .
( .. l << L )
: e , n l .
2- .
e l .
, . ,
, , , ,
- ,
, , ,
.
, l
(.4.3), l
,
r r
r
dv l = v l (r + l ) - v l (r ) .

(4.18)

dv l
( ).
S q (l ) =< dv l >
q

.4.3

(4.19)

r
l . S q

14

Tq (l ) =<| dv l | q > .

(4.20)

, (4.19) (4.20) q
.
,
S q (l ) = f (e, l ) .
,
41. , ,

e . e , ,
,
.
,
, . ,
, ,
, 2 2 .
2 3 , e l (
)
dvl ~ (el )1/ 3 .

(4.21)

- .

S q (l ) ~ (el ) q / 3 .

(4.22)

(4.16).
E (k )dk . , E (k ) 3 2 .
e k ,

E (k ) = Ce 2 / 3 k - 5 / 3 .
(4.23)

15

(4.23) , C - .
, (.4.4).
,
(4.23).

l ?

( [n ] = 2 / ).

n 3
l~
e

1/ 4

(4.24)
.4.4

() . L U .
R = UL / n . , , e ~ U 3 L- 1 .
n 3
l~
e

1/ 4

1/ 4

n 3 L
~
U 3

n 3 L4
~
U 3 L3

1/ 4

~ LR - 3 / 4 .

(4.25)

(4.25) , . ,
N ~ ( L / l) 3 ,
3

L
N ~ - 3/ 4 ~ R9 / 4 .
LR

(4.26)

(4.26) ,

.

16

4.3.2.
(4.21)(4.22), ,
l . 1941 ,
, ,
.

B ik =< (v 2i - v1i )(v 2 k - v1k ) > ,

(4.27)

v1 v 2 - , l (.
.4.3). , -, , .


r
l , r .
r
n , l ,
, l ,
B ik = A(l )dik + B (l )n i n k .

(4.28)

A(l ) B (l ) ,
r
l (
). vl , - v n .
Bll
. Bnn , ,
r
. n = (1,0,0)
(4.28)
Bll (l ) = A(l ) + B (l ), Bnn (l ) = A(l ), Bln (l ) = 0.

(4.29)

(4.29), (4.28)
Bik = B nn (l )dik + ( Bll (l ) - Bnn (l ) )ni n k .

(4.27)

(4.30)

17

B ik =< v 2i v 2 k > - < v1i v 2 k > - < v1k v 2i > + < v1i v1k >

,
< v 2i v 2 k >=< v1i v1k >=

dik
< v2 > ,
3

< v1i v 2 k >=< v1k v 2i >

( ).
B ik =

2
< v 2 > dik - 2bik ,
3

(4.31)

bik =< v1i v 2k > , ,

l ( ).
(4.31) 2 :
2 k B ik = - 22 k bik = - 2 < v1i 2 k v 2 k >= 0 .

(4.31)

Bik r
l ,
. , 2 k Bik = k Bik = 0 , (4.30),
(l )k l + (Bll(l ) - Bnn
(l ) )ni nk k l + (Bll (l ) - B nn (l ) )k (ni n k ) =
k Bik = dik Bnn
2

= Bll + ( Bll - B nn )ni = 0

l

l .
,
k l = k x i = x k / l = n k ,
2

k ni = k ( xi / l ) = (dik - ni n k ) / l ,
k n k = 2 / l ,
k ( n i n k ) = n k k n i + n i k n k = 2 n i / l .

, ,
- , 1937 .

18

Bll +

2
(Bll - Bnn )= 0 .
l

(4.32)

Bll Bnn . ,
. (4.32)
B nn

l (l 2 Bll )
l

= Bll + Bll =
2
2l

(4.33)

, Bll Bnn . l , ( l < l ). , , dv l ~ l ,

B ll = cl 2

(4.34)

c - . (4.34) (4.33), ,
Btt n = 2cl 2 . ,

B nn = 2 Bll .

( l << l << L ) (4.21)

B ll = c1l 2 / 3 . (4.33) ,
Bnn =

4
Bll .
3

, (4.32), ,
Bll Bnn
.

Bikm =< ( v 2i - v1i )( v 2 k - v1k )( v 2 l - vim ) >

(4.35)

19

bik ,m =< v1i v1k v 2 m >= - < v 2i v 2 k v1m > .

(4.36)

bik ,m , , r , l ,
. l (4.35)
(4.36) .

(4.35)

< v1i v1k v1m >=< v 2i v 2 k v 2 m >= 0 (

, ),
Bikm = 2(bik ,m + bkm ,i + bmi ,k ) .
(4.37)
, r
n :
bik ,m = C (l )dik n m + D (l )(dim n k + dkm ni ) + F (l )ni n k n m .

(4.38)

C (l ) , D(l ) F (l ) .
, ,
2 m bik ,m =< v1i v1k 2 m v 2 m >= 0 .

(4.39)

(4.39) (4.38) ,
2 m (ni nk nm ) =

2ni nk
,
l

, D(l ) F (l )
C (l ) :
D=-C-

lC
,
2

F = lC - C .

bik , m = Cdik n m - (C +

1
lC )(dim n k + dkm ni ) + (lC - C )ni n k n m
2

C (l ) :
Bikm = - 2(lC + C )(dik n m + dim n k + dkm ni )+ 6(lC - C )n i n k n m .

(4.40)

20

l ( n = (1,0,0) ) (4.40):
B lll = - 12C , Blnn = - 2(C + lC ) ,

Blln = B nnn = 0 .

(4.41)

, ,

Blnn =

1
(lBlll ).
6

(4.42)

(4.38)-(4.41),
bik , m Bikm ( 2- - )
bik ,m = -

1
1
(lBlll + 2 Blll )(dim nk + dkm ni )- 1 (lBlll - Blll )ni nk nm .
Bllldik n m +
12
24
12

(4.43)

, -
. - .
bik =< v1i v 2k > ,
-
t bik =< v2 k t v1i > + < v1i t v2 k >=

= - 1 j < v1 j v1i v2 k > - 2 j < v1i v2 k v2 j > - r - 1 (1i < p1v2 k > + 2 k < p2 v1i > )+

+ n 12 jj < v1i v2 k > + 22 jj < v1i v2 k > .

. ,

r
r
< p1 v 2 >= n f (l ) ,

( 2 k < p1v 2k >=< p12 k v 2 k >= 0 ). , , - 2 2 1 2

n k + 2 = 0 ), l 0 3
l l
l

f ( l ) = c / l 2 ( 2 k nk = c
c
l

, c = 0 .

21

r
1 2 l .
,
. 1k = - k , 2 k = k .
t bik = j < v1 j v1i v 2 k > - j < v1i v 2 k v 2 j > + 2nD < v1i v 2 k >

, ,

t bik = j (bij , k + bkj ,i ) + 2nDbik .

(4.44)

(4.44)
bij ,k (4.43) bik (4.34). ,

t

< v2 > 3
= e.
3
2

,
-

2
1
1
e - t B ll = 4 l 4 Blll - 4 l 4 Bll .
3
2
6l
l

(4.45)

, , , t Bll
, . (4.45) l
Blll = -

4
el + 6nBll.
5

(4.46)

l .
(4.46), (4.45),
.
, .. , ,
.
(4.46) l << L , , . -

22

, ,
B lll = -

4
el .
5

(4.47)

(4.47), 4/5,
, . , (4.47)
,
- . , (4.22)
, , ,
S 3 (l ) ~ el .

(4.22)
, . 1942
. , e , , , . . , , .

4.4. (62)
, .

(4.23) .
, 5/3.
C 1.5 , ,

23

, (4.23) .

,
(4.48)

E (k ) ~ k - a

a = 1.71 0.02 . ,
, , .
, .
, (4.19) ,
V

S q (l ) ~ l q ,

(4.49)

.
(4.49) , .4.5,
- ,
Vq .
4.5,.
(4.20) 41.
, (4.22) . ( V0 = 0 ) V3 = 1 ,
(4.47).
,
Vq = q / 3
q . ,

q > 10 .
,
-
-

.4.5

24

.
. ,
, .
(4.22) 1962 ( 62).

el ,
, l (, ). .
-
S q (l ) =< dv l > ~< elq / 3 > l q / 3 ,
q

(4.50)

(4.22) ,
e q / 3 ,
q / 3 ,
l .
(4.50) . (4.49)
,
t
q
< el > ~ l ,
(4.51)
q

(4.50) (4.49) (4.51):

Vq =

q
+ tq/3.
3

(4.52)

, (4.52) 41, t q = 0 q .
62 el .
, ,
, - ,
.
( )

25

P (el ) = ce

(ln e- a ) 2
2sl 2

(4.53)

P - , a = ln e , sl 2 - , l
s l = A + m ln( L / l ) .
2

(4.54)

:
tq =

m
q (1 - q ),
2

Vq =

q m
+
q (3 - q ) .
3 18

(4.55)

m , ,
-
( t 2 = - m ), ..
< el > ~ l - m .
2

. , (4.55),
V6 = 2 - m ,
V6 ,
41.
, .
, ( lne, ln P ) , .
V(q )
1
. -, V(q ) - , .. V< 0 , , Vq + 1 Vq
q . (4.55) (
V0 = 0 V3 = 1 ), - q ( ) ,
V(q ) .
1

U.Frisch. Turbulence. Cambridge University Press. 1995. 296 p.

26

, (4.50)
,
. , (4.50)
. -, ,
, - , . -, , - . , ,
.
.
, ,
l :
t el = t

r n r r r 1 rr r
1 v2 r
1 r rr r 1 r
dr = - v( v)vdr v Pdr + vDvdr + vfdr =

VV 2
VV
Vr V
VV
VV
=

v2 P r r
1
div
+
v dr - el + ql =
V V
2 r

1 v2 P r r

2 + r
vds - el + ql =
V

S
= h l - el + ql .

el , q l - ( ). ,
h l , .

el = e + el. , , .. ql = e .
t el = h l - el,

(4.56)

. , .

27

- , , .
h l .
, el h l ,
, , h l , , ,
.

4.5.
(41) .
.4.6,, , .
(
).

(.4.6,). .
()
.
, (. .2.6 1).

.4.6

28

1964.2 , , 3. , b - , .

- , ,

().
, - , , ,
rr
v (r , t )
:
1) ,
2) ,
3) ,
4) ,
5) ,
6) ().
, -
r r
r
r
t , r , v a l1+ a t , lr , l- a v .
,
r
rr r
r
l- 2a - 1t v + l- 2a - 1 [(v )v + r - 1 P ] = nl- a - 2 Dv .

()
a = 1 , ( ,
). , n 0 a . 41 a = 1 / 3 , b - , , . ( 4.5.2)
( a ), ( 4.5.3) ,
.

.., .. // .
: . 1964. N.3. C.408-413.
3
Frisch U., Sulem P.-L., Nelkin M. A simple dynamic model of intermittent fully developed turbulence // J.Fluid
Mechanics. 1978. Vol.87. P.719-736.

29

4.5.1. b -

ln = l0 2 - n .
n
l n , N = (l 0 / l n ) 3 = 2 3n .
.4.6,, ,

b , ,
. ,
b = 3 / 4 , .4.7.
n
M = Nb n ,
l 0
bn = b =
l
n
n

D- 3

= 2 n ( D - 3) ,

(4.57)

D
. d = 3 - D ,
, b :
d=

ln 2
.
ln b

(4.58)

.4.7

. l n dv n . ( )
t n ~ l n / dv n . (
) n
E n ~ dv n2 ,

(4.59)

30

E
dv
en ~ n ~ n .
tn
ln
3

(4.60)

, ,
en = e = const
(4.61)

dv n ~ (l n e ) .

(4.62)

1/ 3

b -

2

E n ~ dv n b n .

(4.63)

(4.61) - - , , ,
. ,
E n b n dv n
=e,
~
tn
ln
3

en ~

(4.64)

(4.62) :
dv n ~ (l n e ) b - n / 3 ~ e 1 / 3 l n
1/ 3

( D - 2 )/ 3

(4.65)

, D ,

.
.
S q (l n ) =< dv l > ~ b n dv n ~ e q / 3 l n
q

Vq =

q/3

b n (1- q / 3) ~ e q / 3 l n

q (3 - D )(3 - q )
+
.
3
3

q / 3+ (3- D )(3- q )/ 3

(4.66)
(4.67)

, q / 3 , b -

31

, V3 = 1 ,
V0 = 0 .

4.5.2.
b - , , .
q , V(q ) ,
,
q 0.
b - . - b -.
b -
,
, , ,
, b -
.4.8
p1 p 2 ,

.
b -, .
,
(4.65) D1 D2 . n

dv n ~ m1l n 1 P1 + m 2 l n 2 P2 ,

32

m i - , ,
Pi = b i n = (l n / l 0 ) 3- D . ,
i

dv n ~ m1 (l n / l 0 ) a 1 + 3- D1 + m 2 (l n / l 0 ) a 2 + 3- D2 ,

S q (l n ) =< dv l > ~ m1l n
q

qa 1

P1 + m 2 l n

qa 2

P2 ~ m1 (l n / l 0 ) qa 1 + 3- D1 + m 2 (l n / l 0 ) qa 2 + 3- D2 . (4.68)

V
S q (l ) ~ l (4.49). (l n / l 0 ) ,
(4.68) . ,
Vq = min (qa 1 + 3 - D1 , qa 2 + 3 - D 2 ).
(4.69)
q

, ( D1 = 3, a 1 = 1 / 3 ),
- ( 2 < D2 < 3, a 2 = ( D2 - 2) / 3 ). (4.69)
q

3
Vq =

q + (3 - D 2 )(3 - q )

3
3

q3

(4.70)
q > 3.

.4.8,
, 41, b - (4.70), .

4.5.3.

, ,
, a . a a min < a < a max .

33

qa

a max

P (a )da ,

l
S q =< dv l > ~
l
a min 0
q

l
P (a ) ~
l 0

- f (a )

a max

l
S q =~
l
a min 0

qa - f (a )

da .

(4.71)

l / l 0 << 1 ,
. ,
Vq = min (qa - f (a ) ).

q = f (a ) .

(4.72)
(4.73)

a
, f (a ) , , . ,
V(q ) .
.
x (
, , ..). l ( N )
ri =

xi

x
i =1

x i i .
q
(4.74)
S q = ri ,
i

2.6.3 1 , (. (2.37) )

34

D q = lim
l 0

ln r i
i

(q - 1)lnl

(4.75)

,
,
r (l ) ~ l a
a , (4.71),
a max

Sq ~

qa - f (a )

da .

(4.76)

a min

l 0 (4.76) ,
. , Vq (4.72)-(4.73).
a~ (q ) a , (4.73)
q .
~
~
S q ~ l qa - f (a ) .
(4.75)
D q = lim
l 0

ln S q

(q - 1)lnl

qa~ - f (a~ )
(q - 1)

f (a~ ) = qa~ (q ) - D q (q - 1) .

(4.77) q . ,
(4.73),

d
a~ (q ) =
(q - 1)Dq .
dq

.4.9

(4.77)
df
df da
=

dq da dq

(4.78)

35

,
. xi , (4.75)
D(q ) q ( ,
). (4.78) a~ (q ) , (4.72) q . (4.77)
f (a ) .
D(q ) f (a ) .4.9. D(q )
, (,
, ,
). f (a ) ( f (a ) = q = 0 ). ,
a 0 , a .
a a 1 , , q = f = 1 .

4.6.
, 90- . ,
1994 4. , , Vq . ,
, , Vq . - .
.5, .
. .

She Z.S., Leveque E. Universal scaling laws in fully developed turbulence // Physical Review Letters, 1994.
Vol.72. P.336-339.
5
Dubrulle B. Intermittency in fully developed turbulence: log-Poisson statistics and generalized scale covariance
// Physical Review Letters, 1994. Vol.73. P.959-962.

36

4.6.1. -
- . - , 62
S q (l ) =< dv l > ~< elq / 3 > l q / 3 ,

(4.50)

Vq =

q
+ tq/3,
3

(4.52)

< el q > ~ l t .
. , () , ( ) . , el el (q ) ,
q

el

(q)

< el

q+ 1

>

< el >
q

(4.79)

el (q ) ,
, el (0) ,
( el (0) = e ),
el

( )

= lim
q

< el

q+ 1

>

< el >
q

(4.80)

. (4.79) ,
. . q , . , (4.80)
,
. , -

37

, D = 1 .

(q )
el . 2 , ,
( q + 1)
(q) b
( ) (1- b )
el
= Aq el el
.
(4.81)
b ,
, ,
. , , ,
, .
, , (4.81) ( ,
.-. .).
el ( ) . ,

( )
el ~ l - 2 / 3 .
(4.82)
(4.82) . , el ( )
. ,
el

( )

dE
,
tl

dE ,
, . ,
,
dv l dv 0 l . ( t l ~ e - 1 / 3 l 2 / 3 ),
el

( )

1
~ l - 2/3.
tl

, . (4.82) , q
el

(q)

< el

q+ 1

>

< el >
q

tq+ 1

tq

~ l - 2/3

38

, , q
tq = -

2
q+ C.
3

(4.83)

D (- q )
< el > ~ l - 2 q / 3l 3- D ,
q

, C ,
, , . , C = 2 .
q (4.83)
, . ,
t q = f (q ) -

2
q + C,
3

(4.84)

f (q ) 0 q . (4.81)
< el

q+ 2

< el

q+ 1

< el q + 1 > ( ) (1- b )

el
= Aq
,
q

>
< el >
>

t q + 2 = (1 + b )t q + 1 - bt q -

2
(1 - b ) .
3

(4.84), f (q )
f ( q + 2 ) - ( 1 + b ) f ( q + 1 ) + bf ( q ) = 0 ,

(4.85)

f (q) = ab q , ,
t q = ab q -

2
q + C.
3

t 0 = t 1 = 0
( < el 0 >= 1, < el 1 >= e ~ l 0 ).
-

a = - C = - 2,

39

b=

C - 2/3 2
= .
C
3

2 q
2q
tq = + 21 - ,
3
3

(4.86)

- 62 (4.52),

q
Vq = +
9

- ,
. ,


(,
3). ,

Vq . .4.10 ,
, , .

2 3
21 - .
3

(4.87)

.4.10

4.6.2.
( - Extended Self Similarity,
ESS,
) - ,
.

40

6.
S q (l ) Tq (l ) =<| dv l | q > (4.20). -, ,
Tq (
) ,
S q ( ,
). -, .
, Vq
,
. , ,
, Vq . ,
.
.4.11
,
( - Re = 6000 , - Re = 22500
- Re = 47000 ). , ,
.
, .
l
S 3 . ,
(4.46), . , (ln S q , ln S 3 )
- ,

Benzi R., Ciliberto S., Tripiccione R., Baudet C., Massaioli F., Succi S. Extended self-similarity in turbulent
flows // Physical Review E, 1993. Vol.48. P.R29-R32.

.4.11

.4.12

41

l . ,
.
.4.12, , . , (
) , . ,
Vq .
, ESS , .
(ESS)

S q (l ) = S p

Vq / Vp

(4.88)

4.6.3. - -
- , . . . , , l . -, . , ,
, , . , el
pl =

el
el

( )

(4.89)

( ) l .
-
:
I)

42

dvl

stat

< dvl >

3

el
pl
=
,
< el > < p l >

(4.90)

stat

= ;
II)
< pl

q+ 1

< pl

< pl q >
;
= Aq
< p q - 1 >
>

l
>

(4.91)

III) ( < p l > )

D

< dvl 3 >

< pl > ~
el .

(4.92)

62 .
- , p l . D , (
(4.98) el ( ) ).
(4.90)-(4.92)
Vq . , , p l . , (4.91)
q+ 1
q
q- 1
< p l >=< p l > b + 1 < p l > - b
(4.93)

< p l >=< p l > 1+ b ,
2

< p l >=< p l > 1+ b < p l > - b =< p l > 1+ b + b ,

3

...........................,
q- 1

< p l >=< p l > k = 0

q

bk

q- 1

k =0

bk = bk k =0

k =q

bk =

1
bq
1- b q
,
=
1- b 1- b 1- b

43

< p l >=< p l >

q

1- b q
1- b

(4.94)

(4.92),
< p l > ~< dvl >
q

1- b q
1- b

(4.95)

, (4.90)
< dvl > ~ < dvl >
3

q/3

(1- D ) + D
< pl >
3
3
v
=<
>
d
l
< pl > q /3
q/3

1- b q / 3
1- b

Vq =

q/3
q
(1 - D )+ D 1 - b .
3
1- b

(4.96)

,
: b D . ,
, . , b = D = 2 / 3 (4.96)
- (4.87).
,
. , , (4.91) Aq 1 - p l .

P ( y) =

m y e - my
,
G( y + 1)

(4.97)

m =< y > , G -. ,
(4.91),
y=

ln p l
.
ln b

. -

44

, ,

(, -) .

1. .., . . . .: , 1988. 736 .
2. .., . . . .: ,
1965. .1. 639 .
3. .., . . . .: ,
1967. .2. 720 .
4. Frisch U. Turbulence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995. 296 p.

45

5.

.
- . , .
, ,
, (4.26) 9/4 , .
, -
. ,
,
.
, .
,
, .
. -, (,
,
). -, 70- ( 80 Cray
10241024,
), . , , ,

(
).

46

5.1.
- , , .
r
r
r
d t v = - r - 1 p + nDv ,

(5.1)

V ,

r r
r r
v2
d t dV = - r - 1 pv dV + n v Dv dV .
2
V
V
V

(5.2)

(5.2) . ,
r r

rr

r r

pv dV = ( pv )dV - p v dV = ( pv )dV = pv dS = 0.

, . , , ,
.
(5.2) ,
,
r
r r r r rr
( A )= ( A )- DA ,
(5.3)

) (

) (

))

( (

))

r r r rr r rr r
A B = B A - A B ,

( (

(5.4)

rr r r
r r
rr r v
v
D
v
dV
=
v

v
dV
=

v v dV -

r
r
( v )( v )dV =

r
r r
= (v rot v )dS S

r2
(rot v ) dV = -

r
r
w = rot v

r2
(rot v ) dV .

(5.5)

(, w ),

47

r
d t = - n | w | 2 dV = - 2nW ,

(5.6)

W=

1 r 2
| w | dV ,
2 V

(5.7)

, .
,
, . E (k ) .
W (k ) , (5.5)
W (k ) ~ k 2 E (k ) ,
(5.8)
,

( )
. ,
, (5.6)

( e d t E ).


(.5.1):
.5.1
.
e
, .
. . , , . , , .
, -
. ,

48

H=

1 rr
v w dV .
2 V

(5.9)

, . (
)
,
( ), .
, , . .

( ).
, (5.1)
rot ,
r rr r
rr r
r
t w + (v )w = - (w )v + nDw

(5.10)

. ,
r
v = (v x , v y ,0) , r
- w = (0,0, w ) , , ,
.
(5.10)
rr
t w + (v )w = nDw ,

(5.11)

.

, (5.11)
d t w = nDw .

(5.12)

(5.12) , n 0
, ,
f (w ) . ,
.
(5.7), ,
, ( ,
).

49

( )

r r
w2
d t W = d t dV = n w Dw dV =n w w dV =
2
V
V
V
r r
r 2
r 2
= n w w dV - n w dV = - n w dV .

( )

( )

r 2
d t W = - n w dV = - ew ,

( )

(5.13)

ew .
(5.6) (5.13).
, , (5.13), . , (.5.2).
, .
.
, ,

-
e ew .


k I , ,
.5.2
. ,
(5.8) .

, ,
- .
. ( k < k I )
e

50

E ( k ) = Ce 2 / 3 k - 5 / 3

(5.14)

,
- () .
( k > k I )
. [ew ] = 1 / 3

E (k ) = Cw ew

2/3

k-3,

(5.15)

. -
,
.

.5.3. (5.14)
(5.15)
.5.3
.

.
e
kn ~ w3 .
n
1/ 6

(5.16)

, . , ,
, k E = f (e, t )
- 1/ 2

e
kE ~ 3
t

(5.17)

51

5.2.

, .
, -, . , , .
,
- , .
, ,
.
,

. , 10 ,
(
)
.
-

.
, , .



. ,
() .5.4
.
, ,
,
.

., .

52

(
, ).
7, .

, . .5.4.
12012022, ,
, 1 . , .


, ,
.5.5
. .5.4.

, , ,
r
v = (v x , v y ,0)
r
r
v ( x, y , z ) = v ( x, y ) f ( z ) ,
(5.18)
f (z ) (
). (5.18) ,

( )

rh
rh
r r rh
rh
rh
t v f ( z )d z + v v f 2 ( z )d z = - r - 1 pdz + nD ^ v f ( z )d z + nv f ( z )d z .
0

D = D ^ + zz , D ^ = xx + yy .

( )

r
r
rr r
r
r
t v + a v v = - r - 1 p + nD ^ v - mv ,

(5.19)

a m
. (5.19) .
7

Sommeria J. Experimental study of the two-dimensional inverse energy cascade in a square box // J.Fluid Mechanics. 1986. Vol.170. P.139-168.

53

, ,
( ) k E .
, . , m ,
k E = k E ( e, m ) ~

m3
.
e

(5.20)

. 36 ,
(
). 36 , .
,
.
,
-5/3
(5.20). .5.5 , ,
. , ,
,
, ( )
.

5.3.
, . : .
. , 4.5.3.
,
, - ( , , 1.5 1)
t w + {y , w }= nDw + f + D ,
w = Dy ,

(5.21)
(5.22)

54

y - , w -. : f - , , , D , .
.

,
, .

.
, ,
( )
-
. : 1)
(5.21) , 2) , - , 3) (5.22) (
, ,
), 4)
. ,
.
.
- ,
- . . (5.20)
f = D = 0 .
(5.14) (5.15) . . , f ,

r
| k |= k I .
D . -,

( ). -,
( ). - -

55

D(k ) ~ nk 2 .
D (k ) = - mk - n - nk m

(5.23)

n = m = 8 .
(5.23) ,

.
(5.21)-(5.22) . . (5.15) -3
-3.5 -5. , -5/3 ,
!
, ,
, 8. . 10241024, k I = 10 , (5.23). . 10241024,
( k I = 256 ). ()
. 17281728 ( k I = 40 ). 5.6-5.8
.

Babiano A., Frick P., Dubrulle B. Scaling properties of numerical two-dimensional turbulence // Physical Review E, 1995. Vol.52. N.4. P.3719-3729.

56

.5.6

.5.7

.5.7

.5.8

.5.10

.5.9 , . , ( k ) ,
,

57

.5.11

.5.12

. (.5.10) , .
,
( ). (
).
.5.11 ,
(
9). . , .
,
. , , ,
.

. .
,
(
- ). (5.15).
9

Babiano A., Basdevant C., Legras B., Sadourny R. Vorticity and passive-scalar dynamics in two-dimensional
turbulence // J. Fluid Mechanics. 1987. Vol.183. P.379-397.

58

, (5.11) .
, , ,

t T + {y , T }= cDT ,
(5.24)
c - . , (5.15),
(5.8)
W (k ) ~ k - 1 .

(5.25)

.
, (5.11) (5.24) .
.5.12 (),
, ,
. ,

.
, , ,
. .5.13 , . , (5.25), ()
, -1,
, -3( -5 ).

,
(5.11) (5.24) . , (5.24)
( )
( ), (5.11)
(5.12).
, (. .5.8) .5.13
-

59

.
-5/3
(5.14).
( k I < k < k KS ), .
( ), . ( k KS < k < k D )
,
-4.

5.4.
,
, ,
, . ,
.


- - ,
.

(, , ),
.
, 4.5.3,
.
, , p l . ,
, :
( )

.5.14

60

?
, , , ,
.
, .
, , , . . ,
l

( )

rr
h l = l - 2 | w v w | dS = l - 2 w 2 v n dl ,
S

(5.26)

() l . , (.
.4.5.3),
pl =

.5.15

hl
hl

h l = lim
q

< hl

q+ 1

>

< hl >
q

. (5.27)

, .
(ESS).
,
. .5.14,

( q = 2,3,4,6,8,10,12. )
,

.
.5.14,
,

. , , -

61

.5.15, Vq ,

.5.16

.5.17

5.14, 5.14,.
(.5.15,)
( ), (.5.15,)
, , q < 8 . , . , ESS
.
, ,

h l (5.27) . (5.27) .5.16,

,
q 10 .
h l ,

(4.92), p l . .5.17
.5.18
-

62

< h l > / < h l (q) > q , .

. . , ( k E < k < k I )
.
(4.92) D = 0.47 . , , D = 0.13 . , ( D = 0.4 D = 0.1 ). , D ( D = 0.67 ) , ,
, ( , -3 ).
(4.91)
. < p l q > , (4.94), (4.92). ,
b . , , .5.18, .
(4.92). .5.19, . (4.92) .
q .
(4.92) ( ), Aq , .

.5.19

63

,
(4.92), Aq .
.
b ,
( b = 0.7 b = 0.55 - ).
,
. (4.91) (/ (4.81)) ,

hl

(q )

< hl

q+ 1

>

< hl >
q

~l

- dq

(5.28)

dq , ,
d0 , h l

( 0)

=< h l > ,

d , h l ( ) , .
dq (.5.20):
) 41 ( dq 0 ); ) ,

,
( dq );
) ,
- (
, ,
d0 = 0 , d = 2 / 3 ); )
, , q .
, (4.92)

D=

d - d0
,
V3

(5.29)

D d - d0 . dq

.5.20

64

dq = d + V3 Dh(q ) ,

(5.30)

h(q ) , , h(0) = 1 , h( ) = 0 .
h(q ) = exp{- aq} ,

a = dq (0) /(V3 D ) . (5.30) (4.81) ,

- h(q ) b = exp{- a} .

, ,
, (.. .5.20,). ( D ), h (
) . , .5.20,, . ( , ).


. , ,
d0 0 . , ! ,


.5.21
h l (5.26) ( el
). .
, , , .
.5.21.

(4.90), 62 (4.50).
(4.90)
,

65

< dvl >

q

< dvl >

3

q/3

<d
pl

q/3

<d
pl >

>
q/3

q
Vq = (V3 + d0 ) + t q / 3 .
3

(5.31)

, (5.31) (62) , V3 = 1 d0 = 0 .
, ,
, , (4.90).

5.5.
, , .

().
, .
, 1.3 1 ,
r r r
r
r
t v + (v )v = - P + Dv + GTe z ,
r
t T + (v )T = s - 1 DT ,
r
div v = 0.

(5.32)
(5.33)
(5.34)

: G = gbT0 L3 /n 2 s = n / c (
.1.3).
,
, .
.

, . (5.32)-(5.34) , ,
, eT - . dTl l

66

dT
eT ~ l .
tl
2

, , , () ,
,
. ,
dT
dT dv
eT ~ l ~ l l = const .
tl
l
2

(5.35)

,
(5.35)
. , -5/3(5.14) dvl ~ e1 / 3l 1 / 3 ,
dTl ~ eT

1/ 2

e- 1 / 6l 1/ 3 ,

(5.36)

ET (k ) = CT eT e - 1 / 3 k - 5 / 3 .

(5.37)

, (5.37)
,
,
.
, (5.15),
1/ 3
dvl ~ ew l , (5.35)
dTl ~ eT

1/ 2

ew

- 1/ 6

ET (k ) = CTeT ew

- 1/ 3

k - 1.

(5.38)

, , ,
s ~ 1 ,
.
, . s << 1 , -

67

( , ).
.
(5.14), ,
, , . dT0 , l ,
(5.32)
dvl

dT0 dTl
~ 2 .
L
l

, dTl ~ l 7 / 3 ,
ET (k ) ~ k - 17 / 3 .

(5.39)

.
-3

E T (k ) ~ k - 7 .

,
s >> 1
: ( ).
, ,
.
-
. .5.22

, .

(5.40)

68

dT
eT ~ l = const
tL
2

dTl ~ l 0 . , ,
ET (k ) ~ k - 1 .

(5.41)

.5.22.
,
, . G >> 1 ,
.
L ,
, .
.
() ,

,
, . .
.. ( ) .
, ,
(5.32). (
)
dvl
~ gbd
Tl .
l
2

(5.42)

(5.35), .

dTl dvl
.
l
2

eT ~

(5.43)

(5.42)-(5.43),

( gb )2 / 5 l ,
2/5
- 1/ 5
~ eT ( gb ) l 1 / 5 .

dvl ~ eT

dTl

1/ 5

3/5

(5.44)
(5.45)

69

(5.44)-(5.45)
(k ) ~ k - 11 / 5 ,
E T (k ) ~ k - 7 / 5 .

(5.46)
(5.47)

,
, -,
. , ,
.
.
() (5.46)-(5.47)
. , ,
3/ 5
P A ~ ( gb )dvl dTl ~ eT ( gb ) 6 / 5 l 4 / 5 ,
(5.48)
. ,
,
.
, (5.48)
L B ~ ( gb )

- 3/ 2

e5 / 4eT

- 3/ 4

(5.49)

.5.23.
l > LB . , .

.5.23

.5.24

70

,
.
, .
.5.24.
, . , . (5.41). ,
,
. ,
gbd
Tl ~

dvl
.
l2

(5.50)

, (5.41), (5.50)
E (k ) ~ k - 5 .

(5.51)

,
. , , . , .
.

71

6.

,
, .
. 10.
,
(. . . 11).
, , . , ,

- ,
- .
, , . , -,
.
-
.

6.1.
, , , , . , ,
.
,
10

.. // : .
.17. N.12. .1265-1273.
11
.., .. . .: , 1988. 178 .

72

( ). ,
f (x) , 2p / h ,
(), h . ,
, . , .
-.
, , , .
, , - , . , , , .

. , ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
-. , (-) . , . . ,
.

,
(), , -.
- , .
- (
, ).
, .

73

. ,
.

.
L, L / 2, L / 3,... , L / 957, L / 958, L / 959,... .. . ,
- .
, ,
, :
1) ,
-;
2)
;
3)
;
4) - .

.6.1
, .
,
.
r
, r = ( x, y )
r
k = (k x , k y ) . -
(.6.1) , N

74

r
k N <| k |< k N + 1 ,

kN = p2N ,

N = 0,1,2,... .

(6.1)

, , (, , ).
, , w (t , x, y )

w (t , x, y ) = w N (t , x, y ) ,
(6.2)
N

w N -
(6 .1):
w N (t , x, y ) = w (t , x , y ) g N ( x - x , y - y )dx dy .

(6.3)
r

g N (r ) , - g?N (k )

) r 1
g( k ) =
0

N ,
N .

(6.4)

(6.3)-(6.4)

r
w M dr ~ dNM

, ,
W=

r
1
w 2 dr = W N ,

2
N

WN =

1
2 r
w N dr .

(6.5)

, ,
E = EN =
N

1 r 2 r
vN dr .
2

(6.6)

, - .
w N ,

75

r r
w N = w Nn (t ) f N (r - rNn ) ,

(6.7)

f N (r ) N , rNn - - r
(). f N (r ) XNnMmLl
d t w Nn = X NnMmLl w Mmw Ll + ... ,

(6.8)

-
. .
, . . , , ,
.
6.1.1.
f (x) ,
,
)
f ( g) =

f ( x )e

dx .

- 2pig
x

(6.9)

g (, k = 2pg)
gN = 2 (.6.2)
N

)
)
f ( g)
f N ( g) =
0

gN <| g|< gN + 1

(6.10)

.6.2

)
)
, f ( g) = f N ( g) . f?N -

-
g 2gN (.6.3)

76

)
f N ( g- 2(m + 1)gN )
FN ( g) = )

f N ( g- 2(m - 1)gN )

2gN m < g< (2m + 1)gN

(2m - 1)gN < g< 2mgN

.6.3
)

FN ( g)
)
FN ( g) = h N

Nn

e - 2pihN ng ,

(6.11)

hN = 1 /(2gN ) . hN e - 2pinh g
F?N , , (6.10), -
f?N . , .
N

f Nn ( x) =

sin
( x - hN n )
1
2h N
cos 3p ( x - h n ) .
N

p
hN
2hN

( x - hN n )
2

(6.12)

(6.12) n = 0
.6.4.
- . ( f Nn ( x) ~ x - 1 ),
.
,

.6.4

77

Nn

( x) f Mm ( x)dx = dNM dnm ,

- . (6.11)

ANn = f ( x) f Nn ( x)dx .

(6.13)

. , - . N , n
x hN .
6.1.2.

f NnMm ( x, y ) = f Nn ( x) f Mm ( y ) ,

, .
.

, , , , .
,
r r
w (t , x, y ) = ANn (t )w Nn (r - rNn ) ,

(6.14)

Nn

ANn - , w Nn - , , r
, rNn - - .

(6.1) , - :

78
rr

- 2pig
rNn
) r ae
w Nn ( g) =
0

gN <| g|< gN + 1

(6.15)

(.
2.4.2 1). a
r
)
w Nn 2 dg= 1 ,
a=

2
3p

2- N .

(6.16)

.
:
r
-1
) r
y Nn ( g) =
w? Nn ( g) ,
2 2
4p g
) r
r
r r
r
v Nn ( g) = 2pi( e g)y? Nn ( g) ,

e ,
.
,
(6.15).
r r
2- N
y Nn (r - rNn ) =
3p 3

2s

J 0 ( z)
dz ,
z

(6.17)

r r
r r r
2 - N ( s e ) J 0 (2s) - J 0 ( s)
v Nn (r - rNn ) =

,
s
3p

(6.18)

r r
p - N 2 J 1 (2s ) - J 1 ( s)
w Nn (r - rNn ) =
2
,
s
3

(6.19)

r r

s = p 2 N | r - rNn | , J 0 (s) , J 1 (s )
.

.6.5.


.
-

.6.5

79

. r k , , Dr Dk , ,
DrDk = 2p ,

(6.20)

, r N
DS k
rN =

DS k 3p 2 N
=
2 .
4
4p 2

(6.21)

(6.21) , DS k (6.1). (6.21) ,

(, ).
.
,
, .
, -

r
d t rNn =

M <N m

Mm

r
r
(rNn - rMm ) .

(6.22)

, (6.22) ,
.
N ,
- . ,
,
r
w Nnw Mm dr , r N - 1 / 2 ,
. (6.19)
0,1.

6.1.3.

.
,

80

, ,

f Nn ( s) = a 2 3 N / 2

sin 2s - 2 s cos 2 s - sin s + s cos s

,
s3

(6.23)

a - , s ,
.
,
, . , ,

r
r r
v Nnn = a (en s )f Nn (s) .

(6.24)

en - , , f Nn (s) - .

6.2.
, .6.1.2 . ,
,

.

rr
t w + (v )w = nDw

(6.25)

(6.14)-(6.19).

dA
t

Mm

Mm

PNnMm =

Mm Ll

NnMmLl

AMm ALl + n AMm K NnMm ,

(6.26)

Mm

r
PNnMm = w Nnw Mm dr ,

(6.27)

r
K NnMm = w Nn Dw Mm dr ,

(6.28)

r r
r
R NnMmLl = w Nn (v Mm )w Ll dr .

(6.29)

81

PNnMm , K NnMm R NnMmLl , , (6.22).

W =

P
E = P

NnMm

ANn AMm ,

(6.30)

NnMm

ANn AMm ,

(6.31)

Nn Mm

Nn Mm

r r r
= v Nn v Mm dr .
PNnMm

(6.32)

,
, P , P K (
).
W = ANn ,

E = E 0 2 - 2 N ANn ,

(6.33)

AMm ALl - nK 0 2 2 N ANn .

(6.34)

Nn

Nn

(6.26)
d t ANn =

NnMmLl

Mm Ll

,
P

K (

)
.
,
( )
R NnMmLl . ,

,

.6.6
.

82

r r
r
r r ) r r r
) r r r)
R NnMmLl = w Nn ( v Mm )w Ll dr = 2pi w Nn ( g) g
v Mm ( g- g) w Ll ( g)dg
dg.

(6.35)

(6.35)
r
2 N <| g|< 2 N + 1 ,

r r
2 M <| g- g|< 2 M + 1 ,

r
2 L <| g|< 2 L + 1 ,

(6.36)

. (6.36) , N , M L , . ,
N = M , N = L L = M ,
, ,
(
,
). .6.6, .
TNNN , - TNMN .
,
.
, , 12,
.
,

,
.6.7.

.

.
.6.7
,


, ,
(6.22). ,
, .6.7,
.

(6.29). 12

Aurell E., Frick P., Shaidurov V. Hierarshical tree-model of two-dimensional turbulence // Physica D, 1994.
Vol.72. P.95-109.

83

, (6.33). ,
, .
(6.34)
d t ANn =

L > M ml

NnMmLl

AMm ALl - nK 0 2 2 N ANn ,

(6.37)

T
( R L = M ) TNnMmLl = R NnMmL + R NnLlMm , T ( )
r r r
r r
r
r
TNnMmLl (rNn , rMm , rLl ) = T NML (rmn , rln ) = 2 N T0, M - N , L - N (2 N rmn ,2 N rln ) ,
r

(6.38)

rmn = rMm - rNn rln = rLl - rNn .

(6.38) ,
:
TN , N -

j,N + 1

+ 2 j TN , N +

TN , N -

j,N + 1

+ 2 - j TN , N +

j ,N + j + 1

+ 2 - 1 TN , N -

j,N + j+ 1

+ 2TN , N -

j - 1, N - 1

j - 1, N - 1

= 0,

(6.39)
(6.40)

= 0.

,

, (6.39)-(6.40).
(6.39)-(6.40), , Tj
( j : j = 1
,
; j = 2 .6.8
, , ..),
TN , N -

TN , N -

j ,N + 1

= 2 N T0, -

j - 1, N - 1

j ,1

= 2 N T
j =

= 2 N Tj ,

)
)

2 N 1 - 2- 2 j
Tj ,
2- 2 j- 1 - 2

84

TN , N +

j ,N + j + 1

= 2 N T
j =

3 2 N
2 - j - 2 2+

)T .
j

(6.41)

, Tj ,
. , b ,
.. (.6.8). Tj
(6.35) (6.18)-(6.19) . , , n
( ) N : ANn b Nn
J

d t ANn = 2 N AN- j =1

j - 1 AN - 1Tj ( b N - 1 , b N - 2 ,..) + AN -

J+1

i =1 k =1

d t b Nn = ANn .

+
N + j ,i

+
N + j + 1, k

i =1

AN+ + 1,i Tj ( b N , b N - 1 ,..) +

2N

T
ANn + f Nn
j ( b N + 1 , b N + 2 ,..) - nK 0 2

(6.42)
(6.43)

.6.9
.6.10
(6.42) AN- - k
, k ,
AN+ + k ,i i - , k ( 2 2k ).
(6.42)-(6.43) , ( )
, . 6.7. .

85

-200 Thinking Machines Corporation, 8192 .

SIMD (Single Instruction Multi Data), .
, .
.

.6.11
12 ( N 0 11),
5592405 . - , .
. .6.9 .

E (k ) ~ k - 3.30.05 . ,

. , . .6.10
(, ). , .
, .
, , , , -

86

. , ,
< ( ANn ) 4 >
2

gN =

(< ( ANn ) 2 > 2 )

2

- 3.

(6.44)

.6.11 ,
(
). , . , , . -, ,
.
.6.12, (6.44) ( 1).
. ,
, (

.6.12
.6.13
, ). ,
.
.
.6.13 f (a ) , 4.5.3. , , , , ,
. f (a ) . , , .

87

,
,
,

.
- (
.6.7.). , , , . , ()

.

6.3.
, ,
.
,
.
, ( ) ,
( ).
( wavelet
)
. . 1984 13,
, () ( ). . 90- - , ,
, .
,
, .6.14
13

Grossmann A., Morlet J. Decomposition of Hardy functions into square integrable wavelets of constant shape
// SIAM J.Math.Analysis, 1984. Vol.15. N.4. P.723-736.

88

. .
f (t ) .
,
, , .
(1909.). , ,
.6.14. . ,
. ( ),
( 1 / n ).
- (1937.).

.
. , ( ): ,
..6.15
1 / t .

() (1946.),
- . , . ,
: t 0 ,
t n (.6.15).
( ).
- -. , ,
.
1) . y (t ) , ( ),
:

89

y (t )dt = 0 .

(6.45)

. , y (t )
M , m M

y (t )dt = 0 ,

(6.46)

M .
2) .
,
y

a ,b

t - b
(t ) = y
.
a

(6.47)

, , a () ,
b - ().
3) . - ,
, - .
4) . y (t )
.
- . , ( , ,
).
, - . , ,
. -

.6.16

90

.
.
, ,
, , (.6.16,),
y (t ) = (1 - t 2 )e - t / 2 .
(6.48)
2

, , -
y (t ) = e - t

/ 2 iw 0 t

(6.49)

.6.16, , - . (6.49) , ,
, w 0
,
, .

6.4. -
- f (t )

t - b
w( a ,b ) = a k f ( t )y *
dt ,
a

(6.50)

y (t ) - , )
1-4 6.4. y ( w ) = y ( t )e - iw t dt -
)
|y ( w ) |2
Cy =
dw < ,
|w |
-

(6.51)

(6.50)
f(t)=

1
Cy

dadb
t - b
w (a ,b ) 3+ k .
a
a

y
0 -

(6.52)

91

(6.51) (6.45), (6.51) , . (6.50) k - . . k = - 1 , -

w(a, b) ,
.
- w(a, b) f (t ) f?(w ) . ,
)
1
f (w ) =
Cy

)
y (aw )w(a ,b)e

- iw b

0 -

dadb
,
a 2+ k

(6.53)

w( a ,b ) =

)
a k+ 1 )*
y (aw )f ( w )e ibw dw .
2
4p -

(6.54)

(6.53)-(6.54) (2.26)
-

f1( t ) f 2 ( t )dt =
*

1
2
Cy

w ( a ,b )w
1

*
2

( a ,b )

0 -

dadb
,
a 3+ 2k

(6.55)

, ,

1
| f ( t ) | dt =

4p 2
-
2

1
| ?f ( w ) |2 dw = 2

Cy
-

| w ( a , b ) |

0 -

dadb
.
a 3+ 2k

(6.56)

, - E (w ) =| f?(w ) | 2 ( )

M (a ) = | w(a, b) | 2 db ,

(6.57)

.
- k = - 1 / 2 , (6.56)

92

E = E (w )dw = M (a )

da
.
a2

(6.58)

M (a ) -

.6.17
.6.18
-. , k = - 1 / 2 ,
- - . , -
E (w ) ~ w a , -
M (a) ~ a - a ~ w a ( (6.58)
, w ~ 1 / a , dw ~ - da / a 2 ).
-
() (
, ) . -
-, , a . , , -. - ( - -

93

.6.19
,
).
- , , , ( ) . .6.17
6.18 - (6.49).
- (a, b) , - .
.6.17 ,
.6.18
. - ,
, . -
. -
-. , , . - , . , () .
.6.18 ,
.

94

.6.19 - , ( ).
, - . -
.
.6.20 (6.48). ,
.6.18 ( ).

.6.20
,
. -,
, - , , , .
- , , () -
() .
y (t) , - j (t) . - (6.50), (6.52)
1
f (t) =
Cy j

dadb
t - b
w(a, b) 3+ k .
a
a

j
0-

(6.59)

(6.59) ,
)
)
|y ( w )j * ( w )
=
dw < .
|w |
-

Cjy

, (6.51), (6.51) (, ,
, ). -

95

(6.59) , (, d- ), .

6.5. -
-
-, .

,
y

Mm

x - mba M
=y
aM

.
a b . , a = 2 .
f (x)

f ( x )=

M = m = -

Mm

(x -

m 2 M ,

(6.60)

(x)= 2

M
2

x
y M .
2

k = - 1 / 2 .
y ( x ),
(6.60), ..

y (x M

) (x -

m 2 M y

n 2 N dx = dNM dnm

(6.61)

( . ,1986;
. , 1988). (6.59)-(6.61) , ,

96

, , ,
-. , , , LMB (Lemarie, Meyer,
Battle). LMB -
.6.21. LMB k - 4 - .
f ( x ),
xi = iDx , Dx - . f i = f ( xi )
Dx = 1 , (6.60)
fi =

M =0 m = -

Mm

(i -

m 2 M ,

(6.62)

w Mm

w Mm =

i =-

f iy

(i -

m 2 M ,

M =1 m= -

2
wMm
=

i =-

fi .
2

y M (i ), y ( x ),
(6.61)

y (i

i =-

) (i -

m 2 M y

n 2 N = dNM dnm .

(6.63)

y M ( x ) y M (i ) , , f i -

.6.21
d-, f( x ).

97

(multiresolution wavelet algorithm),
,
.
f ( x ) L2 (R ). , L2 (R ) a M = 2 M V M . V M + 1 V M .
a 0 = 1 (M = 0). ,

M ( ). f M
f . f 0 f .
f0 ( x - i ),

V0
f 0 ( x) =

s f (x - i ),
0
i

i =-

(6.64)

si0 -
si ( x) =
0

f (x)f (x - i )dx .
0

(6.65)

f( x ) - , -

si0 f 0
a = 1 .

f (x - i )f (x - j )dx = d .
0

ij

(6.66)

a M = 2 M V M , fM , f0
f

( x)= 2

M
2

f0 2 - M x .

(6.67)

f 0 ( x ) a M = 2 M siM

si

f (x )f (x 0

2 M i dx .

(6.68)

V M + 1 V M , M + 1 M :

98

fM + 1 (x - 2 M + 1 i ) =

M + 1
M
M+1
M
M
M
f (x - 2 i )f (x - 2 j )dxf (x - 2 j )

j = - -

(6.69)

fM + 1 (x - 2 M + 1 i )=

j=-

j - 2i

fM (x - 2 M j ),

(6.70)

hk = 2

1
2

x
f 2 f (x- k )dx .
0

(6.71)

(6.69)-(6.70) , s M+ 1 , s M :
siM + 1 =

j =-

j - 2i

s Mj .

(6.72)

s M s M + 1
s M
h . C (6.71)-(6.72) ( , ).
, fM + 1

M
f , V M + 1
V M .
- ,
.
OM + 1 . OM + 1 V M + 1 (OM + 1 ^ V M + 1 ), OM + 1 V M + 1
V M (OM + 1 V M + 1 = V M ). y M + 1 (x - 2 M + 1 i ) OM + 1 . (6.67):
y

( x)= 2

M
2

(2

-M

(6.73)

x,

, y M + 1 OM + 1 . y M (M = 0,1,2K)
V0 .
-

wi

f (x )y (x 0

2 M m dx ,

(6.74)

99

y
y

M+1

(x -

OM + 1 , OM + 1 V M ,

M+1

2 M + 1 i )=

y
j = - -

M+1

(x-

2 M + 1 i )fM (x- 2 M j )dxfM (x - 2 M j ),

(6.75)

wiM + 1 =

j =-

j - 2i

s Mj ,

(6.76)

gk = 2

1
2

0 x 0
y
f ( x - k )dx .

2
-

(6.77)

, -
, ,
.
f

siM =

[h

i- 2 j

j =-

s Mj + 1 + g i - 2 j w Mj + 1 .

(6.78)

g k , hk
- y M (k ) .
wiM + 1 =

j =-

g j - 2i s Mj =

j =- k =-

j - 2i

hk - 2 j s kM - 1 = KK

, ,
wiM + 1 =

(j -

2M i =

y (j

j =-

j ( M - 1)

h j ( M )- 2 j M - 1

2 M i s 0j ,

K h

j(M - 2)

j (1 )

(6.79)

j ( 2 )- 2 j (1 )

g j (1)- 2i .

y j .
:
1) -

y (x -

) (x - n 2 )dx = d d ,
f (x - 2 i )
M

m 2 M y

NM

nm

(6.80)

2)
M

100

f (x -

) (

2 M i fM x - 2 M j dx = dij ,

(6.81)

3) -

f (x -

2 M i )y

(x - 2 j )dx = d .

(6.82)

ij

hi , g i .
) , , .
1 0 x 0.5

y (x )= - 1 0.5 x 1
0 x ,

f
1 0 x 1
f(x )=
0 x .

(6.71) (6.77) , ,
h0 = h1 = g 0 = 2 - 1 / 2 ,
g1 = - g 0
.
(6.83)
) -
( - )
. ,
, . , , h g - h? g? .
)
h (k )=

j= -

h je - ijk ,

)
g (k )=

ge

j= -

- ijk

12
p
p
)
- k
2
h (k )=
2
2
0 k

12 ijk
p
k p
)

2 e
g (k )=
2
0 k

(6.84)

101

2 p j
sin ,
pj
2

hi =
gj =

2 2
p ( j - 1) 3p ( j- 1)
sin
cos
.
p (- 1) 4 4

(6.85)

.
) LMB.
1

2
k -1
)
- 1 k
y (k )= e 2 k - n G2 n
G2 n (k )G2 n
2
2 + p
1
)
f(k )= k - n [
G2 n (k )]2
1
)
h (k )= 21- 2 n G2 n (k )G2-n1 (2k ) 2
)
*
g (k )= e - ik h?(k + p )
ik

Gn (k )=

(k +

(6.86)

2pm ) .
-n

m =-

) . , , ,
, n . - . 4 8
,
( ).
:

3 4 2

3 4 2

h0 = 1 +
h2 = 3 -

(3 + 3 )
(4 2 )
(1 - 3 )
=
(4 2 )

)(

h1 =

)(

h3

g 0 = h3 , g 1 = - h2 , g 2 = h1 , g 3 = - h0

(6.87)

102

h- 2 = 0.230377813309

g - 2 = h5

h- 1 = 0.714846570553

g - 1 = - h4

h0 = 0.630880767930

g 0 = h3

h1 = - 0.27983769417

g 1 = - h2

h2 = - 0.187034811719

g 2 = h1

h3 = 0.30841381836

g 3 = - h0

h4 = - 0.010597401785

g 4 = h- 1

h5 = - 0.010597401785

g 5 = - h- 2

(6.88)

6.6. -

,
, (, ) .
,
. , , .
,
, , , .
.
,

(

),
.
- .6.22

-

103

:
.
, , . ,
11
, . , . .6.22. ( )
-
. , ,
. , . , , .
, .
, ,
, (, ). 1610 , 1611
.
.

, ,

.6.23

104

. , (.6.23) - ,
11 .
,
- . , ,
, , .
17 - 18 , 50 . . XIX
.

, , ? p p p
p 14 15.
- (
) -
. .6.24
- .6.23,
. -
. ,
. , , , 100- . - ( b .6.25).
p p p p
( a), p 14

Frick P., Galyagin D., et al. Wavelet analysis of solar activity recorded by sunspot groups // Astronomy and
Astrophysics, 1997. Vol.328. P.670-681.
15
Nemes-Ribes E., Frick P. Et al. Wavelet analysis of Maunder minimum as recorded in Solar diameter data //
Comptes Rendues Acad.Sciences Paris, Serie IIb, 1995. V.321. P.525-532.

105

.
. , ,
- - .
- 11- , , 100-
11-
.
. .6.26
.
, - 11- .
. ,
T(t) . , T , . ,

,
, .

- .

- . -

.6.25

.6.26

1683 1718 (
).
, 1978.

106

.6.27
.6.27. , . , , , ( ,
- ).


.
, ,
, -
.

w (a, b)w (a, b)db

C(a) =
(w (a, b)dbw (a, b)db)
*

1/ 2

(6.89)
w1 w2 - -
.

.6.28
(6.89),
-

.6.29

107

. , 2
, 10
( ).
(11) . - ,

- w(a, b)
a = 11 . 11-

1666-1718
.6.29. .6.28
,
. - ,
, , 11-

. ,
.
XVIII : 1718 , ,
,

- .

. 11- ,
, -.
, ,
. , 11 -.
, , , . , , 11 .

108

1. .., .. . .: , 1988. 178 .

2. .. - //
. , 1992. 40.
3. . . -:
// , 1996. .166. N.11.
4. Holschneider M. Wavelets: An Analysis Tool. Oxford University Press, 1995.

109

7.
7.1.
, .
, , , ( ).
, ( ) .
.
,
, ( ), .7.1

.
,
(
- shell models), ,
.

r
kn <| k |< kn+ 1 ,

kn = q n k0

(7.1)

( ). , ( )
Un , , -

110

(.7.1). Un , .
Un ,
( , - ).
, , .
dtUn = TnmlUmUl - KnUn + fn .

(7.2)

, ,
Tnml . q , ,
, , . KnUn = kn 2Un ,
- , fn .

7.2. -
, . ,
-
- .

2
t v j = - (v k k )v j - r - 1 j P + nkk
vj ,

(7.3)

) r rr
v j ( r ) = r v j ( k )e ik r .

(7.4)

(7.4) (7.3)
) r rr
t v j ( p )e ipr = r
p

) r

v ( p )e
r
p

r
q

rr
ipr

) r rr
) r rr
) r
( iqk )v j ( q )e iqr - r - 1 ( ip j )P( p )e ipr - n p 2 v j ( p )
r
p

r
p

111

rr

( p q - ) , e - ikr ,
r
dr .
) r
) r
) r r ) r
) r
t v j ( k ) = - i vk ( k - q )qk v j ( q ) - ir - 1k j P( k ) - nk 2 v j ( k ) .
r
q

,
k i vi = 0 ,

(7.5)

. k j

) r
r - 1 P( k ) = -

r
q

qk k l ) r r ) r
vk ( k - q )vl ( q ) .
k2

kl k j

) r
dlj - 2
t v j ( k ) = - i

r
k
q

r
) r r ) r
2)

v
(
k
q
)
q
v
(
q
)
k
v
(
k
).
n
k l
j
k

(7.6)

(7.6)
,

)r r
)r r
)r r r
v ( k ) , v ( q ) v ( k - q ) - ,
, .
r
, , | k n |= k 0 2 n
(7.6) , . , ,
(, , ,
,
), , ,
. , )
r
( U n = v ( k n ) ), Tnml
(7.2) Tnmm Tmnm ( m = n - 1, n + 1, n + 2,...... ).
,
.

112

U&n = k n (U n2- 1 - bU nU n + 1 ) - nk 2U n .

(7.7)

(7.7)
- 16 - . b , , .
E = En =

1
U n2 .

(7.8)

, (7.7) , : b = 2 .

W=

1
2
2
kn U n .

(7.9)

(7.9)
b =8.
, (7.7)
. (7.7)
, . ( )

a
U n = U 0kn .
(7.10)
, k n = k 0 2 n (7.10)
a =-

log 2 b
.
3

(7.11)

b = 2 ( )
-

n
3

U n = U 0 2 , b = 8 ( ) U n = U 0 2 - n . -

E (k ) ~ k - 5 / 3 , -
E (k ) ~ k - 3 , . , E (k ) ~ k l , n
En =

kn + 1

E (k )dk ~ k

l+ 1
n

(7.12)

kn
16

. ., .. // , 1974. .38. N.3. .507-513.

113

(7.12) (7.10) ,
a=

l+ 1
.
2

(7.13)

(7.7)

U&n = k n U n2- 1 - 2U nU n + 1 + (U n - 1U n - 2U n2+ 1 ) - nk 2U n .

(7.14)

C , , , ,
.

7.3. GOY
(7.2) . . .
().
, :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) , ,
.
.
, (7.2).
,
.
17,
18
2
U&n = k n (aU n - 2U n - 1 + bU n - 1U n + 1 + cU n + 1U n + 2 ) - nk n U n .

17

(7.15)

.. , // CCC, 1973. .209. N.5.

18
.., .. //
, , 1979. .9. N.7..899-906.

114

(7.15) Un . , Tnml - ,

.

dt En = UnU&n = ..........+
n

+ kn- 1 (aUn- 3Un- 2Un- 1 + bUn- 2Un- 1Un + cUn- 1UnUn+ 1 ) +

+ kn (aUn- 2Un- 1Un + bUn- 1UnUn+ 1 + cUnUn+ 1Un+ 2 ) +

(7.16)

+ kn+ 1 (aUn- 1UnUn+ 1 + bUnUn+ 1Un+ 2 + cUn+ 1Un+ 2Un+ 3 ) +

+

............... = 0,

, (
).
k n - 1c + k n b + k n + 1 a = 0 ,

(7.17)

k n- 1 c + k n b + k n+ 1 a = 0 .
3

(7.18)

. , ,
c = 1 ,
a=

1
,
16

b=-

5
.
8

(7.19)

(7.15) (7.10). (7.10) (7.15) 2 3a = x , ,

( x1 = 1 / 2 , x2 = 1 / 8 ) a 1 = - 1 / 3 , a 2 = - 1 . ,
.
, .
( )
. , .

115

19 ( ,
).

J

U&n = (Tn ,n j =1

U n-

j - 1, n - 1

U n - 1 + n , n -

j- 1

U n - j U n + 1 + Tn , n +

j ,n + 1

U n + jU n +

j ,n + j + 1

) - nk n U n
2

j+ 1

(7.20)

J = 1 (7.15). (7.20)
J
22 j - 1
U&n = kn Tj
2 2 j + 3 - 2 U nj =1

3 2 j
+
Un+ jUn+
4 - 2- 2 j

Un- 1 + Un- jUn+ 1 +

j- 1

2
j+ 1
- nkn Un ,

(7.21)

T j = T0, - j ,1 .

, .
, .7.2 (7.21)

. U n (
AN ) .
( ). ,

U n ~ 2 - n , E (k ) ~ k - 3 . , . , ,
U n ~ 2 - n / 3 ( E (k ) ~ k - 5 / 3 ), .
19

.7.2

.. // . 1983. N.1.
C.60-66.

116

.7.3 . :
, - .
,
, ,
.

, , .
(7.15)
.
20,
. U n ,
(7.15)
e
( e - 1) * *

2
U&n = ikn U n* + 1U n* + 2 - U n* - 1U n* + 1 +
U n - 2U n - 1 - nkn U n .
2
4

(7.22)

e , . -

.7.3
20

Yamada M., Okhitani K. // J. Physical Society of Japon, 1987. V.56. P.4210.

117

,
e = 1 / 2 . e = 5 / 4 (7.22) (7.15). GOY (GledzerOhkitani-Yamada)
.
.
W = z n | U n |2
n

W& = z n U n*U&n + .. =
n

e
e- 1

= ........ + ik n - 1 z n - 1 - k n z n +
k n + 1 z n + 1 U n*- 1U n*U n*+ 1 + ....... = 0.
2
4

(k n = 2 n ) ,

1 - ez + (e - 1) z 2 = 0 ,

z1 = 1,
z2 =

1
.
e- 1

e
( W1 = E = | U n | 2 ). W2 = (e - 1) - n | U n | 2 , e > 1 e < 1 .

l
W2 = W = k n | U n | 2 ,
(7.23)

l = - log 2 | e - 1 | .
(7.24)
(7.23) (
e = 5 / 4 ). , e < 1 ,

l
W 2 = H = (- 1) n k n | U n | 2
(7.25)
, (7.24). , . , ( 4 -

118

, ). e = 1 / 2 . , (7.22) ,
, -,
. , e

, .
(7.22) U n = U 0 k n a , e . (7.10) (7.22) 2 3a = x ,
a1 = -

1
,
3

1
e- 1
.
a 2 = log 2
2
3

(7.26)

k - 5 / 3 . (7.22) , e < e1 = 0.384 . e = e1 , e = e2 = 0.395 ,

.
, e = 1 . ,
(7.23)
(7.25) l . ,
. , e = 2 (7.26)
, ((7.23)
).

119

7.4.

4.6.3
( - - ), ,
(, - ). (7.22) 21. GOY ,
.
(/ )
. q
S q =< U n > ,

(7.27)

. ,

S q ~ l V ,


q

Sq ~ S p

Vq / Vp

(7.28)

,

Vq .
.7.4 , . e = 5 / 4
.7.4, 21

.7.4

Frick P.G., Babiano A., Dubrulle B. Scaling properties of a class of shell models // Physical Review E, 1995.
Vol.51. P.5582-5593.

120

Vq n ( )
q ( 25). , ,

,
q . ,
, . .7.4,
~ = V / V . ,
V
q
q
3

,

( ).

,
,
.7.5
,
, ,
, . 5 , , , , ,
. ,
n (, , m < n m n ),
e - 1
1

P n = E n = Im k n
U n - 2U n - 1U n - U n - 1U nU n + 1 .
2

mn
4

(7.29)

U n = r n e if , (7.29)
n

1
e - 1

P n = kn
Q n - 1 - Q n ,
2
4

Q n = r n - 1 r n r n + 1 sin(fn - 1 + fn + fn + 1 ) .

(7.30)

121

. - (4.90), ,
rn

rn

stat

| P n | stat | Q n |
=
.
| Pn |
|Qn |

(7.31)

(4.89)
pn =

Pn

| Pn |
,
P ( )

( )

= lim

(7.32)
| P n | p+ 1

| Pn |p

(7.33)

- (4.91)
pn

p+ 1

pp

pn p

= Ap
p n p- 1

(7.34)

( ) -
p n ~ rn

3 D

(7.35)

,

1- b q/3
q
Vq = (1 - D )+ D
.
1- b
3

.7.6
(7.36)

. , . ( ) .7.5 e = 0.5 .

122

, , .
,
- 1000 .
.7.6 .

< p np + 1 > / < p np > < p np > / < p np - 1 > .

e = 0.42 ( ,
) ,
,
.7.7
- , , . e < 0.45 . (
: b) e = 0,7 ; c) e = 1,25 ; d ) e = 3,0 (7.34)
- , b .
.7.7
.


e . ,
(7.35),
D .
e = 5 / 4 (
). ( D = 0.013 ),

.7.8
.

123

,

( 5.4).
D b .7.8, e (, ). e < 1 e > 1 ,
, .7.8.
.7.9 P (p n )
e : ) e = 0.42 , ) e = 3.0 .
, - .

(
.7.6,), - . , (, ).
,

b D (7.36) Vq , 10%
,
. (7.36)

.
.7.9

124

7.5
, .
r r
r
r r
t u + ( u )u = - P + Gr - 1/ 2 Du + eT ,
r
t T + u T = s- 1Gr - 1/ 2 DT ,
r
u = 0 ,
r

(7.36)
(7.37)
(7.38)

u - , P - , T - , e -
, Gr = gbL3T * n- 2 - ,s = n c - , n - , c - .
L, - T * , V = ( gbLT * )1/ 2 - t=L/V.
Gr = V 2 L2 n- 2 = Re 2 .
, ( 5.5),
. , , GOY
.
, , 22

d t U n = Tn ,m ,l U mU l - Re - 1 k n2U n + Fn Q n ,

(7.39)

m ,l

d t Q n = H n ,m ,l U m Q l - k n2 ( s Re) - 1 Q n ,

(7.40)

m ,l

Fn = F0 2 n , Tn ,m,l = 2 N T0,m- n ,l - n , H n ,m,l = 2 N H 0,m- n ,l - n , T0,m,l H 0,m,l .

2
EV = n U n ,
W=

22

2n U n E T =
n

2n Q n .
n

.. // . 1986. N.2. .71-79.

125

T0,m ,l
l \m

4
3
2
1
0
1
2

-4

-3

-2

-1

3
0.155

0.242
0.431
-0.0088

-0.0257

-0.0796

0.0032

0.0096

0.0269

-0.269

H 0,m ,l
l\m

4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4

-4

-3

-2

-1

-0.0058

-0.0145

-0.0374

-0.0996

-0.221

-0.125
-0.365

0.0018

0.00468

0.0125

0.0277
0.00196
0.00018
0.00001

0.0457
0.0113
0.00291
0.00073

0.0181
0.00239
0.00030
0.00004

-0.0941
-0.720
-0.145

3
-0.0537
-1.493
-0.153

23. -, ,
,
. -, H n ,m,l ,
( l = 1, m < 0 ),
m=n l=m, . ,
, ,
3 2 j
d t U n = i2 T0 ,- j ,- 1
U n*+ j U n*+
-2j
j =1
4 - 2
J

dt Q n = i 2

{H
J

j =1

0, - j , - 1

j+ 1

(U

- U

*
n- j

*
n- j

U n*- 1
2
-1
- k n Re U n + Fn Q n ,

*
n+ 1

Q *n- 1 - 8Un*-

)}

22 j - 1 *
+ 2 j+ 3
U n- 2
2

j+ 1

Q *n+ 1 +

+ H0,0,- j Un*Q *n- j - 2 3 j Un*+ j Q *n+ 1 - kn2 (s Re) Q n .

j- 1 j

(7.41)

(7.42)

-1

J ( J =1
, ).
23

.., .. // , . .
. -, , 1996. N.4, .53-60.

126

, -

( s ~ 1 ).
,

. (7.41)-(7.42) , , Gr = 1014 ( Re = 10 7 ), -
0 n 30.
| Q 0 |= 1 .
,
.
.
L B , . LB
"-5/3", .
( U n ,
U n - g
,
). .7.10 EV n E T n . ,
EV ( k ) E T ( k ) . .5.24,

.
, E n ( k n )
, E ( k ) ,
.
. .
( s << 1) - . , , . -

127

(7.37) dVl dT0 L- 1 ~ dTl l - 2

E ( k ) ~ k - 3
ET ( k ) ~ k - 7 .
(7.43)
. s = 10 - 8 , .7.11,
.

.7.10
J. , . ,
. , , ,
n,
. J ,
E ( k ) ~ k - 10 / 3 .
,
, 2 2n

128

k n = 2 n ,
.

.7.11
( s >> 1) - ,
,
, .
, ,
.
(5.41),
ET ( k ) ~ k - 1 .

(7.44)

() - (5.51),
, . (7.44)

EV ( k ) ~ k - 5 .

(7.45)

s = 10 6 ,Re = 10
.7.12 , ,
(7.44-7.45), . , -

129

J (7.44),
.

.7.12

130

7.6. -

.
,
( ),
. ,
( ), , , . - ,
( ) - ,
( ), .

r
B . - , , , .

r r r r
r rr r
B2
t v + (v )v = ( B ) B -
+
P

r rr r
rr r 1 r
t B + (v ) B = ( B )v +
DB ,
Rm
rr
v = 0,
rr
B = 0.

1 r

+ Re Dv ,

(7.46)
(7.47)
(7.48)
(7.49)

Re = UL /n - ,
Rm = UL / n m = RePrm - , n m = 1 / ms ( m - , s - ). Prm = n / n m .
- ,
.
- .
- . -,
, , 1919 . ,
,
, .

131

( ). (1934.), , .
1956. ,
( ,
). , ,
, .

- , .
(7.46)-(7.49) . E , H C H B :

r r
r
E = v 2 + B 2 dr ,
r r r
H C = v B dr ,
r r r
H B = A B dr ,

(
(

)
)

(7.50)
(7.51)
(7.52)

A ( B = rot A ).

( )

r r
a = A 2 dr .

(7.53)

(7.22) ,
.
24

(d

)
-

(d

e * *
(1 - e) *

Un- 1Un+ 1 - Bn*- 1 Bn*+ 1 +

Un- 2Un*- 1 - Bn*- 2 Bn*- 1 + fn ,
2
4

- Rm - 1 k n Bn = ik n {( 1 - e - em )(U n* + 1 Bn* + 2 - Bn* + 1U n* + 2 )+

2

24

{(

- nkn Un = ikn Un*+ 1Un*+ 2 - Bn*+ 1 Bn*+ 2 -

em * *
(U n - 1Bn + 1 - Bn* - 1U n* + 1 )+ ( 1 - em ) (U n* - 2 Bn* - 1 - Bn* - 2U n* - 1 ) + g n .
2
4

(7.54)

(7.55)

Frick P.G., Sokoloff D.D. Cascade and dynamo action in a shell model of turbulence // Physical Review E,
1998, Vol.57.N.4. P.4155-4164.

132

Bn 0 (7.54)-(7.55) GOY (7.22).

em . ,
,

)
B ),

E = | U n | 2 + | Bn | 2 ,
n

H C = U n B n* + U n*

(7.56)
(7.57)

em .
-1
(7.58)
H B = (- 1) n k n | Bn | 2 ,
n

(7.53), : e = 1 / 2 , em = 1 / 3 . , e ,
. ,
(7.54)-(7.55) .
-
-2
(7.59)
a = k n | Bn | 2
n

( ),
: e = 5 / 4 , em = - 1 / 3 .
, -,
, , -.
f n g n (7.54)-(7.55) .

, EV ~ E B ~ k - 2 (
n 0 ), ( EV 1, E B 0,0001 ).
Re = 10 7 , Prm = 10 - 3 .
.7.13 (
) ( ) ( : e = 1 / 2 , em = 1 / 3 ). ,
( ,
L / U , ) 1/10

133

. ( ), .

, . , .
.7.13
. ,
.
Bn (7.54).
( ), , ,
.
. ,
, ,
, .

. ,

.7.13

.7.14

( t 10 ). , .
.7.14 .
, -

134

.
, -
. ,
,
( ,
). ,
.
. , , ,
.
. , .
.7.15 ( .5.2, ).
,
. .7.16 ( )
( ) -
(, ),
. , ,
, ,
, . ,
.7.15
( 5 n 8 ).

- .7.17. , .
, - ,
(10 - 3 ).
-5/3 ( ). (- -2).

135

,
- , ,
, , , ,
(
) , , ,
.

.7.16

.7.17

1. .., ., . . . .: , 1981. 366 .
2. .., .. . .: , 1988. 178 .

136

8.
, , ,
, , . ,
,
, . . .

137

138

II

. .
..

-020370 29.01.97
15.03.99.
60 90/16. ...

.
100 .

88
-

: 614600, , ., 29