OTIHEa BOOKS

IIY THI IAMI ,AUT'HOR

" 1J- !J gmt {II O",N'rJI"g A ,Bog and,a ,;\{owr

Tl e B()~..8' IJoo'k f!Ij CammJln€Clll.itl',u.s 1 ba ,tJf)y~ B~IiJ1~ ,of ~lf.iI'l'g'II!l',HwJlJ'~ fhill! Br-;,l Jje~~ 01 MoJri' ,HrllJ.'~·~dlr'jg. 'Tlie ,'Ilo,!p' Book. of Reckdt.s:

M,MJ!3l ,Je~'$ i!lil'~d R~dw& !mr '!Joys

,by R~,mond

F' 'Ii':-

'_ I, _fa_'~:s

iItM~~.s AND, PII01l'Oc.ru.l'\9S 'BY 'i,',I';I:!i Am:~Q11

OWN C N Y

, iBRARY

CON,TENT'I

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\~tE U,\"E IN A G~EA l' !ilEA Oilf ELECTRJliClTY, :!lOm,i} of it tn mOHon, OO.r:liiJi! of 1.1~. !iit,flndt~l1Ig still \'Vhen, iI.·~~ld~jt)! 's ~~1 - IlDtmull U!ii t'hilVlJ,Ch wfuies. ooU I.'~ 1l ,'Ill) -. ~ OJ el.eC'4!r.,tc "ghts,. j~ i C'BIIkd ' .. cu rrent dllcm,city .... 'Vnlen it is l!I t ndmng UiH ,. 1& CII.Ili';,!tI u!'!1l'~1 Le e] ~~rt~lt)l' iil.lilicl tbllil 1X!(l,jt' I PQ11 'Ii"'hfo[''1~ ~t 'is 'restinG' is 5ait~ 1,0 'IJ~ .nell !:Hi, ·U:~

Ia .b~.r ~~lnl. e.h~l-iJty ~5 made up of $.wan~ of t'it'6 srm1Jl,,:!!t ~EL~tir:fu IrL lJm uu i,v. J rs ~, ~ 'ill e~,eeti!"®ll, ''d41icilL "''''~l might .5~LJ is ]t If :p.urely ,~l '{!~riCofd ptu"tide, Sqme of dies£!: ]m~ '}r (Oli Ia.~y,) particles are IUn(mg thlJ5fl 'lilat m' ,"h: 1t~.P th - ~L. Mil of m Ul.l f~nd l\~\i.! I,htl~ fm. ~ f.oreV! iI' Cllipti.,..-e, It is the :lfovinS· 'Cltiililn:'). th fir tIl enes, mhb1:t p'r.·"~ lj1j~ us with 'rlhe electric (m~l!It I'DI~Lt has become s.u~h I1j, gn,li!d mull iJSoef1J'~ I!fDRI'1W'-!. ~f I1l.u:I~kill{1. IlCif!lLnnltJss.1b.t]I~J:nJE of s1.1ch F-IiliHk:l~ In:LlS'~'l]~~~ th:rol1br[iL 0] mater iii. ~l~lIi dlfi!ct]"i,;:: ~igbJ~ each lI"flCiliflld, Iilf t[W!!.'l ~~ k6~ :it ope!i:attr~g_ ~"k61l

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eJeCIJi'oi18 mo'ti\el1!.,pidly tl ]"Ultl ,'vi1f{!~, lte.' '!.f'll:dt[1. :ils: ooM 19 ~'li li~}glJn. n ILlf~~iI" I~~~. nlll!l'il~lIeJ.' d.f th m pllS~ [fig, fi gi'l,.l-e~l POiiU, (:,~~~ Self.·C!J'I!['~, ~ili~[.'l grr~~te'], the !irnilpe1'iiLP' ,of dl~~ ·ClMrelJi.'[ 1!J,rD'J!b:~ by them, ',~e cI~l;,tf"iJJll i~S'!I.!lF ls ,:1 negative )larHclil!i ~f e~e~ rierty.

If we' a.r;e to 'Ulltcil,er: ~,a..mi ~L "EliI~ end ;3IIDJ.Uie f:'11im:rg)", 'W,e wll!i lla'Vlt: ~n iHfI; rti ,tte tlD£s hE!:~ht.'SS ~Jf: eleetneal eharg~ i'nl 'OUI" h III I 00 ",'hll'Y, FmlilJul1l{lt '~Y tnln y ~l1Ilt If .t'j1t.i1l_g and Dtrut~lve e".]:lIe]'b~Jl ~,nt~ 111tI.iy be ooo(])uet.cd ",,,,ifh ilia~ Sllllll ~n!"l i::'J(~ t~ !ffi~ m~' Ci~ J1 be [11 ad e ill 1:1 j i if y.

:ft~'l.:flJJlj! 'Ii~{e i'j:~1[1 ~ l~nSI:nU:lt~ll1In of Otlli itl~hll,;!lml!SlI' 5, how,e\rer, ret' tIS conduct a fiew ~perimenits wmJth sta'tic eleolJiilllt}' ;; ~ Lch 'I,,,",'.c can tl. Hy gM~em~8 miD': t.:,t"f;Q:rw.. A'S O!JJl' 6~t, advgD.b.:U'e~ f -:~r IJ!i en ~p mIDI: S Dl!lllfl pi c' "of thy parp!b:if about one 1~9U the sFle of p(ffi:'Ii.age 's,Ulln]p5. \17e then ru'lb ,14 'Y.imlyJ ,piltm.o_g .(l,h ,1\i."t!Elld hl'isl:::ly ,"Wli."r witb, ,ptill:{j of dry 5iIk or Wfi'IJ'kin dbtlll. Aller t'his, thE! 1i00011:1 :r~ brlnll,gbt near ~e Mis of: paper. Lo and ll·'h~d~ t~ire [lilpiUE'" bit~ ~m drawl'll 101 Il~ rut'OnJ nd remillili~ fb: c1 00 t'hs S'lu~~ £~li:e as t."hCiIli'h 'I. Icli with 111 ~~Ih LSIV'Ii!,

.FOJi another e..'rll~i?rimeDlt.. (see r~g .. n,) we plare a. d_ry'. _ nar plct<'e of gill L' \f;I.l,I~ the ,pa '(!1~ u':hmeh b:; tll.~ IP~ I~d in lb.€: Imop or .' til] 00 lee call, Ah(l1" the surfillicc of. ,~ gws h5: rubbed b:r1ddr with either the pl'lil.c€ 01 wool!e~:l, or silThen doth, al_' ,P~.l)I1F hits wFIi ,Il1lJ urFI"'~f(] and ,!:iN 'l.lu'll'lt!iti~h .. l'es, to rbil;:' bQomm IOf the 1'~iA!S"Si hi .ille£i::t1Jll!:le ID~ gm,,·ity.

.A. si:rnfrpJe d~i,.rice I~a.t call. hf,:l 3.SSe:mJDLed an :tl, kiJtclu::"

, e, 1. (,Ii.' \~~) "Vb ~ I 1P.it. ' ~ . Ullll~ W,IllX ~ el 'rm.d 'by :Ii'I:~bh_Hg. jt wililil, dry ',"fOO1cm, Dr !iilk Glurtb; i.t 'I;~i:ll 31!tl1il.C't. :!i'mBl] iI!J.ilts 0.1 ]~per.. (.o:eJ)I}.,,') it .112'!,¥ hits oJ If!'8PT 8m liJlgn::ed W an .wr1r C'"d.ed ellillee "l~ l'{11~ nn(]J n [MeR (If' glt1,..~ 'is 'p~l)cedI D'\,\er t~~i.'i'_ When ~le' ~]M,\l i$ flJulb'bed 1 n,d:]". :wrUh a piece of Si:l.1k cl3!'!b~ I~l~,e ~.a&S y,'illl '~OJ:TI.e ,d.~"It!lr.l:IliiL>d ~md 1:\I~:b.'ilI.ct

~In: Mil!. of ,piilPC[ UIA rng 'tIlll:m rup.'l/v,[lrl'l,

-- -- - - -- -

'liA'J'lO}1]C E.\~i 1 ers m(R BOYS It hh· w(l ,dul:'!Ct !he prcsonee u ad' "Lnc. ~ Iihlll.J";, _Ii" l'h1s i~ caUted. an ,e.l~ectl;lJ1!iropl· ~ulild it is oOIil'f~jn("fl '1111 ,II pennus~lutter j@jl"- Tl.l~ dHII,\\1ng (,Fig. Q} '!Wj~~ :rupply JII~I detajls naf ilIf~ lJ'!IUH [.rm. I. IS rm:J.S~ il[QporM Il~ rhJlu I~hf! I"l,).! " uf 'wire ~lIg !the lw(~ ifhin kr!:'V'e5 o.f mel:u faj) be per"illctl, irusub:t~d (elilKlll'ijif'4.lly) fl' m the ]OOelu] top of the ~. ,(l'ml~·~)utt r jnr n tl £ 1 (lj Ilm "iva It'lX' I r [)II !-lU; 1'!n'oiil~)'II. This is dane ' other '!,vibh rnolren su~p,:hlJ II or eal1ing ~":ilr~,

AbJuJtLgil ,gnld leaf ueb ~L" used fm s;lijgll:'ol 1011"1 store ~fJ.-

~~W."i i_ ~l'y fiUli ft1\!i' IUP 'L~!i ~ilil" :!nl!"t~~l l'iW~.s ilnJiJ ' lc~ro· SC(lipes:. ~ l is d iOicuJIL ~ "h ... dle unless '"' ..... b~~!f rJ~n f il1i~m_l'" ~nNJ]~ t~ a s]g11l pill.ink!r sud h!:t¥e h~1Ilf!J put tlle gold. ]eaf in pll.ll!t _

A su 'bstil1ute meta ~e:il.f much h avier ,ad ImbeK"'fo:tl ~ less ~m~dti¥tl t!lrt:m the gold ITn~y be b, d fr~m the metal f®il HOW ~.Lii.l t ~ '!,'!i'r(i.p ·lL "'Ij,~;f~g JUn. U . l"~1;' I . r !I'lLcl l ,"'T,];ppe: is scaked :in rub'bing' 3ilca1111ld "OJ'".~ flew memems, it will 'be iollllld that Inlbe ml-etnl foil may be SBJ!lttl'al.ed from, [tln~ lr'l--lH~!' JHd pl~Lc."Ctl !1I~!tJr 11m ('ud iIJIf til L' 'I:,~II 1\1." iii. !:b!l!' [[1I:[IJ'II:11I er il.h.!l\S trnl ed,

H~F:we' tfu-e eh::!ltlO5'{lope Is assembled lor fil!latl lLiI:9ft~ ]~ sb t[IM Iw_,l Ipu!!~ ~n'lly In l~\ld«.: ' tn' , thru .iI'111 m rlIiitoh.u'!IJ! is drtven froml.U ([I: ~m'.s ati"faoos, Or'inCJ""'ms' (1iI_1'- !Ij:'LperiID{!lIIbi w~nJl' 'lW, E'lJlen;j)j (hmlp~ hmrw:l dil~ mily J]rl~L1:'im;:~:nl rnr Iv" sx n illig,

To c\!:lI. e ~he' e~eil:'L]j(j;S~l!(l~ W{! ,r.L':iiJ; :iI! dJry comb f~:molJl(gl OWl' bl1Lir several tlmes eud thi;tlu l](rin,g ~'he comb ~ e '[if tho ~cri1! of ~\~ , iel '~'tru~l'!lIIP • Jn~t[~liltly the Jc "'~s fir.· side the electiiG~OOPC "'vi~J fly :[iJpa:rt and :u-emarin Ittha~ '!,')Iay s.b{i"~8 It- at they ave ,r~t: -h.red uri I lie -trie ehru'~e.. If lit Jl1bu I'll ~ tW~·· will {lirndliJ ~I,r' t ~, 'k ,tlgcth-r HW"ui~;jr. dl . .!' rune roqurired cllepemdifn,g u[KIn the efill~Hitiigns df rJ,~ su.mllHi'U IUr~g Ill:", ''lic, IDn the ease of Pi!'llIIff'Ss:lr.'Jnnl el~r.:~r.:g~:KlS, IJ-is d];l]:j,'~e Iniw'II~ be mlllil ~ul n~d ~llIf l'lit!lUJI..':!.

'Unlifer IQ8]fta-lo ,oondi'iliiorIls. ~[~@.,~ "W\f!' Ilm fly E!~~~iJy' brim"" 4I~!Jt.~]U! molHl ~~[1'!i'(!'S '\viil'~I'II dfll~ jill' C!_II I)t! ni:iU~!i!" to IOIllE!

Frrc, 2. D~m~~t'j; fO[' a S~mllBI}ic bilInJiemlld.e elecln!t:re(lipe 'ii.17i~1 "",1\I!t [g'~ IIItm,~' !l'l!:,llirfrhn HI, ~n:a omli2<:,briilGa!l!hrl'!l may ~ !)..'{I1I!mf.ed out.

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, - - -----

,.;\ ,pl'ml JllHU 1M ,nu_ 1Jl,~!'I!IIl 'i '~hm@~!1!J varicus nu terkl!1ii, 1iM-s PCI;','ic'"e" w,iU d ~l1id, u.:p.OI] the ~lillt'e'll~l~t1 ur l[llU\'It~"D"' (It! tI~e rodli;;'L'ti~[I, ~~"S '!type" ,rno,d the Hl\l~lr{: mJiI t,h~e'km~wiiiR df ~CJ" !liIi\El~~m-.L:.ti~ 111L!~I)!I!lI~ wi ~\t'h H p~SiHS.,

The e.xpe.rim6nlt: sll;jJJ,~_1 ,kl Fig. 3, '!I','uII d~Il1Qmska!t:e 'Elle.se ~h~IH.g!i" ,1.1' I J. th· ~I ·Eli'"flS-t'6.,pU b. ~!i': t (lhiilrg ~1 ,[mil d i ,n ,the 'rn~io "tl ,le 11fi'riII 11 ~ rn rl~ "Iig)bt d en ale iB [jIlaoodl 'Ill "llJIi'lJY ,vnln. ~ bamer pm.oerlb.elwelflfti ,~t HmJ:dJ I:ke dee-Oro:g~,~! II, I'h(! ill ~S{j of lim ~1.rtdltl !h, d ~~ch. u"gil~:JIl; &reiil!~:' Em5"iJ,Y- ~j\1:~"~m1te!l;1 olr iJ1l;'II!L"1f1 "'fi~~~ a '~et"e il:iIf C'OOE"d'boa'J-d 'beeause ~ ~ t i.5 ·tJi.e .:mUr"e £lge1lli~, ,bl dli!!: !i1~ • of mruiJia.cUve :illI. h.Jt'lril, h~"I/,' v.~ , It ''I'i,[n bi;: :f, if.,j .;1, It thllil ~'!,'dtID 'Pj,\fml h:a''IIi ~it' e effect th~ my ill' r:lrtid~ worlng from the rncl[,lo.lAc1I i,'\r' III ~te.ri,,,!..l pass: 'tbroUi ,h. I, In.'IhO.Q,rd v,err ,'11 l.t'. - l~t~ Qf 1~i'Wl' wm UJp ,th 'm mm~' ,~IF~d"'.... y but ROot" 'l."IiII·irely.. '5Met of lead, Ino\W't ... ,~'\T,". 'Ii~ill 5~li&m frl~em ill 0.tlUftlly IJ,lml~ we :h"~'!,I\e Bu.~h, ;I), 1P1f.!~""\if.li'hrJ:~ nglf;;!l1t as to '~c ,fhu~~r<J;li~,

N:0 yoong :sc[C'liJtirst am understam th[;!" lirl!odem ithe~ {l!~ maHer 0, iilltQml.e~rgy W'ltiwut . 'Il"~~m g Slllmt hh g

-ltkllih,~ lJ.."<lt-,l. ,I ~lli~Hge, "fhis, l'l1l:1 ,'! h~t'" 'mll~Ll 'hitll llU!:t

tee toiIll,s'e I er. U'(ti 1 '~iPeIhaps heard ~.ht~'u.;J11i1!5:'neptiive'~ a,ud '"pMitl,,"'!.:'· but wb_ t dD the., [);lI~U? ~111e ~tudlent wh-o '!.\i'uuid ~L~p ,he hnlrtool"llIb}]lg, ~~ ,n~~m'~C' ~rn,re:rI'Y \lP'm;~1 ,00 u.if:~m ~n cwrufil!1t>e' his 3tt,e]]jmi'ol~ ~o 'the' matter iJIj:f eT.ectlic l!:.l h iU',g !2:S.

At the b"-l5e {If: alll emcr:l'i!!!' ~ r . ~!l:li;,in;Jg'liiiC pi nWlllWlfMtL r1"

'i5I: filrr fl:ttle!Jrl~~l c.harge and eeme bllek log.ediler ve.i.y qui;cldy. For one ~hinrg. 1]'11 'We itt '"L'il ~, dl!li Ii'> tn Imfig ImB1.~ ,:IThan~(:' o[,_~, li'ghtle(] eandk: 'w,~lbb:li ~1~1I irm~h ~n S'O qj the lop of the l!'fl,eeb~::i~O!bi2l \ 'hi(J~l! tJae ~ell'ves: '!,~FtiIm OO:milll ~G~tb_eJ!'

~~. ~

If me dect[n&CO[):~ b: i,lJ1~ced hl allil.e c -j'~wty Q{ .x='!1il~ 0]'" no?" 00 nf l'ildJ(l. . rl\;jl m~~J~eri;J.J. Its ,_h 'ge \'ljIiU alsa be qwt"kJly I, sl, Tilt!' NIl!· ·1 "-'11th \\'h~;!:]h ~h!1_ aves t,U-rl-' I;&g.etlIel' will 'hie a diroot 'iirnille'x ,of the ]?Oli!iie:L' of etther '.~ :wxm,ys Dr ~]]l!' md[oil~!:~'I,I'C!l nn~~er~ni. If, J01' drulti1DOO', I!~~!' ]ga;will1 iJtJ~ an e]lIl\fl'lI:m&i:~~l1liJ: wiJluid ~ill'~).5e G!]nl{!]dy '~n t~u.gt1L ["adiole ive l.Iill:!lJ.:r:~] is a la-Iig' .... ''Sl 01, ~~ is .b.i;JWD t~ ,r ;[) dfll~~,~, '!,"tJU. (JlLIIlIntU:". ur udioo~H"',ity is: near. 'nw ,iii ,. ~~~wre, as iJ: iw lI'~t. fllncik many IjJ s ill at JJ[J le research arrll~] iDtne maauf _~ of ,a~otnjc marertals ..

lWhu , mJIy. h P]J 'J Ll!> i 11 Hre 'c, ~ (~r I he e:a,tldlJH!1. the

·.-rary.ti modl t'RIe md:l'ulleti'!fle min 'ail," 1 1,5 th.at '~~~li1 rJ!l!liIe of rt~~SlG tbmg.s :pem]~~ tlliU m.if" all!J~u::Jd tll~ ~Opl of Ib~, ~{!C'1lJm.. ~'tmF!I:! In oofu:'IlJd ,ltr"'H.,'lddly, TJ'HtlliJIU'IlIl' ~b~ J}l)J,llC'~,doo[ t;'har,~e;s Caui~31cl ~y the leaves: wibn I.' electroiSoop; hS'lii • a dlmecif: til) U~CI',I,e,

I, O'Jll-' !!:If! (!illH' :J,rn '!it ~ iII~ I tl- g e.x.lK!itnu~nt~ wUI mUdI.y l'.tuli{!a~f~' iIll!I~l.terials 001~ he ~d:t1eacd with. this el 'J;..~~~ soope 01' beUGX st~U~ wlth the rome pliOPt.'S5'iol['3] type :1'llflFLiUl'i'!1lnt dUi:icn~ l'il ilIt t~iW eud of ~js Oh~!1\'~{li~" 'I'M '!{~iIl~ ~tl~j, JOg U15ta:Iil.oo, dlfl.t mdlm,l!:wtl (ptlirtid,e.s, iIlI~'i:d Jii!/JI,s,) ~I-!l.~n d l'a.d.k!I.:t~ID['Ij,-,,€ $'IJib.staJlCiE':.s ha:~ '~e pilJjl'/"7~§ '10 paiS~

F"IG, ~l ' .. Itgt.".d ele<!tJMlSct1I~ 1'U~:r bll!! d.isooflrJ,'goo b)r Ten·,

dCTil1i~ ~hlL'l • ill~ nbaut thl,r;:m ~tlili\ducUi!o'C, Rmtl fG:ll!.>!thA rnD!t~J,11i1 '1/""iII d(l th.u. T.h>e SFd. '!."iith wb~~, !thE: Ilfad~a~,iO:I1i hnm tl};:;,. lI'II.diMCI= 'i/O: IImhtr:ri~1 ""m db!ll'h 1I'~ ahCli e~f!UIflli!~ (Mil w.1H doper:!d 'IiIrFl1li1 the pO~·l!l:r· ilIff Itable mrliJ::t;lJi;!ti"'I~Y iB!l!Id npOH the nt ~~'Ire or Illn!" .!I:eH!l[!ab dJOMl hI!! rween ~t!i elec~h1m:!iwflill' ;lIiod t:hlil mdltnlcti'!Me inld1:ui'illl, Thill l'illpr!f 'I, .. rUI~ du wry 'UHlIl , w'III1'

~eL'ld] flllii.1 w1]~ m1~ ;II. ~t barri"!:':r.

the fae~ t~~ , we Illflw, 6ni!;!! of three ~I~etric oonditocms as,,· !j.(Jclnl li:l 'I, iJl!h: !n,[JNcr. lit IiJilfi~es h~~ d~D''{!rem!l,e.g; wll6re "tW ,:g<ej, in ~1 !11! jmIlgl.es: in ~he aR" ~;IUd) (!;' llhe '" lir~.t' 'o.f til ear_rtllID~ m ,~~.~a.t or in ooM: d'!ie' tbin~ f~Wl!)[flrl 1I:1jl are eilf:l1er

v t\ iRr:ous

IV\ £Ut]J!lol'li rAPER_

'1E.l·j\ r"tiH ..

ETC..-.........,lI!<oI

/

,A ~w ilIIJ.1d, Mim1ll,1 Wo6l, 9' d~~l'rtallny "cUlLl'll] or tnt _f;' b en wh ... t :~~ 1k11Jl..JWIIi ~5 1~~R tiQ nr a negilltiw:, dllmge-_

SODlii' {~ these eharge~s: 1iJT.1,li 50 ,sllgJrt as ~n mWre it DElI s,nb t!lil diilll, :ct~h 'Tlii, (lVil:1I wilth Nr' ilI:).O;5lt :9C'1li:liliil'IM'O imtlTImeltts- Other ,char.!fll."$.. !men as rt:~ltOSI!'!i ID the ~ighthl~ ;;t.llI!f'!05iplrnre, ae ruImul<lite ro ai.lu~;h :t~ dleg]jJe;e t.hat (]ooha![lges two 0 ~l1l[\l;,'1; mil ~s ~(1ng ~ h p~n • ''i'LIi~ ~udd'f1ily II W , ~piosi\l'e.ly. 'N'~ call tilhe;se d LL~ehZlirg;es "'~[, ~Itlriog,"

]'r [!lUI!' ey , s "I '~l!\i ·eD611~11l; to ·1 "!:trtc eJlec _~ '!,!;IIe 'WJliI<II.(~

e t1iMe ~JJ; . :ITUUflY ii II 'rwtl'1'I,g: rt'v.di 'li:i~n lig~,~~(jcil: '~il~ •

.Most tbmgs w.itb whieh '!/!I,'!,l: ,d.e.13JJ ~re ~Jj)~adJ ,ililli a more or ,ll2"fli'i: !tlk:~im1enHI m,g:itnllOO f.'i!H=!dniODl tbs,l!; is. they .re

t.Jiltbeil:' posil:i'I.'·lr Q,I' m1lJeg,nti",· ]Y' cJ!rarged, '\IVe rUiiiO'~ ~tri.l;

a :nUi.~I;,.'h. cut a pfililc.€ of [)ap.~[. po~ fU!J11i ··De., "'!fI!~k on n ~:r:ft~" 'en hlle.!rL11 wIm rml~ jJil ~tl:'li0 SImlOr, lAln..y Irlfcerrng the eil;.'driC3l1 MD;q~:a di~xn;)lII~ed ~hrmJgg'hiIJlI ~ om ililnJ!il!;lidiruti:e e.Dv~ri(JamenL TIDe electii:'.~oity m the'itlo'll]IrM is: :nil ~l iJiroll~~ ~Hy chm'!lghiig SJ~ lib>, ~ea,vrnc: one plll~' ,and .ileCllumilntw,g 1n ;m~e-J:'.

Th~ I~,~ .ID.Hut us 311d. t~)I'und 11$. mdeed. an '~.JlI1g;s, m:t. ~d ~ r H, 't1rtll' I -1 Jel li'm. ~ilD!y er m~]~ .'f~ 'CiiiU:i.\i'~ OT me:p.~ ti~_ DarJ.'j~ ,IUomi,ill: fllliifiW~e5' 'tthey ilre nil!l '. lInn\!! 'ver. [~~iUve,. lfIJf!:galtive 01' mf:lntlillJ iu a :IQlSting sejH1i~., 'Ihai: whiclil, i~ !I'W~II,nr11 rd:.iL~ iustullfit ~l\!I:r bJl ~kQ JU), posi mi. . ar mleFti~ dn b l!l9~ flil$b~ [(anti a 100dy ~mying,il. positi: !'O chlY,ge ,D'J.3.!y,. uml,er tim proper OOl"dltio~-5~ be. dmnged '(;0

..

.. .tI·ITJll-\C'UU. ...

FI~~. Cmd!l.!(l :,tnS"pOlig 'b::il ~ !!I'I]".. ~d' - ,.. lIb fh'i \~ wiiH dem.QJiltm":3t ~ ibQib el!i.rlricaJli Slt.lmRctll!ln udJ tlcpu1sioJll.

They m I I !l:-trili d. liD! ~hCl UblllWl '1' dlMcri.b1(l i.u th~e tMt.

If ilIiJfl Is tf!lli~rm'g- 11 plfls:.il1'1,.Ii!llI.~! il:IIH~1 'l~ o.ther oegnti .... ely. ~'hey 'i, ... ,g~I·h tr~,nlg'l~ ~nm~cd. 10 ![!.;;]:~ iIl'~e~:.

1.he· re<JJool!lJ for the ~ea",·e.s of tfute eiootrosoope I)".ing !IlP:[U'~ under tie :~niBue'Doo DE ele(ltr;~ eha ,g' ''DO~ dIiIi!l1:1d:~ 'in llfiderstru " . Here we:til Vie th -l!!IJ Sib _- t o.f memall beaeing one charie (wmch may. be eiil:her + er ~). ~o]d.ed 0.'0 f~1leU. Uelltl botil en - , w~u be ~ oon:timct :ani .. l-:ielD" .ffeC ~o mo.'Ii1c", "irWil fly apart w'bell fhi::' In' ~IRI f,folil :M~~"'''QS. an e'l.elt'lfulri.c c',bgjJrge.

t\. mm- .Poo~\[$,Sj(!<n[ll 'r~ or 8~e:ctNK!!OOplJ; ls :!:IlIGWll~ i:!r!

ll.(!g!:!lli,,·"io III 't'llJe te:D1-t'h~Wiljlilldth. put of a second, Thtn'G: is: mro~.y liII~y JEt 'nll'Ul~ 'll y to !!o1!J!li:h 'itt!llldnn:ms DtlI Ml.~,~ til'1'llL."5 the if'1'05t elfL1JiOt.u1te p~lllitio.Jru5 have to be ta'k(,n tlil! .ele~Ilr.i.eaJ!ly .i~lbte a. ,dbll'ged. 'booly m SILIc.b a, ",.ay as ~o iPrn~~{j ills l~l:w1;r,.gr '.

The' behavio:r of these C'hrurge.s:. pJJ5'!fu'e . lId, m,{l~ tive" vwtud each. 'h'J:" is impo.rital jt:, ler ~po:n 1!:h I S !b~harY.i!\)r

5i~ n p. ~ ~ d r.1~r OOI .~l ~~'f.i, l ~ n 't ill Dm' e ':h 'ry.

FOJitmn:i1.6~:ly. tJlli, '']In];yj~r is l'c:'Ia:f1:v, ~ S:UopJe Orlilj the ,;Ult.!.IDIi of eJecb1~ (!hM-g.eS under P(I', ::cjrfe. comdirtfmu .~ u tw,!1:f5 pr.eirl,~~~ ilhl.·. 'Vii n ~""~ro flU,! thll! ~y cil!rn'GJ:d l:!lilldJ(~ ~ b~IjJ~Lt imiLID dos~ ·reb;aO-Ds.bmpj dluy r~pel elKih O:w''e!'!, The: !:iliXl.~ holds for po&'m'Ll\~~r {!1lU'ged. bo~iies" lienee,. '!iIo~. I liY' seit' 'it a;r:ll' n. .s U ~ I!:l.ru:o'l1mupnM, fill ~h!1t llf.:, i\;1~a..rrQl5i fJ/ eklfi.cUy: 'feIM/,ooM Olih~r. Not so ,~th tl"like' ,~htl.r(~.

here atli'fi'I~. cell oth.er. . !J]I1e-,s5i '" re ,fin!l!lly .'I1CWJl' these [~'GJ' :Fat;:ti; in dl0ui~t'O\V" 'we li1iliJ,Pt fr1!Il~' ~!5 welrn "00 ilt11ll a]W tl!.lctihe.:r tnou.,ghJf. of !itudymg. ~'h]Ij'nS., fm- maD}1 Qr the ttitin.p, [t~1iiJt ~ S'h~L~[ 'b~ b)'h'g lti~, leal',~ wiU, be uLDinooru,~.blc "~ilb.o.ut tina.e lb:wk: COIllOC'p~.s.

sltm Fll~er p1"OO£ (lif 'llllill! nature rlI!ild ~ehil:!j.r:iO.f @F elee-

lJrieilJ rih!llIF!ii\L''''''''1 'Ik~. "11" 'It,,·.1i ·i'''''''m Ilcl ... ,~ -1111 ill .

. . ~='b~" . u ~ Oi ""' !J .. "" ~J, t: ;1\.I!!l!..r.e nome; ,Ig\l(-

.. 'fj~]Umt *O\\'U hI FIg. iil ["Iitullii .~'"O g~'~. ed. pinl-PUll! batlJs ,aJj,e; suspended Irom fine 'riJ:'(~ Nmmdy'~ ·these baJlls. \ .iJll ht;: {1] il:tl'iooJ!ll, ~.tm ~~ 'Ddi ,v1l]l tt "wrmllll remain at rest iiH tCilIio:ti.::liCI. oucl:!r ",.,nil!. tll11l ~thEir. If thllj' '-e boj~h I~'l:r~-d €!i1hrer' m::iafi.'Il0~:~r ~- poo:ii:t":~!J ' ~ey W]~.~ -Oy :iI\pi3i~t.

Fm, ,Ii. T:V,iD '('l~lfh '1mH5 :'i 1Uil(jllldUl ~'" OOIt :Iei'll (t~~'r~ W 'tI'mj be U~M lo dMul,oustl!sltJ th!2 :rutb:2"cti:io:m ~l:Id re]_JYhioo. "sr:a~

,~ rr~ '11 'DF eiftl'tri~LtYi

,Fig, I~, .U~hDIlI~h very fl1ll Iy hlrEil~ fnilm '''', 'ry hln p~,u '0 1 mexpensive materials, ulikB incttn;umcnt 'wi]] pi!'nmit us to ,1''i'U.~;!:lUll~' the rate et 'IiII!'hi.e'.b [l~ii: ~.eaws: ilIf I:h\l: :uns:nment c@m'li: ll!I!ilf"'~J1P:I' !lUlt'l~ iJ' 'l,v,. """HI 'I~ItlaJ" ~!IlI. tl1~ win g:l'we us SijJlme' [de-a oltbe poweif: of '~h:' nu;lli~a{.'ti'rity of the nlrilte~ ~rm ls 1~1:r1,~, ~e;sted.

Th ,'-mensl ;" of ~htll ,:jl ''4;'bm~.caFe, -, m ol ,''1111[30:1',; 'iflt aJI"td pnotica]Jy alU of the coustrudioD detafls limay 'he ga.!Jilwr Jd ,r mrn I:hB dmwmg. Thtl eas • ,C'arn 'be '!I!11ade .frof:l!l dry pl,1'I;,VOGd! .sk ,] In ~a.:d to E ["(.lllieJd undhJtIil iilillc:urmll~l~OI!li .o.f JlIlI.t1~t!llI'>e. :n 1& l~J]Jt. 'ti:Q~h~l"' ~f' the use 0.[ IDml9JU 'bn~~.

As, \\illl be :n!llltl~iI hi" tbe dJillMlIIg, a Lhitl SI1!~p of f'id

Fi~. 13. IRI fiJI r 11'~ Im~JiO\' d tl'l IJhu.~:O tllollt enn bo eITi .. {J1D.}"!2d ,lim ,e,'fPl!!limi!m: lN~liliilllg, ro lIi1i':Ldii:ltilJTi, and rM:omiC ftillrgr·

:~btdf liS mQLll1h~clI, I'iIlJ)J[' ill~ laf iIlf th nlmn '~H:,~ '.ll 't'ald, 'whJc'h rnm~ a 5V1I1:1iTI. ~]ijJI]isiu~d bn!~ 'liIiSl!:: 5'OldBI'i{l;d 10 i'!]s: 11)"Ul""E!J" end, . it is bl~iI: t1i~t '!i/i,'e tu:.!kc lim assem 'bl.)' to, ~ 10m! ~igm1 p. hai~ sr ~m.d [h[, • ~ ~hl!1! ~UIJ,dl ~'tit • pi 'cc-~ til ' nild'~ Ilf lin the ]loll, by mea IS, of a WI/J ,·11 flf di€lIac. The bm:: sheuld be t~rn. iBclill too. dUI!t '~h· gold, leiil!f m!'-.y ~H1.: pil'oteeted 'by ~l~l:linEly !1'uJuifi'Hllg, :i~, in th~ 1'lio:li: ,)fl!!"r it Im5 ~"e n jittf1ilC~~ d to 111e rod,

]~ 'wnll be [ID'tk~d thtlJl me IIDd 'pu~~ ~ t;nrotu~ a ,cork

1 ~ Arowe .l!X!PER.I..M s FOB. OOl"5 l·u idn'G: Dlhil 'wH'I} 'lilpihliJliL u th !t it wi~ 'H 0 eolnp~et ,11' inllm.l~ted (room ~'he wood] thj;lou~1. ·wJliiiel. 'i't ]lIOO'es. 1'111: snl~~,hl n- milt be ge.ntl~! h~1~iIlm 1JJDJIDI~ ~Jt. m el lis, ~.f:~ItF "which ~t: ~:!l !JU'IJcI;I'i[r :i'llIlbllll '~h .!'ia~ll!Jce ~\! ~\'\Ie"ii1 th.· wf,'Id Hrod ~h~ brnss rOO .• Care docmJrl b8. hm 'not to .heat Ittu' ~'u1PhUI too m'LI~m 'wlHt: it ~s ,.ll1g m~.h.(J~l.. T4~ ~m'l!Lch. h~Hng will d siroy itll i ling ~,fO:r. rtie5-

To, deteet ~-el")' - ~t 1I1I!l\!{1~j'tlN1i~ ilJf the- ~Fd le;;l:f as it ~tli!:i15i its iC'h1li1f.'gt:! nUl[' d~' back to ~hl! Ill' rH! to , bioh jit i~ :!itiliH'hcd. 'W oqui, ~~~It ~:;Ir.;c~r~~-C!Jpc 'ir'v~JlIh ijI, ~mlOU B1fllligDuymg glGl~:II; meunred :lin a rt~n~5;S 0[' .metll!l t~be .rtl!ld so lm.lm,~d t111l1l Llu' hill' I mJli)~y ~ .rlUlr\lmJ. ,hill ,IliIH~ ,(;jut fm 'pJI per [oous.i II g.

Fer purpCEeS ~)f .r •. ·ompamCll. "''''6 \:.q. neee ~Clde of

~rJm' .::l(ln- !I'll .0.1 dl : in the biU;:_~O:IJLD 1 oJ m'lil" glJh~ leaf and. asa.m.t 1i'i.~ch it In r he view€:d. A CUlT! 1 ~l:t;ut(r I S;rIJ I . and wlnrltilw is made b !l;~rarwimg the Sea €I ('''id} Ind.iill, ~nk} ![lin III .,\i~1f! 1,111 [pic:ctl: ' f ~e[l.r ,glfi&s: It~~Ufi.t.8dI tliJUf' ~n op~il1_g m tne rear 'uf th£! insl:ii1mTl ~nt-

A gl~ windo'll' .L~ ,!I]tiO made .t:Q etl¥.e.r tJ'Ii" chamber (crrllt.'d !lnl ~!:.IDtiCJ.ll ch ml'~'~r) !ll~'1,h' illl Ithibl ~iOlII'r't!ir ,1'UU'l of '~h~ iimtrumel~it case. ,t:is here ~ ~ t .. h . ~"Irn,P. S IOf

amWa.cl;hl"'i? Il!IDteriaJ. ,a;1Ni!' P'£;JI.arll, .aft sr the elOOil.n¥lCOpe 111M .ti:l-. -;"fti 'Ii.:'hgol!:oo. " ~ f.!l~ 'tl'Ol iflog .hgll~ .!iueh m I ~ L i I wm. Mendei' ,~~ :;:IIir :iln ~ht: d.~lm~ex e.tmdlljJctiv ~ricl1 '\~rn .,e.I1Il~t ,[fire, [e.~ ~ct!rk cllarg~ Q]} the ~,](I lea . 1'0 IHk a\V~l~l_ nr ip~ ~ gf IJrlji!Jj 1C'1}'Im~ \"'Iil ~ ~'·prtf.d: UI[lKlIllI ~~Iil!l ciegl\£'i:

Jl ~r: CII!:~'R1lPiim!'ir: ,. ' D, :HlDl'~

A~I_ ei!e'Cb"i'CB] Qh.~-·, s, II 0 IWNrtiteJ how p.ltJW ,IJ I~hey 11'~,Y be OJ' wbe.D'j~ they tltiay aC'CiliI]]1l!.1t!Ue.. are due ro ,tl'i"' Ii1Jil'!iJ~~£l.l' i:iIf rIO '~bfil' ~JJ 6n&£li or ('!, 5I!1b~..aJ:oJ~I!1i1l uJlI!IJI: ,~I)}tmd! as a, iCf~D5tUtlJel~t o~ a]11 :IltDIillili, 'l1!1'fr.5! smai1t:!,;~, I!!jf all .ptlJfliG~i!! J~ caled Silii. el~ctrorJfij Sind re,.,aJ~.y ~~ aDlOll[11t;J: to Il!. 'Degali'!.l'~ !JI . it of ,!oon.cily"

But whWfe. e .. ,_L ""Io:u-.h . ." ili~ If 1[1 rr

' ....... \,;IlI ""' ..... u n 19-e uruu. Oil" .... JLJI iIll16Ui!i5l Ol!: m"' tg

~~.f~ {iillri!l~t1~ IbtilHrJDs. of. them J~d iJJ sert of w9:ndleri.l1g lite. C1 I h8~ 'iN _" enU' a' L '):111_ lfA'l 11 .!iili'imc CJ' ~.'&.u fTI t! h!Jl\ic a.eelUlllJl_n~'fg on a boo1', tb3Jt b~ld)i heool11l1es ".eg;lthl'ely (!'b~~ Wh~llJ lb~y lea'J.\{t ,~~" tb_.e hooy may beOOJlI'I~ Foo.i}~ I 1",·, ~J 'chrrl:',~ed" ~'~~~'{l Wli.lI"rII\l;!~JuJ g;t'J.lI when s ll(1h. 1I!:1gt~J:rilDs, are emmd.edl '~I]lg\t~:rli~T and he[idecl, ithr-ou ~ e~ecb;tc -w:ires, dn1:lY ~.tCDm~ ,,1,ctr1e (!Unelfit or, as ' .... oe SIl'\!',. oil!,leeb:',i city , The hq~l::;I' d:!, rm ml . ~~ of th m ,~~lng ~]l" ~b, . ~ ~I the gt', te:Ji" II'!Je GIn,., 'If{~'gc of the. eurren ~ or its Clapa.c:ity Ilg do WiWk. 'TIl' 8re h.!l? the .~e~ ~I£ the pMSw,c: ,e\fe-oh'\ODS1, the if9.i1'!!i!it. J;' 1·lie I m'i\l,~ ,of th4il ~Ic[!itrltl 'ctIi~'f;~! 'to S~~e~m~ ~~' ~poomt of electrons reach mcib ,!:p"m~ h~lgihu, Inhld t~l@;'r wfll.I·~,p .[16~ o,pt:HI S,fll~ and eaase

~l 5p1J:f'JI;, 'Thel1l ~~~n talL!:ey iflHR !be :ftJl;; 'clJ ,:~ h~1 :5IU I' Sf '11.'

Hun bem !;:!;t low 'vWt,age (speed} that '~fley [ljti~r h ' made to 111 .. j t m~t~ ~8~ tJ , . L, in, IliUi! ease oJ wekilsl,g" Hmvc:,,·w. b ·fgre we 1 lOll l1'we !lbo-'It thu l Q~ 11 all '

,~.o.". .... it w.ii!s ~[l r ~I ] -~ d" .. L __

'. ' \, er su. ,e, us useover .!luff cnU"5eL!iI';'~ the

.lltmll.g,~ w~:ni:I!!!!ll!!illrl];l' llHi t'''!'\lfti"Jil Ifi&;~trlclt1 and ,l1m.pil~b"m!.

M~,lle,tis,Jn, BJ'YJ th,er' 01' ,lectrici~y

W 'T:I!r,v'!EB, 'Il-lE ~\l, NATe" BE OF ELJ!:ic:ntlIC eh rgf;;\S. \11'(31 a'!j thooe, they Oii'" u.tbcr\1y hllllO'!iible ~tmnd ,thlJi' some !rort of :lITil1'~:eriQW; :;;ctim'!l.taJres p]3.C(!' in fhl2; Sf.8!OO itltd,S:epal',~t:e·, ,~lml"g,~ lllMlE~ m the ,act J ,fJ~pillllb;: or m;t~!l;l~illig .e:::!.~ 9!~en·. TIl' ~m" ilbolw. l~r!Je of n:m:!Jl;liltiism~ 1~li~, too, Vii'e dlsoo'il1e']" ,the PO'Wf:f of this 'inv.isdb~.e fwoo ~ ,reFe~, '!a v' .to! 'Q'lict r,h,lliolllgh ~aoo" T.ln~.u~ ms ,~U&i!l fi. :!lbrt:nge ~i:i1" rfl'}t. teri:OUH reh~tiol1:\l'ltip be I ween eli!!'(! r~~l clui:figes, and ,Iiflagme'l ~ JlI]; btdeOO cbelWeem electricll)' {~nher C.IDl'~t or: '~Ut) ~J, d. magDlI:i'iltwn. M,llgn t l!il ms. ~ m)'Sioofi.aus ,part: of dlifili ··H~uc·· tbIlit b~dds: m "rtlt;-e:!i 'tr..!i,g,ll>iUh "ii QJ~rl t.MI p!la}'s su,d~, an importLwt P!W1j:' in the; pl1'od1illc~miJ ,and il:ii1:Dboi Ii!If ,f;ilnl!foilt:l:h8e mElJiufmls.

If 'we lnl'hl~ ~~'1Ii)Ui~,li~ of '1lI1L3gruettii:Sm ;wt all c]t~g 'di~ p$.!lt', If

"'-''l!i na'YE! pIQbaibly thougb'~ ilJif tt 'I;mly i:J!I OOnlnectiOT!i l;t7ith alll'lII.dj:ofi, FG'I,v iboy,si1a '!; • grn;\~n t~1 !i'1!a:nllQQ(]J \WnlhC!llI.I:: ~t ~" It:IjHtJI Q.f '!J~ll'4r E1!;\''I;I'h~i l!HJiQilI .nn)'1!iiUA d by ii'i, ~!lU horsesboe l1!!t~;llll~ ~[],d it'S ~1IJri(kU5 JililH"!~-= 't®.1 p~ln nails 'c'o It L mid .Ltf~ ElfJlat~'lttly hjJli!,'vy :p1~!il I~~ llL'OO or st~ ,'I..

'.- '11 p~ mOIl'l:' of om iIo:~:h~eiulio~l 'II..,jitll nnl~H5JJ 'hm,!; U ::!JUG. ended with snu::h simple "'~[,"rimelll:s. Hvw',e¥er II1UIIII;: is; flU Jy lIi p.ut 0_ the fasc!.n!_ ting oS rory_ fI;,~ 'gnett'lill'l is somet~gmo.if lhmru, "E~}It1I~ 'pj,'l;lip;rt~fo-E ~lLlDU. or shJl'4l. 'W'lUl:Itli,e,l.'W aa clGetri__.C Ol.U'1l'tJ!] , (eitb.er. S!-c. er ~~JI;;;,) :passes ~t!'gh, un ta'~hJ(l! w]r,e_ .. fi !D:}-R;gllUH:L(.' i:nIuel ee ('i;..'1!IUled .il 6eild:) liS B!ld u~ nmij'lld ~.n£:h ill 'j",i;tle ;:md -P~,\ d..s CiL' ~ \-\' th th.e ,We- 3!S a Cetlk"t but bt.'({~mmg w0a;:er and ""vem.~f' (;liCC ,·1 g. 8) m~ t j,~' d:UitnDN ,fri!:lmil tlh,·, \vk-e is :fnL"EI~~d. 1'h., '-i!:I - - ]·dl "'ilileldl, , "in dr clI-Se (Jf ~ t{ll electrIfied bodles ile5Cr]~. In the p'~vi{lJlls Ch,o[1te;L"~ fn'!IIolv ·~m:r:iiI,e~·io.uSi' Invisib.ll ' flog 'm tllll, r-e .ell oo~ f-w.m a m~~iIi,!timd, bo~;ty. ncl:' Uhe:Jf l'J.'rlU er p.w~'i, C!J I, u :JTLi1!\Il, "b.~ body. rnllrlJ dDe ease oJ ,tIli1l. OE"fHumy bo:rsr.."5hoo 01: b~x steel m:!llljj~t. ~he-so ~n'l,;'~i§lil)nl! ~J:iJg~ (:noes illf f{!ll"eC. I1my are ,calle~ by :S~Jf~ilsl~) ,arFe ~~lTed to ,(l' t;Jj In liFe: '(;I f:L ~d. , OIl;VeV(lir, dle maglieti5JD illIr mag:ne~[c Held rou~d abmmt n, w 'll: lmn;y;~rlgtim"!. ! ot Ill' e'l.lHl'Cllrl :I:!: .F~,f~ ~r I as aa ,e1:ell"h:"tmlm.G'Ieth;: tielmi "{!rig. as ,-' • 'iI1i;ht, ·.ISiU • !liiC::'S, tln~ ~h~ 1n3gnetiSIYI has ~'1 CFoot'«l 'by the p~g;~ of

=,1 N,,, " I'

OIIiI l~ee!fJi'IC 'ctUIf.'Q!l~i

j\, few very 5imp'~ e1l:,p~imellllit.(l with. ~fUi 'm~~l t5l 'win

_ wnt'r-; C~\I R r~G

.. ' El.l?,i.1'RIC CU RR!l~I!(,-1

.. ]R().N 111t;mNG

111) ~'h . ease ~r 1M3 H~'s iI1lU'f}~llg l ill ulcet I C cI.u_g. n l~h6 GCllIillly'be giti:her posil:ji,,~e 'or negwti"i e. ~ liflgtT - ,(JP th !lJtlh~;r ,h:n~u.d~ JUI" matter w:hu i'Ol'm they 3lsrurne,. Im~re ,::I, 1~!!lIr-th, ilimJ a SfJutl\l pn!-. ,:('hLl~ Ihlf:Ins. ]~l~""" IIJQI pW."iJi1ph ~c;; 1 :nnea.rung· f:KJOC"]?t ~ha't the earth itself behi1,re,5, :in the ,nnalll!1er of 9. gt'~l :ljlJU1~.el and l~iIi!t it: hras a, &l1JL'~ and t MiOj~~ P , ~e.

,~rlum the nmlih, ()cole of iii magne'~ is l;uou'gJlt '11Iea:1' t~he south. pllll~ or .Il.:IJiOltile.1l" IlIfl,llgll-eI:J ~e nee "1m UrI'act, ~~!I~ ot~~/r:!I" with 'i;..'IOnli~d[!".I:I~:h'!Il ftD'C~i ull~ rlJgh r~r im!J~i~ h~! tt]!:.'[r W~,Il:",'Ji~r (Sl!C lrig, '!il). iHhi1I1[~'I."~I1:r. W~l1[m i:;IJU;i1 '11I]!'il'Jit.'if' is t1Jm~d, :ii!['QllIl1,{1 :911(1 thE: ~n.wth ;md 5Q1Jth poles of eaeh ~F' urr JOg6d >oppo l~tl']Jli other. t'hu; fo, ''8 of rcpuJslt.m. QI: '''']iI{t~ibing Uwtl ~ w1iU;:QJ1!I1lI mtQ play; b' . ~ ~ :pcn.~uJI m:a!!!Dsbs .: t.IiJis ·'pmbirn; a;wa,)'''' may become 00 "I .. ~nl~lll ,IJ,S . Lcb mUll' '~H It'll!['i: the i!lIIi~ 'mo m c[J,g_tle't tUliO '1.1\~ Olr',

]jf webave aJ.lfl illIr.di~ l~ik~~ ~);mp~iSS; iimd a dry reD ,~'bHt, "'~ oiJ. D very ,~~y d~miJlil.8lml • drs ,!l:lt:ml1~~ !,unW ,myslil:rloul'> ft."~.~U;j0J] 'hip b"'f'I,\,'-' '11 ,'I ·ctIki~' IlJlm 11l1fli~liI~tism, Ia the case of hniJJigiilllg' i~(!' ",""ilies together 3.5 iD Y,lg. 10.. e cti:!r'c eDn',:ml wrulll H{!!w flJOllli the dl) eell, ,[\'.Ju! '\v:hen ,~ ~!}nt C'l is m ,d~ nd ilIiJiL"filt fftr",V!i. dl ]ittlle :g·edI6 9f '~ (;om,pas'S w]U swint \.I'ic.lf.1il I~. In !this case, rh~ ~1~CItricmlly :9o,,"l'jng tm'i::mgh I~e "fiN: (!r.l2:IlL!g,S; 1'II'iagJil_.6- '~i~lll ~m:tllirrJ ~~ wirlJ;, 111l!ll!'il 'II!,I1jJJ put U dlll,\IiIIU, th~l ifil]~~llfi~;ty

----- - ---

Ftc. 10. T11i3l1~ """rirT..!· [ca:n~in£: o?'lectrici:ty :ac~ as ill, IlfltagJflet eaa be [:kl'(!i .;en by a;11[. iWrpefhrie:n~t. \1\"~lm] !:.!tllnn!ll'l l!ItJ!'I.V.!ii .illl. d,e" ~.vire, tihe [oom[~ noodle wjil be ~'tQ,~ed.

he 'oompass ,!!~ljll 1 -, 'IDO hl''' Jlway t·J b nlfec~ed by ·[be mmcagnet itself. After the ron; Iflop i;g made, fine .mw GiIl(i!!: tI:' th ~ wi ~li~'p:r) i ug I~h ooii and till lop ,ill" [0011- IilIijCt'ed topthgr.. 'IiLe JlIooket eom sass .~ pJ:it~·d l!IIeM the lmd of !the' wire loop as: close ItO 'ftfte· 'J;,~ as pm:sib!.e.

w· ... l ~I;IT!W hL~ • ~ IJotu' or ho;l::;;~I:H]. Dfmgmt "'rE. r1Initl rrU1/!;1f.!i it hI! ~h~· 'lPi!l:l~m~1:y !lJf 'h~ coii or ... ~ ~eifll'lilll UU" l!Jyriijl' on il1e w::edk· ~f th~· OOI'n.l)tlSS tID the .mealltiime. ,,./t: !IIW"~ "'at

FIG- ! l!._ l1J.lis ~'.iinlGl!II~ dOlXJjJ[wh.ales ~l~e reta~Jo.:t\Sbj.1?' OOtJ/;',AOOD :lw~~mn 1:1]1(1 !l:lcel fi'ty. Wh n thil;!' 1n111Pilt. i"l 111,tlIrud "",ii~l'im Ou!iI ·Nil. I, t~le cnmp.i:I~ :u;e~ Iileilr GliMn Nilli .. :2 "rill hI! sgp.~Ji~ed<; :!l:·t~Ci<lAt:'liEIg Ilh:ar~ eleet~ty ~ ~Jne!'~Jt~d io ooLh moh~. "I,i\1'1I:u:u~ Ih~ III ~fI ~ tJ! ImItiOJ'll~~[iI. '[iI ~

el~in1'City 'wilD HD'W •

.e.,.-:ery ·time ',"roe move the In:ag«:tel the D~.1e o( the cnmpatSs; wm ~ve a :iI.I:gllt ~erk pFo'!,'1ng dIt,Jt· ill CllllliJieJll{ of [Ii!~~i!!tri~i;ty 'Hu\O, IIIg hftm.g·hJ IIp,t]i truU wi "' of .he eotl. This. lIapJlIe:DS ornly ljdre~ rtffile mllgllet is 'moved, ~n it is he]d II11lJti~J~~'~:'iI~ I1Il1,1ilrJi tbe '0011 nu eurr "nt l~ ~~:J; '~J!;mJ_ 'lihls". i~]cil;l'ell~l!:dll,~1 it]: ~he :pr:~~c~pl.e used h:lr [the .niEl:L'8tim~ m rd~ctrlcity 10,)' means of il~ie dynamo..

NfJI"'" we have Pl\IlWiH by m~~ rn~ of v or}\' .l:imnp~ - ~p ~i~ 1liIW11'~ . ~h!l't, .~ .1 Eo~i;}" will gi:ilL":i'LL'!JG' mill 1: "bl' m Allnd th:~tt i-nfulm, !l1aglfllelM~n wiH gll!nem.t,e [eJjecmcit)'r The::r'e ~. ~.r.!l kJ he bl'O'tihJi.."..al1d~~te_r ll'ela1io1lUhip ~~t~~l1J ~ l'Y.~ ..

W'e hR'I,I"e .stl!lJ~~d be.kn1e thnt e:~e~ll1)f:it}!. 'i,!ii.~!':~!]e']j' ri~-' .il'lg: s.~U (s 'mtie) @l' ml!M,I'iug {,a'ul'[1I1!Int) ms (![!I.IUsoe(] by elee-

- - ---- . . --_. -- --

,-

l~-lI1il. l~, "!.~"eul !:..'Urf!:;'''lll :FMDlI [t.ile' 'bI:lUt:\LY flu¥I dUUllgh t1b:e wspemlled lI."OU1 ~ii: coil] '~liIm III,;!~ T~k- ~ IrnI Rgm t, ir! liS: C\il~h ~UnHjh~d illili"

]"iIl_peUed 'by Ilar;!' ldee] JliI g de,p!!Drhn ' ~lI.lI'OJ1i. ~ pO ' i}'! !line :inl rnlJgf_ I' ~ ruLl~JI 11: Q!lil~l\,~t I " '(!Ii,

[tillmls.. Ilfli the ease of eleetnc Cll.rren'l; dl~5e eJecD.r'cm~ ~ ~~ll'eiulIDi~,g til:llUtu,gb 'i~~1~ rut, ~~igt'll speed Ilnu the ~ of e'hillirgtlQ 'bil;;li:lit's, i hey 1'1111~]i·ly aeeu m'li~i~~e- .n'ld 'Ii "mnillL l[]JJo[i'oiJJ~_

Mii Itfi IilIlimI ~el" ~hrr IIr! F 'IB:II!~ _; ~f.y :i5!

}\IWape:t as. in Fig. ]I 'cmII, be 1LIsed,~ ,:1 solt ij)f "'rmp·" to s&~d: l~h0 00,,"11' 0'1 eiC'!::h'{ID.i!l ~1.1 wir>es. ,lind miitl~ ill! low 0[~'lI:~'OD,5 i5 stn ['(l(], the~r j"I'II lI;u ~I~, 1!.i!'I1~m'bl,'lITlI!I~gn!lli~Lm1 'wlim. fo~tns ~,ielkl auJi!illliLd the l11.il"e. The strelllglh elF'~ .tna,gn ·I.ism beut tb~ w~r~' win d!:!ip ·nclllJpo;tl ~he num~f' ~jf ,e1leC"~OIfl'" HO'lllling '. aeh 5ectmd of time.

EleellElGI1IS tdlatrelnmlfl mTId!!tllITI.8 Olf!. dil J:"g,ed bodies dto. md prOOll!ltl c!!lUdliJ 11"l!Lgm(llU~ ~.e~d!·,

- -

Discovering the Eleeuon.

_'\.L T.HOUGH M.~lN·Y MEN OF scm LNCiE BAD thou.g_ftu prJ/jf' (!I, l' 'd aJJI:_ :1!ii~U-er was SOil ~h~ ill 'Or o'fuer

lo!ie'ly :it, fgmd 19 , '~ "tric~ty. '11 ,./ eeu t_l ,rodu "IilD oL:~ perim:E:D.'rai ~\\-i eJ.~OO to srumplffilrt '~eir views.. It'l;Yr<]sll .!lUlIJr tlJri~ i_e that Sir Wtl~fum Cm't~t"!k€.s ood ,["ot~~, 'or J, W. l'.ftu:;im~olll OOP1\\1e8I1e.tiI. 1 h 'Iii" 'i;VQJik ,:miJ '1ft ~'r- Dri!iml .' ','lI~11 ~, ~ffiJrIJ.!nde.ri:ng dM,,'n tlu-olllgh lb~ ~~h:aries: ·~o eeme, Th'ooillgla lb~~r oO)orts: .ilfitl 'tm u ~e8S<Q'.[' d~g~ Itlltl ~hrts of Ij}'~~ miMI, idle bacs;is !1Jf 'm!be I, . ';>two ·ti"he ':y 'i,,l,ll, :5 t d6Wlii.

l->rm.F 00 '!:hc :l\P_pe.uao.oo of ·these itwo. expeU:imem ~~,' ",Iw WB;s, ~ th. !~Oljnl.c thoorY-'ill' r:l1aJtiJ~ r ' !llild. and was gene-raiUy accepted, T11)~ Chemi1i!try 'b, ks ~ iml~ilt dn,y Bltatoo tboott l:nSifWr ·was. OO'"tnliQ;SOO. 'el1fu't:ly o.f atJ!!)Jlil and limt diw;e Wgf.'U !lei sm n~~. pZkrUciC"B .~ml""t'IIi. ~£il 1_1'. :ll-eifllrny t:hQ Wf!!5; nQ'llinl iRlI~.t 3 ,@;lliod. :JI.i'Nl::t. '~O O'1'E1 iOC!\J!ld! ~ an ilLlo:m •. Ato.~ WeJ,e f.q- me sma.lllo.]'· tbat. Some

!1t1

~vomg the. EbImD, ~ ei.ty-odd. elements of ma'trer \\o'e:Jie bO-\li.'1=!i ;lit .,.~ tnne ~iiiid t:nelnl ~' n:lIent '!AI .~1Ql!p.!)cSOO ~:o nnY(j' iJj;~ 0'Wi!-1 ~t@.m, ']iler-e: were the a:kUDS oJ lead~ C!llIppe;~'~ oocr~n. ®,~c,. S-1)fIfic atmns \.'iI!!.'Irt! he. ILde:r lib!;1:-n others. m:ru:1l same \l~w m'tHkl',tll:

L live "clI' m~clI'lly, dlflt ~) ~ n o1h", • Th 'eto:memf~ themslil'ves were 'l:b~ basic ~ of c.reailio~l. Bv this ~ J1IlI~l th1l!t tit JI_hw·.r'l! aJ d aJ] tilt t W.M in .it. was OOI!ll!p~d1 Q~ thIS 1 elmme.nt!i, ~hme ,md ~II'I ooln1b1 n1 tk!lll5 'IN1i:1lliI otlJ.0i1" i2.h;.'iInents: '~O fOJim what ",'Ir'l15, kmo.-wm as l!OOlIilpt:Jtl.J1~_ 1:;,111' IrI1l.sIa:i]~", will-t::!i!i ~!f i!)1~(lr1lt l]ydrlO~reo oomhnlIl.M. w.U:.h. tiliw 'iii ~lI;m!lil fII'~ <O;i!i:,)" ~n;, dIe mlll [X!"!;md ''WIIltor U-T ~Q) '!iWI!!5; W:ml~d. and. t.hi • :r~ultimg '!linton of atllllms ~1'gJS: I~~td a mo'lf1ii::ul • The. Gi~!!:"LlI· of w-at]' 'W, _ M.cu]i:l.dy Ifmnfh~; Oltl;;r.',!;'~ invGka: the 'Ullhm 01 mDre [I:~ilm!l: (tnd 'were 1m' more oomnpli.earted, In ~ nntshell, ttu[LS. as the .~ of eur ideas I!J.' IITn~lt_ i!!:ll!~·tor .~ml ~e-1Y1&1It.ypl'~m t(ll the 8.,l~an~ oj th.8t· ,s1il'J)[l]le5lt of :;111, ~gfjl' lffiIe mi~ny eleel;r,(D.Il.

O,~ lltlll1!'r,iW, !Iii!!! J ngjlJh'illig mlnds of ~Q,S19 .[Juli .. ~teC'1sroD clays 'i/'i,l{If, at:IJl5bmtJy wCillcle:ling wJ!l(q,t tt-'ktms rel!l!ll)' 'WGn and jjf ImlliI!€:J. 'W(lre' eomposed of S'l';LU S'rn :eil' pad:ideli.

!OOi~ 'J:, =- J: -l,U¥ Iy WlkIIiCM1.lfi p'y. lei 1" 'baek ~~ L!I' ~ 1860 , ]Iighted lllP' on.e ,i:d dllie tIDatdt coruers of ph)~; mid. :!:lup'wlied Sir WWiliI:ml 'Crooke&. w:i1l1 Intm'y oJ. hb jd~; \vhel'll lit: (G~51e1') ,e-Mtrult~~ ~ ~~11 g'tu~~ l"M~ ~ ,~,,~ i.i\ he' IPlttm:pe~ 'o-oct as mrtLfih. ,~Yr ~5 he ,cou~d) ~miI 5e:lie4 'lwi)1 elee 1n1Id~ (. mel:aJJ ,oo:DiIlI,!i!E~r~) rn the rub~. lie wat~

_----- ---

- -_- -

lil\'y~llilg 't6 rhl tI !l;I!11 h, \'1;' ~I~lrj , Iii I ~ I'n 1fr1II~H 'heh~- ¥ \JO"b:en ccmfr:ool:ed] ulltl,. ~ V:;I!CtlUID. Could, n !.eap m.(!ffi~~~ Gildsslif!;_!, fll!iII 'rt;d, t selL' IF'J.,g_ 1.:3 ~ ~h,lIlt l'Irll'U~I--:.1I' (If(_lin::lmy cill'OOm~ !ii~'U~ll:'l .. s, i clJ!uit~ :1~lJ't. rh~'!f~IC'l{'!lI'" ~ hil: mi' d 'L~ "'Vd:,'ilIiJl;U' of me et~1;;dc ClIIne_l'U '~,mii.il hy ".t1iltllJg , ""re mean the rm,JV1iDg or '''Ipu~h'ing: pewee" or the t:ll',n:nt), be Onall,~f Ii [ijiChe il J} pl);nt wh re 'I'h· Imlltp 'b: 'hy;, m1 h; col 'c¥LfiI ].j 'W~:s made, CumJlIsiy iI1!mouglll wil,eD the ,~lleetricil)"jumi?e~ I~l~ gup. il eaused I tol ~llIll ~iLI U~bt up ,~~ll;,r~f~g Q Uil "",'er~rd hlllLle celnr, J I' \~iJ~~ ~Li Yefy Slil'illl.ge !nnW ~alGib: d ij,I"C\t'Y Q!!)11:F~illg.

1 t was Ilnt' hm;. aflt r CG15s]'!ijr'~ '1i'llOr,1:: that S lr W'iUi,a[['jJ en ~e.li set abo~l~ '",I~I;g'I[mtin,g gb~~ 'C1i11, , m~d ,Il'ildfhlg eJeetl'k!lt}r lhfiOngh tme.m_ .Hie hou,gbl;a, grrnU desl illb:cil!l,~ Ih . i!F', il~ ~g " ,,!\·t~~rd light 'l!!o.l'hi]~~ rrmn these h~'OO '. [nlY of fh(!' 1~\l'l]1IeriIne-JJlteili'S af lh::> day w]rlo I, ·.~rdJ {!II Cli'ool~s~ "'-fQ]fk We're' fl niek 'w.ulf'i ,:;m ,e-:Nl'lIs.ltH3; .'{!IJJl. 1'he- believed. tharl

!PIG. 13. 'Gei.ss!et, a CcnA~an e·Mpe'.Il'ID.1.emrti'er-. di'!;co1Iiered ~t d~ if_ cll, '~Im Pllig !'hl . ~~ :IJ ,-', i!!U Jfetl, gl~!:i t du.! '!A :lqc1'II Illilt!! 'I.'Dlt"ge Is ltk~p i!!1iI!!tnih. '\r\!'llLt::n ~hil'i, i!il done, sud:! hlk'i 'O!till gh.1:l un' 13, ~h bJ~I~gleflU H.r)Jt. (from Tiu;r.! \~hl'l'o!*~g k:&t-C-.liil"on hy [;t';}ytnood. F_ r,at~.

~'[I1i!pClf , Ihi;l"dJ~[I'S, N,cw Ynl~li:_ lijl~.)

.L W!!II 2£11

lliS0I1f'!oll'_ring IlIRe .I!.!I.ccbl'iDo

• Inms 'Il.'Ir:rbl ~,t'tlr (bl !l~U' ·ltJt!l:mi!IJb! • no dtouibl,} w ru 1m- 1",1: l:w.lll i!!l\'\/' Y by tit ~dil!)lII >Ilf dl 'IS l~!drlcity ;JJlil.d ~nriiled "U~j05>'S d:u~ :5p1~ce !a~'1:"'J.'!!.'le:u th€: idecmc eo.ntdJLldw.,~, Cl1.' eleetmdJl:'S ~'tIfih.'(:i mnb t''l.lill' Gnd~ ifl{ th . glu!§ls tul e. Tl1t.:' :Ugh 1'[

[.'':m:, ru" 0l~~~'h~g _ H1ndem ICil~l.'Ilkir '~I1I~JiI.!i 'i-l;l eomuNlt~fl[: j,t to Jll [b'i'~;-"jiilfll~~ s~ikf:D~: O:u f:i:iitlWlQ'~:lA)1I OQiil Goe-~S'-iier tubes Bi,UIE: i:ne1i!~~Jl:ii'!lil! ~[~d nnmy b . ~j;'.i}'~ ham ~~fd :ro:rt~ :1,gni'Uon e-o~l-

, 'I, tI~Jlllt W,!J~ m(lli(lily ,c:hll~ ltD oolliSilITlns t i1rlig pl!i!iOO be'~~ellll ~If:' flying to:rHndi the :f -'1111" 11I,~·mftl ~ af It~D.c o.l--mo~e-Jic g,Il$eS Mn:U~JftoiJru,g, ,in, the tube.

Cl'lmOh...~ '!p, _ , 1II0t Hm i'iim • J]~ ~'hOOiglmJ tlmJ! ,ud. 1l![I exp:bm~'ffu.JIIJ amoi::ln'Cl,;1i1 te O\'If[',;:dmp1i.fic;;ati!J:ll" :lrar ,[I, i ,nrc Umne" he \V,ffi8 IIlI:!rl!lch buf."lIed t.o'il¥'aT..sd ths '!>ie-\\!' b:~ tbe._ w;)'5' Oi uEIlJU r'l!t Si~.n l(! of 'm. U '. ,IIJr1-d ~'b t he ,pllW.t~' ,m ',lI' they w,cr-e :pafti'iC)e.5. repFe!ieD~ed this. iiOlittn !tit _ iDr ~rndl,iUllt mt U~[" .. " ".' ~UI ~ was oWt thaJt: 'ti'f_J1lllle ,l.!L1d suU il5'~ e;o;n!!IideJil:~] ~1l!' b ' fiirl three ~.l!.Iiill! ~:mi:'!ii &DUd ~ :~i~IIMi'Il. ,il,l~~ ~iiies, SlfE V!i.'ID1lillii1l1i t:J:);l1:nght Ir:h of his .~moo of "'l',~iill:jIIliL~ Dtltil!~Jt~!"" \Ws; as fall:' ,r;~U'm\~ed ,(Yom a gas: ,lUi g.a es M"e ~mm

i'fqll!l!id.s. I n il!~,Dl~tl' he 'I" 1!illlm~· 'd ee vcry "'Jii~lt hI: r!i Dl:illlteir,

CIi01l1iI.:l~ l~~t p.{f.donRffld 'mile g: the gI~te~t c1aS8i~ exi)ll~en~5 of n time, Ue.Fi;Jrr "'W tl:l!:,1 i:1 h. ! 'l~ 1115. for a mOm.em:t eXllImJin.e 'the 'C'rIIJOm' ~be jn Fig. ] a We no['.e i-ilru !K".Q~~d·,ifJ. na;etl.llllll~'l::r1fld~" , ,i!: im,'V6 ]leanl.(t d:lil/t '~lDe. lI!Iii::Ilid'lluil or ··be:F~·~"II" gj,t]llll~plu~r.I~' l.8ti ;!,i in tit, Ihd]Q UI,~I.',!2' eaused till ib$l;.'Qffit: l~lIiilin{J,,1.5 w:hm 'b.omlbm:·t~e-d w.lth thL:' Jly~ g 'IlrtiQI~. 'will :~'I"II' tJ1ey [iil!lgl1l 1fI~, But th.e ~es were not!th, IIH1~y U'"ngs ~ j II I;!G: ;n " inm ItIlQu 0.1:'

'fiUlllll!\!irellt '. A[lllllft!m:Uy,. snme w: 't&e swEfd· moving l).m:ti~J '!j: ~l W em ~o. Ilh uti of. tbe gl~ 'l:iul~ aDd .stl'if~k it. The gl~ i:~]lff then ,'krwec] kll a J?eeJJ~Hnr f'r,~,sl~~I. giv. ing ,Mf iii. lind, otl: li,ght,

Vifll!u'~d, dlOic:h:j,w~ h ' ,! ,t, ~11.11 tlri.nsu,J.t 85 ]Il mclh13!FY

30

"

I

l~

n~, 15, Eudy 'Bxpririmsfflt5 .. .".,i~b p.llee-h:1ieJ diiWll .~ tlmil'lgJ1 "''!!IaIllUEl!terl :g;I'ilSS lJt!Jb~ s:hf!lwed I~biii,t ltibe :s-1ife.am5' {Ii 1!~.e~t1in1ilS set in m~lj[(m 'i,!,'iI'lhI:lm~ :!!OilL-1i[~ Cti'l-'~ Ii;lOu'k] b" Py~~!!od ,~t 0] dUlU' UiOO'ILI:a{1 parm by :I. TI.l~g;noet-

ligJn a'? ·.Ii'1ll t " _ I l1, (]U ~. I [u~ tijIlO!t '!r \\ Ill[ilIll, ~L~Jked, h~j;1iI!'!leU" and he aru,.,reJ.ed ~l b)1 ~h~ aid of n si'l1Dple bilt ing~ni.,u;s d.ev~ llhowl'lJ Ibm Fig. 16. He ~p.~r laJterpos:ed,;a ~1llI~!id ~(;id'y 'br;! 1"111' <J I ILlii hlll,O e.liI.'Ch(l~ ·s. Thu resu~Jt \J.'~L.~ ~ d~:lhlitg slmradDw ~I~~ IlUI thm: wmi of th,~ !lb. Srf'm, 'IIillI' d.le[toJJI!!!l 3118\.1·1' eeuld ~ ~ve:il as to the lU:tIJtme of the ,I' rfifdi[J,li. Hell: CO!JJ:i{l it rC!:J mil' bu :;,1IlJit~ d~t tl!Je h rl.ml!lf!llam~ W3]g esused by' p~1"tide8.. Ferh:arlS:J! new fo.mIi 0. Ii ht WD.5 OOhlg ge-oe.I!'ntGd_

m: 1~~t"],~~QN

~3.

IDis:(!~ilg; IilleRI~~1'dl'll

Suhse'lue:JlIJt le£fef:1ime:Jllb:; ~rev.e1',. ,sb_o,.ved pretty 001],I!:tltl5i~Vre]y tho t pa'rtie~.·s thoy were, I1tlJui ~hl1lt tlpr '!/ .... U.f~ mO:lIliIL18: Olt 1I].ltrn .. hLpl ~dl ,e:ulll;Mp'.!i 35 fmlf, as fO.OOO :oWes per second.

Nmlul'nn,y ~h· _I(K,PUl"jll!l~J!lib' o! line tUn prhre;lp rlly fnd~tlil' l. J. 1llitOm5VnL, 'wer-e anxious ~u .lind rOUt \lIi'.h ~tlfi~f'" Or' not the!p' U~les (if th~' welepMt1d~.s). had My el o!n J poop 'Ii1 ~ rs, ~f 'l~ . 'Y we re p. rU lus~ I ·r.b P's they bog an electric 'Ii::'hllii,ge. eit~"Lef." posiilfve Int. n~~itii,,,*·~ • . A. goad ,~ Y I.iO ,Ibul. ifHl1.l \.oou.M be ,~o use the ~~~"I~ !l_rml~ 111 I!i~ ](h.!.s'~nltf:d UTL Fir;, ru7. ,[I, 5l}iec.ill~ kind '!1lf t.r],e set up wridrJJ a ,seMgd·m metal ,e~edrode '~vkich \\f6L11lt1. .dol !be eenaeeted ~L~ ,ay Wiil,Y 16 the ilfi~tail ,ail\ee· hiOIl11illll Dr ~~nff I ilmls c.lli .i'" iimg th • J- ISI1,.,- QhurJ' ·l_ tl'iclty ift~1!} th,e t11ioo, an~ 'Mitb'3 thrum, ccndueter l).la.ccd 'II il~"hjtb the e'Vil.CIlI.Qt ~d! tl1lbe aad e-bul'gOO. w.ithl [>Mi!lllllt: ,,1r;."Oll!'l.ciLy_ Iwffit: ser T11H.11'lSU)II ·~uM:m·dl lI,,·tth gtlilJid lQgi!: tll!lt if the pmll:jdes 'bore any ,!d.ilId! of eleetrle cl:ii!'lJ"gre' 'either + IDl' ~ ) ~ ~ey , ... ·olllM be ,tJ'[~ber tJlfM~rfUl ar li'IfJ~'~1'N1 by dYe' pl;:-~t! • OOllli~ ing i~ ~. -1 ''C~ii1e ;&:'Iblf'g·. m,le " LI'IOlil :h, the I~ m ~f3.LS £renllnd to be either aUmcl"cti or rope-lifed by the t'bilir.g d pl. me. U tbe- p~' to \Wi.. Ifllil, 'LL1\'ciJly dn~flged~ itihe lX.".llilijIOIi' .• roy~{'Wtlrc llHmt ~tW.{l" if'om~' pilI', ~ a .J?<i"io.,..'e c,ha.J!'ge was, gi'l;lloo the flak;, then ·the heaen was bent 'tGWDlrd t~[ ]?ln~.

l~n.~D,g d icill '~h '1H\1i'~~ lIl!'Ii'idi;NIc:e ~iJpear pointing to ~ 'idlelll tlWit llbm;;; iI1I1fy5h.1iim.!I~ [,IJ.-y 0'1" beam 'wiJI:mil '~ij:!; rube 'W.::tS

,Ft~. 115. Sir Vri. iUi~lTIIl Cl'OOkes. '~ae E:mlg-r" 'bi . i:cmlti ~, CKpGri~ III !lIi~(-rll w.iid1 milD.r Itype:s oi Ili" . euated r.J~~s Imuilm tluro:ug~li "lDuEt:h he ~~ii!d hi fu v;Q)tl1ge ol drii:l~tl. T'11 ~m '" f. l~-' (sllo~'m :;!!oove) .be s1!:oolW~ HJ1~t tltl par~1es. loII;iftifiiw dill!> ·titlbe ·afl. t WeI',' Mil: .ill~ mooon ,"'OuM m:1,!,in. ;;!! ~hr:itl'~1IN' t Ihe m'hEi m !the tube, CXD.(l*eS- dlM l1I~t L'lIJiDW .lilt 'tbe- tilDe t~n!ilJ~ ~~fi~ [:i'iOIJiCm,-

1I.. .. 1l~~ ,",1i!!!IiI .ek'iCltl!illl"'~"

L

0;13 ti'!tf!r1I'1,!l; mill" ElIl -, I mi made up o:r tmny Itla'rti ,~1e5 ;lOO tll~ t th·, pru;fdG>'i. bere ['I~ga:tive' eb3lrge..s of e~.e('lt['l:.c~lLy_ ·rllilt imlg~ri1iou~. rn:tlitld,eslilO1" nrmll$ll!l1 ~IDt on;l)' made I:Kl~:!I iffi,p;mflllmlJ t dl~: i6'io'@iJ' b1£ltbtl ,:J .Il,ii '!JIoI';U.~ :,]bl~ ~o e.sl1rjlLiJI!~:e ~hit:· '!rli~;'lighrt [o'~ dll.rg p.oirc·~JJes. :ill spi~e 'Illf tl t:' f!;l!ct th ,~ they ~~e.r[e m:1,[tvlI1. ~ ]"[.\:(!lIwly. H:e '~~rt 'w thl.'t· IdllO'lJlgh bull ~t 1m 'WIng EOOMlD In)ilus F1' ~Dmu is:. naJbl.lll'ally lfIIll.nC(u. nere dliBicuit to d~fkd fil:om its eourse h om;:. JliL01i,t"lIg ~. '[niles .pel' bo.ar, U WI)t!lMI under' cerij'J,j ci.l". ~m'l JI H."e.5, Ib~ [Kls5:ildv. to 411-1 fiiJlliJ[,fij ~'h -. wEd:gllt ef an 1Imk:J1I.O"t)l,1'J;1 bun >1' by m'€!!l!.5Wiug 11'~e alTlQImt of ~l1@iij'D ~:'c\ 1iI~IPd ~o :1l1JlOWl' H [mlli'll it!:! 001]1"8. '. Thel.'iflJfl}nl :f'nJfesfOl! 'fh!lJlrnill!lrJ ~[)Ih_'d 11;1. "EIlecai~ '. m·J:.g)~ ~i' .ll~ ffUll'!iTi1 illIf'mi.ms. ~C] cWl!l'ga oJ e_]oom~irty (lJl1J 'tl~e metall pJ~m 'Within tR.(: gb.S'B 11U11~)., [ he hem i~l' I~~. chwiges~ the .ml OJi'ifJ '. e beem W:J~ deJlec:lirgd. Soon die "' ... ·eight of t]. )~ltid .. s WillIS cUi~ .m~£OO aJ.'UI) it ''i as fl!!!lII:1f~d dn!lJt the.y were tlruy l/IDlMO 1lli»~ wtli.g.ht ,of lh~ 1i1fdrllliprl, tem. W'ht1fi It .b, u!u~{l(t'.lrtoodl. I~At lhi!' llI:r~lr~gen mnll I~ .~e.' sm~n~ ~ ~ and lU,gJa,'~es" Q( ~ll .11it:ong., it '1l.rill 'be .5'oee.il that '~il uiltr,a;--;sn1Il1lJ Fa:,ooe oJ iffD'ia'~r ~s .Il t hnh.J.. Gouin tfiClill!tl m:D:1!iIUo!!15 of ~ftl:lWl OOIllJd 'be pl~~I. in a p1l~ ~gdllthey '1"'Cltl'ld !5t1JI1 be Jlt~i'ele'.i!il~ ~p yond the PORfJ13l' of ,~. miorosoope t(ii see,

l'1l WU;f;,!!'I: iUml,r:;, 1!i.G'iIio,'s, 1,00' 5ltl~.e.D~. ~!IOi{j fii (]

held w. 1he.thoo:r1 'm:hm't Cmokes and 'f~~.onitiWl'li were !Oimpl .. ~r.ti 11~~~g, a pJ'lrn'O'm.en.o.iIiIi ef IJItoons 'W~re q;nH:e td,tlIll. :;) ]Qnr;::k, 11];[1:[' ~r;;:".!l' J!1i~Ultj.elcs W~Ii'~ ~qJ Miilm~ 'WiilI:!il mm¥ ,dl~a:r. ne[ie 'Was :so:me~~~mg:- mmc'l.'I! to ~::L'U!j;II. SHill Drr,

3Jij ATO,I't;BC -:-; EIl[\{[II!N ,fOB ~Oll:'j G. Jflhslltim Stof)ey de'vised a ~j,am:e' for the 'IT!li3W pm:rtil!:les, J c ~~liJJ\cmI! ~hll'.nn ;eh."(.!tro ~.

~laft.r pbry,s1(lisIS of tbe ooy he,gnn eo ~ eil I!hillt ~I-e. ,1fJ~b3,ps., W'I;;l\Lle ~he ~~~n~ bri.t:b f!i:'{Jo]Jl!i 'If,j\':b.idlL :o][~ arkmns: ~1Je mmde, Til '.i~ n U~'.bl W j't~ I~dl: fu.,1J.i' f['Om being righL ~lL!I;t h,c)'w, m8.ny all.f!d, iQoll~d ::Jil0JllS: be oompo;lied QJ)I)' o:f De,gml~\IIff~Y cllMgef bricks of maner 1ill'berili it ,!;¥as, so \-~n JnbOWJ!l ';b~ t n 'g4~~i\'~I)/ ,C:hll1lrgiild Ibr1f!i ", of ,In IHe'l' ~I1IW ft:i:lie:~ eam o.tberP That wa' a sticli:JElr ::IIfn;,1 [U]; llliuQ lo\i~du ntill'erOO, to, 3ll&'!Nel' ~L tUomii Ill1!lade up I[If ~]J ,D.e_ga.tively dgJlllig-ed IM~ti~Jtlff, JJtJu~ll 'I Jmy u.~!

Ml§ruy olh\':J' pll},'sOC;wb jllliDecl, Illh:e mme:I:'rr ch~ of ~hl;,.' nB\'!j/~y dffi.co'!;/i!Ef~d. elee :ronj ,Il:md m:iLmy eX_ElleJlntf:mJit.li wen; devbed if ~.JlteJ11~ bi lID '11'1.l~~m :ffinrtl . :bmd ,~~, , ,ro'essur L.enam, a C emil en, ewh,r"d the in,geillJious hi!'b-e shown i. '~g., 11. l'I~._ oDiug tb It j' 'ltI.l~ p.artide.s were ,~.

k:'.!1t1y sm~J] antm :mov::d.!ju :t:ii0n.dy fist. Ib4!lY ::ihtfl'U!l [be ;abl~, t~ ~ if:IM«) ip illr~son::!'bTe 'l':hiCkll~ IIlif rnaUm', Tll • !;!!.P1)1ll:EL~!J5 ru!l!!l!\\~d ,bimJ, ~JD be :pt:riecd-y ltl~c~J for'Ii/I"he--.l1 [~h~ hlSl"'~Ii!I!J''''''i'f!ll,!ll "ie~n;Jn~ sh'ylik tho aJ!!!Im nDm~ 'Ii I'm'!' dG-w, 'mhey ,llrhIlDLI;ge~ to Ila5S liTtu<l:JUp ,·t lIIri1d :i:n:t'O'the iIlilll. de ~ltl!lOOp.l!t ~ll • fl',OreS1O heee .. hO''i-Ye' , ~JF .. be mte ''Ii!(!i[i'Y lMHrult bee U' 'of the ,i"cr-enQ' of H u hil O':E!L!i of • l~~ (I: g~ W'.b.id~ comprise the a~o-spheFe', eom5'iQ!1!)" Were fniqul.l,MlJ!;. so 1:1- t 'tll A liU:lti!: 'h,::-e~lru.s I'(IIUl1d it drm,CW:l to ,ad'l,/~Dce. H'lme ~hIU;lI IJl fll1lit't iDmi '13[' !l~l! knell bll:ryt![ljcil, I~Jl@

alJ1,llIIll:EDl.!l['b} wimLriow. '

F~.. I, :0,.- m _ nns 1]( II 0 ung IDNIt J!hDW:I'II ,[dlilll\, , hoi '. r Leoam, 8. Grmlmllil !reien :-~, f{lWlld_ 'tiba~ el1t.:cbon,5 mlJ<1.MJJg ,ilt hlg'h

-ll ~d cuuld 1 nlfi'il~gb ~I, ID j~~iII.lDIllUm r(!i~l.

Ilh.:u W:~C'r· did! ~'~e!l- h..F(!'tro'lll' rom rom _ W m th y

16lilT1 ~OO$l;! [rem 3tolfn.s, or \!J,!~'1ie they jus' L'ne iLlil fi'~:'tcln43i;l pertieles of IJ'LilIU!.@t ~~rt ~yi[lag abour, as 6nil.! migbt say:? \~ ell, W\LJ rna J' _ !ll'i1~n1ili;' tID t 1 o!'h l hl,"I ~r1(!,;s iJf dl .iJ {JotiglH l1!l:v~ ,rom '" roml:d~!t~OJl!i in lll<.:t; hut the Je[llUy grciH dis~ OOVffi'~ \ .as ~h" e:ieCliTjc eurrent ilt5e f 'was c(Jtqpooed. of tlt·w ~ Ltill'I" pm~ ']4.lS bum dh g a ~t)lIg lm~n~II~'h CQuduc' r~ lib il7.iiJ'P[.:'Ii. brass, etc, '¥UUilli! 'alhey (l nil" npn _ m ~.i IN: lib: gr~ sr wax and a 1i]1i ~ ether Ill~l'~' .~ '~}ey ~Id Rat ~t thN!l.II,gh LUU ~~ !ih!ll'Y "~l~ 11lrQ.'Villg: at 'Vi2iI')" ~ig.h S[?~cl ilIIlWiI tbe,,.' lit!!.'" l~:"lSb.ed iIllld irQ{!~iJil w,itb '-~Ult' iElJndjl"~,

--

----- --- -----

A, -Ol:i!tlC EXPEHlI!J!i,"IE, S "OB BOYS

f,e',b, ps, bdrr- 1!IiI'Y m ,! too [Irl: into flirt ub~:-c:t fIIf e.~eemdtJ' :R£ a mere In,;rnr~~1T1ent ~f e~Ntl~~ we .'!~n.olJlM in'l!Ies!ttg.uJt~ furil!ll~~:r the [j,~!l:lpert:i.es of leo1~ctl.'O[l5, and, ~:ti~1!,! WI(] nru i L't il~ ,Iln l, iJut fil:lr 'mlll'~eil'!l'ii:;5 haWl,! i~ i~ r~h:[l)1 j},'t~ o:E matter are :put 'ro 'e<th![' and ]]eld wi. b 9. group (j,~ pU:5h~flg, llllllFuly el!!;"l!tr!lR~ tit. I s!lii ,:11,. do 1L1Ot \\ Irt to l';g-lltiaill

IiII'I cJos· :Ilelll.'N nTl!'ihi( wi 11 1I'.rJ 1!J~l:lf· •

SCJme. I~_!!!ne ago \"Oe said ft._ t IJ-is~fkc e - Sed of elech'1t!itr. ii!s, po ~ '1,11' udl:Iil. g:atl\!~ 8J~1tJ:'r.ili,L d eaeh ~t~8.iJ:'~ lVe sha Il htl", ~o P S~'t:';lt dealJ .rd 'ir!lbl:h:~t.II~g ~l~'tiDry Q;F- science, but we ca:1ilSi."ll}' ~:hmrt, oo.G~ af~{![' tbe ';!:i'{:i)'V~:rJ oJ tl '!2~r;;'\[l!;fm'l), .i.moCJ~h(!'1' hIll'U:l1im~li f.Ii~Il~ P Llftide oJ mi3ittteT, ;;3I]m \!,,[!cl'Y.. very :oi,ilrmJII~ W.il diSCIlii'!!li:i,' td. II; - ,i1 hlUid '!i!ill ~e.ss tbat thi-s seo[)'qd , ,I::tcle \VM, l-:JOii ivelv ,chargeit It §impiy hl}t~ to bu. Om] ~ 'fW se, W '!iWliUl.h:I! h. ~~ .!-i' d ne ~y

rn wbielfi to. hold tbL't~I[' -ti<1ElI fllumr ~i:)" h 1',

The Il.e-Uf particle was i[!llUecl a rfi)f:on and, I.mJi ,JiilJ,:e of b - nnn_g ,II nt]g)ilith~i!;li elee m. J~ e~m~" ~iJl:e !:hili {!l~eh'o:n. it lp ID [~ a.11 ~~iI'il'c~~!l6il"I~wl ,f~ fl'.f f;lrJp1l,7;r·1 . dlll'lJ'!@l'''! In s h0111 it 'W\IlIi!: tU::iH!lively 't-h~g:ed to the same ~gree th!\iJ' ·the ,~Jectrmfl, "'... s fI.:g:P.li'V '~:¥ cl1W'g -d.

It w~ .subsequemmJy r. wlil.d that ev'C.?" atom ul IJliIlJl~w. s~ 1r.iiDg witlft (bf! lightes~ hyaF.og;em, aI:L1:1 going 0JiJJ to fi!1e h - -. ,- i'1t. W' (dllam., is IfiJJd ~p I!If i1 iliirllJel I!S . r -c-emli ~IE' Cil):.liliLr~d O'J p-.r'OOODlSi- htiJildi rh;_d' rth· l£!,leeftittJ.ns: ';;;\v,~_j'm 10000Dd tJu.r.s.e :tl1J{lI~i mtlrfl'b ~li!Il ~~ t:ia~:el]jhi:s :S'li\1lir.:! 3holillt the 5lm iii5 tllill' 11:\ ':til-el' of eur still r ~y~Ulm. J\l!hllJugJ! ilt ill 11I00t

"-Q~I e~, 3&

.alI.Wii.,)\l!:i tl~ (\§l.l:i ~,. IIVIUt l'IJ:orllllS have the_me number grf ~1~etrQI!!5 85: :P.II;°ilIO:lfHl., 50 tlmt 8. '&.8.I=:Ii:II~dl e~.iI!C!mm'~L-'\i11 OO{IHi tlion. p~'!,I'a:ib.o Atoms ·wh.e:lle ,s"l!l.cll OOj;litUtio:lilS held a.re :~'iJ!.!ay.!: UJ!irifj:!;illnn~r ~~L",b!u Jmm ill !!!'1--~ellD~ed .fl,'~ milpil.mt. On il~nil,1l C!~"r ·hand. where .1llJi rll om htl 'muw [uo~!![ns 'Clli . r1 dee~1lIll1}s., an eJ~dliicll,~r nnbaDaB oed oo-ncililionr e~ . \ft12!il :!l(~d nl~, _ton 1 ~ome~ illIPCj'JlI alL It~ ~O :om 'bnv.im.g '1IOn~ ail'!J;uq; s hl!r9 pmtm1ilil. tltiDgs begin l)i:lI tr~l~~~ c.fu..e~lli_eaU, _ Su.cb nrtO£JTi:S rea,Cit 'Wkjillirnlr~l,- 'l;l,i'Hh ei!l!eb otheJi'. Iii ffi~r~ ~ :1., ,!]n ~ d~ nll~iooJ f~!l;'~(hlt !.$ !1Jpud!l!d l'I'II thi2i U,gtiJiI:. iiflf un irultereb;]<iJliiEl of ~h.:d:ri(iim belv.r~en CiI~Oi1l$!

INilS\MUC.~J AS TH.!!: GAS, HYD.IOC_N ts "IHK iiiglm'te-.st ,"1II~ naeo in t-(ht "'NOiil!1llj it foHO\V:!l L_!,t~ i ,11i!L"MiiI, 1!!: r.h~ 5I!IilaU~t, iti:he Jf!i1iiit comp~]:cared an~] has ~h,e h.'tlls[ !iJj~i'ilwr of [lilU·i. !I IIll it A (lFLI!&!' dingl'ml ill (I,f the a~()im

of llIymCIilJL"1fI shews l'L Bil!Jl,gie lil·~ en (-) ·win ,tillS: (ut! .. O"l!Id) 3l~~ ca eore (~Iled a nucleus) made il,]? of a ~~ljj,S~~ r~liown ( + ,. ,p \Ili.~I!l ltifrt·e :m~lltlliOO (i]!. ,!:tlmJfrllICB WM ",err rqUllIij this "NkU! '~he Jirsl .1~:!JJI]!Ij .~liJ~ ~Ol)l!i~l, vii' ~ y d:li p.h'l'&~b~ 1'£11.: sim;p~e structure !.'Jf ·this a:OOm, sil~l!diedl all !Of thi!1i l1itgu [l1r'm~n ", 61 !:~ ill! nc\y theory oJ maUlilr~ two _ artides be~rrng e, litii IUd _ p~s:i~ 1 ~t- .lip J .1} u' - -Q~. Apl~ntly rISk - • ,t':tlmtii'Llfll tll)(!ItiJl)i~ m the ~]ootl'Oni :arllll!hild

It'll plillJ.t!:m p'r, 1UIlitOO ~,~ f'm11!'l OO~Hl: ,\ltll~-d I t.o ltiftll' ~I]~ter_ I'blg {lUDl!)fiml!il tai.· abeut druils "im:pl [1irralil~il1't1nl 'Wril!J1 thnt .pF~ooca!I}! I;I.I[ of its ,,"~ig1l11t rl)J' mass '~5 J'icrrm.euil] 'by ~Il'll ,~LU\ll. IrnfiM'mch n l~li!l'i1. roDi Wt'S [t.l:iJ~· I!gJ~Utl.·~ of Itll 4'1)

18';..,..'

.' ......

[~ ~

~l

,;

\.

'FJ:G, Hl The' lruree ·btI, ic pilrn-clas. eJ~on -. Pi'otOntr, BDd. irnootmn. ..-U tlUl' ~~Will!' te~!: n ~grdlll Gf I'.h~· ,!tom o:F h.~'f.ll'~eD; : I ute luwcr

riglhrt; i tTl ::IIt{)l1l1 01 hekun

k1lllrWll1i e1.enn.en'l'S O~:i"i'i ~~it., it "W3i'ii ~""'elll n 'IMOSS of 1. Thus .I~; ~)lJod at the top of 1ffil:,~ ~iS"~ red n·b!J.ms, ~nruIiJ.s:ed. a~r.~]li1"g to rh!.!!W ~L~anl~fl '''·0Igh~ .. litiJii'i~ ~UI.if;.loo·dm, ,i1ItCim :1lOO~ nI!~iIl,g to ltibi!J, ~j t hlildl ~iTtlHe e1e~tmns, !pro.,uns t~gd Jlle!lltm , ta~ a·tom of ~yl iFOgen being tIu:: 1~H1IY' :;dum that ,dld net m~fIr¥gt "(I.' ''Ilill!16Ds.. (M. ru - lilcn.H ,f}: til. r'!l'J~lCS ~ Ltell'. )

A,s. the 'IiTtl_JJ1liber of e~ectmJIl! ::I!fui~ protons - .. ~it tiMId: in t.~-e.. h,ea.\\l1e.- akwslbe]ow h.yd~m, thiDp beeame F\I\e,1:t;y (!illmpi~l',R~d. [~~ ~,'he 'ill11Hi'~ of. til: ~ '!,I'r~~ he1],'wy n~~}I'tIi~~ sueh as lead, ·th_griUIIDI, L1mnitl m, !E!~C-"p.b1sif!i l~" 1'1Vt (lll'lLny Jrldd to '!.1tmalh[ZJ· _ nil ~OEIOjjll!t Jw a ''!,!\e:E)' 'Cl!lImlpk:-.x: :rund cam-

pI" Wt ~Jj_ln:ul ~ . ,g( ,p,fI1!lLon~ hi th'" e m 0(: .!tilCl ro.ms: ~i!it th~ ~~50 had 'to aJrQllIgE! rnbir~ w ~')alhs gf dJru.1 r mO'i,-iQJ!l

EI.,.G,C1·RO"...:, ~ Of€I~~·I·~

'- 16. B. HIiJ!j" dlfo!' I lectroo swirl ab.c~~~ die' iXlm IIW IjlJ1.i1,cl~1:5llof am a'~om in ~x'bn~ fif imi~K;UJ~Jg dJJJLIU.,

~llOlllt th,i(}Sg eeres flal!" tile SiltVBIm mf .eleclr.ffill_ [F:g.- e'!.lewy 'IiOt'CM ~mili 3, e ~ tL ~:, ~}ud mo I • nn Y~OCl!m:ro:LIi 'l,lIIhir-ting; :ili!(I'1Jlmd tJn -. C 11m.

N.Jur,oJiJy these electrons IlOOuhll! ,IlI,OiE II1!U t. ifhe same ~Jth OJ:' 'rhI;; 5lU • pie. :Stiill1~ were S1UI'~~~~:OO, to im'!j,\ol",,'c ar(IUtmcimllle COOie a.t very ,eloo~ i[',mng~j @tRen hJlibeli lOut .- Did :!itil~ CltbA;l.~ mu~b t mtlilu out, TJl y 'Ii'l.el',t:: ldn,r)'l!Ipt ( mJ I~ms i ~i'b'; I ",0) 't![J1 ,fO:n!o.w llrl.illl ~l[Im~tl, IiIIg like ~Il ' S!l'1Jlg wound MOIII.Wld a bas.e'~U ecre, E.ruc~i1I mnember (If ,til1.· SW3.J,'UII tt:ra,i!.I~led, .ill u~ 0'!ll.1:I1 ·~~rutel- orbi,t ~liId al a 5;pec~'e!l:'1 cl~t~_JltQe ffQJ1~ ImhI,,: 1~r,iIi:. Wt W3i'i1 0 ()~L5e of ~~ ,paucHllillg (IribiJts md. ~.e:Ji'rmc 5p~W'. "b 1~ltarn~, :5ep~l'l!!t~ ill!;, tlti(i; 'Y~rit'lUS uleetroll mki1:1l!; ,I;]f cir'Cl,J _H' p3!~i'j ;;m,.d. thf! coro "'tis. ,W\'"ut mJ:npru\~ mllb tht: ~i~ ,of (be p:JrIi'UgI· s w!¥ol'll d., ni!JS eao~ ~tl\(m. ne m~ibt:e..It uw stmpJe i;;!f ih-'OW emnplic Dc_1 \-\1,," dUl1!ight '~O h~ :mo ~1y I. IlIifi ~ . :.!paee. ~l1niilS, is s~m h.e~.iiI. If idl1'l lutclcu y( ill h,)'d_,lo~ml lOJ1fl CwtIi51 -litereased trJI ithe size, of a, bas.ebaiU ~ulld the rdist-a_I)C!e' ~'V1 een .it ,LtL,d! £~~ J01i\ ly 1~"Qtro WIB IDD .Hp~illd ~y tb.e ~L me faetQr. (h,e 1c'~~-eIlfDili 1r~"ould I, all'}l!lt "'~ghJt Bt, b~ . ~,""'rray.

I,-;,.uilily il:"'I~ry I' -!D~ _ !i1t!JJdlYH~, Df '. t IIf;1 isltr.r br!tL'l~ ilbo.ur~ ,:1 cil'f;i-miOO] iE\IiiI;nc;(fu;1:"1 wheel in eno "1 m 'i!llt OOJ b.~1 LOS wiih ~llfJdwr [~O ,~i)lf!I1_lI a ~JrI~mical <t=u.mpolml ]tIe: is cloo]ing 'Wiflffiil '~l'lc; ~iJbpi[jt oJ' tal, t~l ·1IlS. ond ID,Ui1Ilie ph~l'{!l!i. llir~ u ~nruD}" calli it, l.iLl!icleaar pbry,5~.

Most ~U of I~ ,e1em~J 'ts in the P 'Ii.orir~c T~b!e are.

1. G:, 21. RQ"~ IJ~e JJ4."tIJfirnn.'i ~OO l'm:it9J~s are [Xl{l~ tllgcltil;r

in tb IlU.dEIl15 ru ~~;oIlt5..

t'l~~~l!Oj!l:!i!l U)' aeuve ~'Y tID ls :is. m~1!t I~ht.,t [bey ud:n ilii!11i1t>E!f ml1)tlJ ,eJiJit::J1 ~~~lIJll c;:umbimlUnHI'. '!iiO'l'th t:i!ll~r clt'clliti'Jnt~ ~md er (hI!;! [proper co.iliihlt~@UlS, Some are 50' amve :<lind have milch d6llll)' air a~t, !CILtCII, fm" otheI' elff.nru"ul·; It.killt ,I!'ili!lfl';:! clooe a iiQ!l;r'UtiJIJD will p ,h_~ nu cx~Jllil5iQn '111 th c • oJ .hyd~·og'(!n mmhiruLng ,~·tl ON}\',~nl to :fu.rm water. Otb.eil" elements 11oJ.! d some ,12,1 e - U ' gCl[ fm~: .\!lHl~Ti. as ~}J1Ii up,pUca.-, Ii ~ II O'f 11eart: Co riCllnnUl[;UlIlirns. . .5tiU Qthers 1)1 ~i:tI pc,r(~ce]~~ balanced eiecmc,aJly .spMkw,g l~~~lt '~he}" reFu,e 'lOO-J:nb:UDJ:i~ I &ullJ. Th l g!l~ !.~~ium ~i!il !!Iiui[.!h l n ",lIIH~ t. ThiJJ~ 1IIl:1SDiC!I:Q,= hlc elemenlt:'l: .tI~ 5L1id W 'be ~ t. 'Of J!IItincs the ,!/\:Iilrdl'i:

S'~uh&e anhd '!JRSlable ,ar.-· 'used. ..

- ~ !.iJ~i 1., mnUy II? aU J:tioo ~@;lW~tm th~ lement:.!i

is 1l00Y lli1I[JWIII, [:4l) 1 • itlJJ.le I~O '!; _b~~:::J.\II. ~rtQ 0 kJ,O'wn us "valeuee ,e!ecll1i)u:s" ii:lI1, rhe ()llIIter O1fbi~' of atems, Wh{lllL ehilliw1':t:mJ 1rn11'!lb1nmUD-Ul 'lEJl«:S. ,pIJ!lie~ m a f'~gmiea~ ,~>!:UJlio.n, Ih/lil oo,tf!r ]~I! el.eetrore, !!if ~l!lJe !lJ1~1lI] rl,~ b'!J~]jH': .wo-

.. -----

:f!ll.l.l:illg AI.o.JJMi - Il'_!.g _ '11.c

dn~ed wJ ~h tht eredfU:l1'l ~iJ1J t-}~ Ql ilJti!:r 0 bEl 01 ~:lIo.the:r ~I_enl. Thus aD l~lrelJri.caHJIy' hmdit1g: ~JlJio'IIJ ~ p,oodlil.oed- 1looshly. tIm i!i 11i.L1: lilli!l"t!iD· J,tL~~1I1! ~f ~1W!il '/j,I~w'le ,9d~m;i!le illIf

cihillrn'ls 11:1}'. .

.n is ~e neutr'ilm ;aJOOle", hij)'w~iI", ~a~ b:rmg~, abo1l.!l the !I~lI~ CD ,iI ~~~e'bimiJ ',.!.lhill!'h ,!I'~Il;mulltkl, ~0 '~lm iU"!p'ln~-iDm ~f tin, ~ stOI belling girl; ~Iy commUDk~'led ~_O {!I1lheI' adjacE!:t!!t :DJt.o.cl[lS. Tbe"Se i:n'll '11Jim e.1p'L~ o(her a~~. df'. Ai!~t!!I!1~ ",'C' 'Wulllrm'l; -, HIiii1ii'il; ~iJ~-)1 ~_ht)'Ul thu dmm 1i'91J.C~ HO:m m ~ 111.1 .~ Cb~pi.w, am ,9.11iOOnlpilllymg ~iiillsram, p~ vi.tes ~, 'I!."nldle Idea 0'1. the :n1i2cbamkm m,'Ij,{I)lved!.

R-L thill ill. fly dill,), ,oF '~hJil 'iB!l,~l;l'o.mlI ~r mQ,cd~a.T lblffil'Y oJ: ililiaUel' ce:rll!Ptiln ,,'ery dlwturbmg irtCgw~iilritie.5' Wf:in:: 'IIrnlticeOi espedaJly 'w1}eu the ,elem~~ 1.7.·ere arra ged ~11Ae order ill th i-f ~.Uilll'l t, wcd,g'hb ruW! th~}iI, . rU· T~ble.

1

f1i!'...2.2. Crude rclJill~1Tffi ~ho.wlU~g: ,the' 1'l'lfiJ11iCiijplill' or: the ~~3diIDI ~I!jjVml. '\1~ m;;1,'~ :Mo. 1 is. ]j!:l"hH1,'tl, it wiill set 01 twi) ~ff[!!lfrQ IIn~1 'eh ~ "fll !;,e't !l1Ii fatl r f'iliOM,. il!t!l:!:-

o 10bBe _ ~EI ,- ~J NI,S _ 1: n JUJYS

The hfn~D'ggeml ,rnmmn bel" , 11Hlde up elf 11 ~mgle ch,u._,,= ImCU!) Mild a sl~.c ,p.b"O~ilm. was ~umed. ~0.' have ,11 ni1lit w,1u,ghIL qj 1. '" -, 'l'l!:!lUS CJ1'imll::l!lhy ~~N:II :r,igJ l ~""111 wJb@!1 ,!:~~~ iI'R!~~-:t:o'_,Jigl]'tcs:~ ,e'~eJlle:lln. dUli ,GP,lii iDeJ [um! 'WlIS l~~~'ce~ - t1~d t,~ h)'(]~n " lq~re it a.~PMmtlr be~ll1Illged. HcHl!Im im",d there[of" n 1,I(Jm~e Hilur hur nr ,2. Ibi, ,ltUll WllL!l :5uJP~ 't1 ,~ to ~'ve :2 [)l1Ukms tliUd 2, ~e[ronI5, How \I r, the h;vll p!fOIiO!I5: 'woU!Ml .gt"re jt an :tJlimnic 1,we:i,ght [(If oruy .2 wi1rre:(l:t.l it '11,1.11), bad j~ Idl:lmi~ ''o'lm'ght ~f 4" In ~hDl"it~ i~ had iflllil [lddliJtj(!JHl.'~ mass rUff 2. ilinllm: OO1,1~d lfiOI ~Jrt :lCCQI!Ii~ ~iUcl ,fur.

\¥h~~~ 'w;]!Ji I ruG tor 'irU!'Ii.ll ~1'iI ~tIltTiiC'lIiI, nul h1 b~ true of mU of ~ne (:!]em,elilil:8. C'MbOIl, fur eJIta_'lrrglll~e" iftHd ,::tfl iii:f-Qmic !~lIilim!wI' of 6: bUJt IiJ.'g ,~tmJfilb;: weigbt of 1:2.. Th~!1! 1ef~ ,m [~r(;H:~ U:!i ueeeu ht d rJOI'. ' ,,' I)" ~];J'iJ 'J,ll Ust_ b , '1l'Id ~y. ,cbog.enl :t'pp.ea.m-d hlll h~'iillt: an arwlTli~ weIgh illibo at hviQe' ~1 ,k~r:g!!i JI5 Jts i'iltomk r:[lJJil'i.!Jer. [1m the cas • of til WllJ.'y I~.eil'll'r IfJlem(j~I.~ !.!rnf!JJlimlrl, jlt~ !IlWn~j!l;! ~mlfii~l!l·r of 9:;1: [OO~ ... ]limed. '~"(~ 'ihi a'~ilIll11ic ""vei~~ of :2sa Two decacl .~ :pa~!t] 11ll'£0l\i'il tllDs: rilIIJi!>~m}' "',"'IlS 001'1,1',00, TI1epb.YSkhts, of the clay dev ·lllled (~db,F,'t" U .~i!:C' m l f'~r ~hrj~ diJic.o pLney lb~lt '!i:.a.s ;L'Iut far Irom the ,lfmUIl_ \-. Thl!.1' ad'v.aJ!Ked fhe '-!:I.eft' at i hI!' ~lft \\"l-idglm~ 'Was. [clI.ll~ t [~I,balizt:~' ,p,' 'liD.liOns; protons dl-:Jt ~~r SOliFHI! r as(JJ~1 lrJudp~IH in .~!1 . I .. , tom ,11 clI, ,!iutd. it .. the n.ep!:hfe deetnm. Iile.J,~Jlimnlg the eq~nl lrlJIt ~_ 1 nJ::l.lJ~ ,Pilllli¥.\! (;.fl,ilU~ )1,1' m the F[\!J~lJllt~. The g:el1l£'!Lll5e~ (I~ HIWJ:-l~,lf ~!leaJJ'6.h 'kJliilJ'W clll(l'I' thm W.Il5 .n iS~O,PJ)')r I Ill'l;'h\'" I.' ~h!!it

'ntti:im; 'jtgm5. 1'0 ~I~u:r

I~JI~ ~rtHh~, (11th _ tluu~ti[m .. _'j sull ~lUI 1Jl&"''lfU~d! bILl!. ,th [~it WO-tlldl have Ibtl· do lIiDti~, the ]!!mbielJil was selved,

_mJli!~ul~y ~Ie ~aJ-(:!II.I~d ~ngll!tr,~ill~d, fl:\J1b::Ji!'~. rnp.:p4soE:!ill to 00 ,t\, dlll~\! IIl~lma ~f (-"ttl [UElitnn mil ~1iI~ LlllQd~tm. ~Lld. rt{l' be yiew-em 01!5 a Wl't oJ <CCillbps.ed ;:tl!mn of hydrogen. Um,uhan wt~S :It-ou t t10 have 9~ :regula' p:r-olmLcS :md I 6 ~ '0 Lr<li" 'tit In ens, N:iD I ty.:m (;Ii f 'glll~~!L l) til -. ,1_ [!j,

46 m~l!Jtrn~edpl.'OIOI s "'f.el~e eqUialo an amm -e weip:t of M8i ~. ~~t)Ul 'tiQJ!l th~t at least rem,rrnrJiJ},-· Iimn1pl,~ dl"gU ~, tUr- ' .- ',~iI;lt! .1 I,d OOlinfurt l:.u r'l:ul' rnlllld~, of the nn on M "'~li'~ k~ th e :~1e!lil

1'h:rrs. rl!liyste.LIy' cf 't1I.l!:' ,~!f'l!Itt.allhzl2d. ,r~·:l'tjjJl , laS!\!',d. J(tu £a-m~ lY';ilm,[~y r-L~lr!iij' bt.l&u." tIn!! EnJg,n!il-nl~ m" Jol 'til Ch Ldw-~~, came -~orth with ~ n ;:m!)t"w'iIl uaa:2. ',jVbi~e OOi:nbalrdlling 1-111';; ligh;l f: _-Itl Io:Lt, l' ryllitmt, with . .po 1',il:y5 (rar J?ardi~' 5:) f1io:m r elj~lm:li. [Chndwiek ~i:m Jd ~bLLt fn~~' 'I'li:l !IJ(F 1>el"yllll1m atoms were released ,1iI[c4m w -R-, li'~e mi,c.ht

FM. 23. IDl.I.g)mruIiJ11inIlHtl rurp~~lr~~~IJi'on oJ the OOlH Dr 'Urll. liIiillm :M8.. The 1I)1~a& ~~rcle IDl!lltRted l46 :rEii~Jt:e:s to ~ ~w}iI.~ b .1.' or f,! U~llU p~~m~:t in tida, lJ:lO,D'!i.

t w.[l!j H I kni[lllJ.¥1 • ,[ the tb~ iI!l hut ~1~ I tilil,ht'llil """~i!iB [II mMt- potent ~t!JmjCl buRet ret dh~tJ¥fJn;:~l \tVhen I~:hf~ii'pll:;l prurlttcies ]i&e eh:::droulS illJr [1i~1!:!1J23 W'EHfC B:~ into tll,e 1T!J~1. Q.( 'Idmlr)~ tI j ~J Ilru~r. W.li~Jl, othlOl ~n~l.iI'iA1 I ~m~1i: lb. t m.ilht reiect ~h m or accept 'tt'helfD 'W·Ulllil:t'le Of nD effe1i:"l:. 1'he nem~'QJ'iIt. h.olli(;n~,.. bore lW e:leatdc C~4"~:r~ t;[:!'wt~

tlI~ t1 ;~~ CO~~lfl d4: :/fW iliJ~~"JF 61IJeli am . ,,(},Tt!' 'tJ" !'~ie ~. [L~

{,l- d ~~WI f comp af'om,'jl fIIl'~7i, diG ' J'IB'Meli of e.a'$C. 0 u:e' ~,wde; lI!lnoeullllf it iI.M\S" fOJlmd. that ~1' cm:aci ca~1ISe gmat J,tUI.Wt!. 1lw iJ,t:H'.ri ~J1 rr_~ tllc ,~jil'l1.ll:l~ tlujt; m~~J:c t~U,l UllL'1Ht!' uf Iiiltl'l ~jlli'l! I2"I~tl~· gg 1l!lil &'Iill"I.e.

lNhde jt ts quH:e true tbart ]10 Jess than 19 iflttomk: pa!D'~ ~Icl g: ]I' nUlio"r' ] fiO'\Vj~. n is ~ I Hi tm • tltot ~h fU'liC'tl]JJ'hS, o~ S~lmEl ijlf ~~'1 esc ~ll1'e nO'tt '1~liIdrlii!l'~~. 1'1 'f ~UjT U'!.\m Pm]?Q'!'H. 'iI ~ can. cHug to t~e IdltF~ f'SJJ:i~id~!i dl.:;C!I,'h!l£ ;d 'up tu ·~'hi.s ,pml~t. lh· l.ll otll]ln (-), th~ Pi'·~ n < +} .u_d d_· leetrically llIIe"umd neutron,

..

Enere ~-: - the' Gbos: oj' Mett,li . r

.I\F'I'ER _ . E mscov lfit Or' 1R 'D[U~~ Jn~ j\,' Drone Cn:rne i11l1~ :t~~:.. husband] Fie:rre (H~-gg,) P'J.ylltC!i'st'i ~ 1', .al~"L I~:s to i!llulnf~~md "",bu.!. ~s :reaUy hiking p~.a:f: __

'iIJn3 w.u' .. ,L.ry ClDrr]I.~ 1 :t AlJl'tnm r 1:fI[lJn f" It 'l WU. CtIH:&ta:lfil~y troubled 'I.'lilith a ii1rJrt 0,' bldlig-e.slilDJ1L lit 'Io.""W!IS COtl. ~ flIl[~ly "'brl1r.pil.lg;'· 'lild! no.tbilllllJ,g. no. ~4 ree ilv,ll!tilable bD m!i'i\!lil DO m.· ter 'hID'!,1 PtJw J~ I, ~l!II~d .' - ill· U~ dom:lif: ,S t.macll 01' !Irlim;lms;..h~ ';':, even tmder IttJiLe 'must eJj;il:!rvme '~I"ldf ~t}i] Ii, of L~;'Lt. oo1.d 0.1" luesSiur:u, it WIllS ~1~.ocIt.d.tlg 6J. U!'5 tJi'lvn liillhntlnee,· il111 t.1l1;\'! fo.r.m of ~lTIlHl'L to[ ,',,"< 1s; 'elt!C- 11:r.m1l5 (~) and 3l~)h~ prides. " -r) ~v'hie"h 1,1reOO ~m mut~

h~tn f ~g; u oo.ud. ~j_ghtll:Ml1t e~clT!eIJjJ~ the gas he.hWlll_ f'O:vrl~il; ' .. ~CIl com~HcfJ'(li 'this, i'Ji~L'Ige 'pr;:li"rOlflmlill(:~ n~tligm ~ws .aJ~)'5 s~igbtll, \'I;I'::tmii€r Iib::a:~ ~IS sUfl1obm(ln'l,~ 1»o"vjlllg: til. t .~I wa~ ,Il~\so. 'p.Kl(.hllil::~u,g beo~ W"'L'IltiiJS,

lfo

EM~ "llm !j;ltilL~l i!1'~ M'IU~~"

J.i...1l \~ ,. nrdgh~ :s'"Ul'llll'fiSe, each atmllJlJ (If rn:diUlDt~ ~rn IlIl e comIJ[J1 tig 11 !{¥f dntl:l lIIj'sa 'rlmli5 [}fO!l: -~M-S. '11, ... 10 ]llglD~ur m '!,IJ! eighll:: a:1TI~ cei"tarun oo,.Dl)li~IlI:L'lri. :ii'i6i'H'ranie1nmrrlil'", of [bs ml1!ilew 'I;"/j,'eJie til ~llg P]iILlCe. A.llil].' a nODe series of &U~

dj U In xil~: t lUI!!g (1]11 of tiltrll '" t~I" l,tid]1II5 QE rncliuirJtl ili.n:J]ly 'be-rome a:b!rl'l'!l~ (~~ ill e Sl ;b:~ .• 4il~ "mmlrt 'I"d- Sc;;ienttsts rmghtfuUy ru.m\'scu Ill.<l!t d.iLIrtrlg mht.~· stral .• g~ a.p ~lTS of tile at m ,~F -.di m pr f1t QF tID 'ir mtl 'or \'If ighr '1/\ !i bemg,ccl1"l;.e£ted. riltt·~ R!]!e~ ene-!i~,--lt ~5 du:rmg tl.:t~ ye'.JJ!li tb~t dle 8t"1t:1:I.r i, h. w~n ~ fU!:l'I~z~ ~hl.,t mt~tteJ coadd 1 . 4;) J~i!it' ·i"I!...d 'hdg en fID' nut! ~h m:~om WtlJ'C J11d "'I ~Ios.i e-. Of ee Ir~e.. radmm was ,~l1Jdjng vei.Y :S~O'f ~y .sometioog ~1il~ ,1:1. l~lLm~ ,II 0' wet fLreCffiJckelS, \"i,fha:l rfl.i,gl.t 'If. 'p~l ~1fI. t~1 !ide Uti we - .Or killS them _ tb,r,e.-:5i, if 11,". lJ~Y llHt ~Ii" lnstantaneous eXllliml.a1:l €iJ)'llIld 'b~ 3.]T"nrg,ed and all of ~hi.. ~1D.llW'ly . ~ ased energy ·~~ml~d be v J1 ;;),.Sed. in ,il .tiIIIl{lll] :ffiJu.ctillir:l of n ~L'1~t)i nl~ 1'1]0 u~,l';e instrumcllU. 'lil'i4Zd" in ·tm.e e.L1Jf[Y (ll}:S, oJ: lIIt·omit: ;ne${![i!,[iCJl. a]_olJi~' wiLh llnli:;ttbtli.Il1B ~U~ .d€IJflD'I[JJst"1'iillited. 1~E!'ftIl1itB .~ CP.lC'l!llt!mru oEd dC1lLbt tRI t. ,compo red """i~~l 'I~I . ~ mt[l1J[Dlt~ loE HIlIIU'ii ill'!li~nl""ed" ::1t:al11m ' explosiol1s were lilur IlI:Jitrj",e pO'l!,"el.'fu.ll th~IrID a.nything '~at h d lhooTrl druH~rmcii. ur ~ldQ,L" ,

H "'rIC t~ri WJlther ill anti \\1', Irfib tdl 'Of ~CJ' Clilt!'ll1~ pwdll!J:CltSi prn'luced b}~ an ~JJ.IooIIj:)]fil ~f gl.l(lflpowdcr. TNT or tUrm mrl i~r.!. 'Wf: "''J,I uM .lind d' I ' thlf ~t~t J - 'j, '~:LC~ . qf :illll'h p:!iClIducts m.atehed perf ·[:!tll"" th "W,~bt of: 'HI g,un(~'.vd~m' ~ TNT ,OO"dyDaIn~lt~ "t'R,at w,eslt80rred w.itRBa l'M3 '1i!tas-lilI_{)t tnJe

lI)ijil:~l! tlX'!lu1~l",g ar!~ii, . o IlnU wh ere , '!i Il!'!' row a ]pm. of 1 il~,· m.~iIi!'i c~w lfu.oe O~l,l !!:llrffl[lllelJ 'y du.nppunl'ed. Ji"j [tlbcr 1fi~e l':~~e-u,gy. It iJe,gp!JJl ~{li arp,ealf thai there \-vas. a iitmDge reinlillln:'lliam:p '~l~~'Wile:n thil;; h~((L

.FlIl'~:tll!l!'r ~ . I ase ~he miMI" ~ of the m u ,;d work om th • ~mhleIllI. '!,'l;'e$ t11' Jll:Ct ~t " ... hen elecbOlts: '1."'e1!e speeded 1I!~.fh 16 .nr ""!~Ighl 0 r tJiillJl;!iS ~11IC:Ii~a5 .• IIJ re 'was :- e reverse (if ~.he lu111 ·'.i-hlh~~ iI1~;rID' my:5t~l". ,m- 'iY ,~mL"D'SJI~iJl![kIla mess, 'To sl'le!L-di 1J.1[1 :l\i!J!i electron. one had to ap-'p~)' ene.rgy ~t!, it j!!.lsl • s ~1'11 tl:1.~ :!l.p~1:-d:h .. g l!al~ er. un mIl. OT:illllllhnlll1i, ~rh!s el1leilY (l!'·I!}~d·nCI;I.'l) [~pplied 1:0 ,~:~ot:.:IMlmili '~mw.flld up <Il5 illilcreaJredi \l .. ~ight An ele!!blollL ITav.eling 2U,'~)OIJ iIlIfioles per M]'{l!)Dd 'IN '~gl L-d, I u "S~, thblilJ1 an e CL']\I:lD L:r.il:!I!(l]ri.ng, ~~m miles p!'li" ~ c~;Jld. 'fliWi 'Dusin • @fnergy~V5,.J]Ulrt~iJilr "'lforked ooth ,,.. fL "'5-

~.

IJdulll" H3&!i,.ph)!~~ ·i:.ii.s HC'!.!' l!' dJ~Q .• .m!.lU !1Mt m'h@]'r~ was.

a r-eUatiillll1 "hi.,. between an mnilQ~ vf' II1;]Ue:r and £L '1 mlrt ,till fiiner-gy s.u.elllS ~u 8!'uJIJe:r;e~ a horse:~'liolW(!r, ,3 wa l"i:" ~ oo.Ijj'J.J~.ir;:: t~I' [1 B, 'l'. 11;.;1', No ¢lJUif;l .hlMi tiu.'j.1!~~JI.~ til! IJ! L~LlJtor :[11 t<QmUl; of t:~I~l"gy Rliuch J~l'k.~ el1!£!["lgy iin l'n:t'm~ of mm.U ,Martt T eenvelLtet1I.lillweJ!leI'g}'_ Nomsell&e .Ll!IM't ~cie.lllJbist!: 'WOuld 'I.;a ve i51'1~~t "If' rl JP "'I,i"o tl'le ~ut E rcl.81tdn hilJI!r!elf :ili~'ir,'(\l' d~wd hlfn~c bomhl;J[ the ah»D ie pille. ~~!iliI1Y

.earolrt ''\7e.J.'· e~a, 'bl) !:nI,l]"ve his - i1111if r JUlIrllJ. ~l~'- , . '. i~~"i iIIJ~ • h,,'"Qfl" iHI)[} ~a~ b.w alfl,d p;r.[U1lH~flI~ ·llmh.18:S' tMiillJ\r; 61". )

Knc1lY~ 1LbE. GIJost om'MiiltBil' 53.

If we \'i,1~rnl re~W.'m 1'0 the ~plrt atomJ oJ l'LI~;~irnrn. wh1,c~ lItolclls 2. pil'o.MI~ , illl1~ 2. nn:lli:nm!i 'W~tllill U:!i lllllliCl IJJ~. ~ :Iii'~ h~l'ps we ean len .. ,sii:lJn-e'tthillg mlla;,~ <l.bo.lI~· tlw; strar§lgc ·lI1ilU~['a8ne:l.'g)1 i<e:rilM.o.ll~ip, \Mlli.Ift"li s~Ig-lJlljs~. gut ,IM'Q"ILUll.d. l~ m~k~i1i!J "'~ry tn~lJjnlt", ·m"'''.IUiIlU'fJ1I11e ~~ 'th· mass or we:iip:t of the p!l:'t)l(I)~'I, ,bId tftt~, '1l1It"IIItiDUIl" ,:1. carieus thmg

L",p.pm.e· _ ~ ~ e hus:in A • was .not fl. ~~A:l 11$ . '!J1liple 1!15 it W' 6i':n l'heillU ',Ilt ~u'b . T.l11i!' nude,,' , Jaliu iIil (vIe I rusl. JreI1l1e:Il!lber fial ek'!{tJ:rOlI1:i, we:~g~ so Ij;td~ that it is ~e,. nucleus ,of eaeh iillliun. 1~~!lM. li)a:kg.'l, UJ, ra'losl It!IF its mass] W.illS .rriJtmil m I~i~· t(.! .~ I;II'D 'il:~[ld 'Lnwti~~le IOJ ~h. 'hJi'~i~lt.s !l1!f the! p['Jo!:ons aad .. ,~~e--l.Itl1!)[l!s ithal~ made it Uf- T"th.e nucleus ~tl'med. oollto. 'lbDlll! Ug]!l by a. S ! L~~ f 4U;a~n!lr. Smn .. bDW 0:1' !l)lheir it $ :-t;niile till'll: whell nature l')~ ,m th· r'I,lii;mr1 or helilII!l~ togetl "I;'lf , ... t of the IIKISS, 0 ~. 'he llUl,e]~ :li!pplLAl'ntly tHSllppl;l; rud. h ~b~ fll:!mI of: energy.

\W'ue-m • (Hit j'~ go? ]1J -:d it -dJ.ss;a] "e':· i'l ul1(li 1I.'lJ1~]"y as Dr.

A.lJb~n .~hJJ!;~~~~·~ m~~ematic3J[ Immlld~l P~) m~htt h~}vll' slliM,,~~~Gd~ E"'~m t ~'h ~ ilJn~r d Ilb: Il~ru.; gJl '(!it gen~.ulii:. 'I!Jn~~ i:j,u,q;ested, mll~he[n£lJ:i('fIinr th!JIrt ene-flY anr1 ~Jfiar~nr WU],1llJ S"im1P~)· t ... vo aspeets 01 th~ same dringt, t · ... \~M 11111 II thlltne ev.gL ,;d 'hi f:nmilllu. \1I,i\ rI!tlB!:i]'kro but $d~nl~ pIe 'furm-ula E = !IlnQ~ '!;!Ii,lrif.:ru E 'eqntth elile:rgy IJII == UilO5.S a.IIid e tbe s-p.eed of lfgtJ:t~ \, hil~ ma.t'lY scterd~, did net rJI,~ l!ti!;!i lime •. g,rci:.l '!.v.ltin D[', Ei!1lit ~d'n. 'll~ J Ui:r.,ri!JIilll l:li'ullh beeame evident 'II'.I.h,cJiIi dIe :I] [';5 t· iJ];~oon~c oo:rnb 'I/'jI,l1:S : .~p.1 ode. d, EjjRS'teiu'S1.m,ilIththnml~:te:d :r)OrUi·Ii_I~~. is pro'b:;LMy !the:

~:

I (j-:ilt. imrpO:r1 mt "'ilt'r 'WtJ ~h:b1 w~thi th ~ hi tory Ill' J:ti_'H_

Now let iI.S: J;"lelrul'l'iI. t® the d~'~~Il~r itn tin£: werigh't of the he li l][mI. !IlI!li.IIdlIDill~, FU'_IlJ[ jt ,Jljle±: f:~;JI'!J[gd by ID-:ulci.6ll!: rneas ... UIft1r.n II ts ~:~U!'~ ~h-m:l'1Il s uf' rln.(! !pm 11m Yo iII~ nn t 1I,!~:Uiil~~}" 1 but l,OOI{51 :lI!:liIdi ~hliH Il'h('- liI'f;jliLHJrl w.as L~, 01." p:iEi!ctically ~e S.il1l1{!. m .. ,slllll!lc.b as the !Lu.lel1eu.s o.F hehnm w.ll.S mnd '!tiP f [lit l~iTl:o.i r Ira] :2 JPt!lrtrmn , ill: 'WiD'1 I. f 'bw on the hD!:iIS o.f fOWfth-~e aJitbmelie tim t file [~UilblJUl5 of !:ht" belli unm nucleus would IrnV·f; a. t.®t:a] mass oF 2 X l,om5 10'1" :2.!lJlt, ~t5 .u1!d m'il ,t N, tt;!t~ I JfIIln&ll: of 1:lliU n~!.lIItrons 'wo~~Jd be 2, X Jl.[!K)~OO or 2,On-:a!E. rims to:r. ·~I.clu. itJre 'jrormi JIliil!SS ,[[r ~'hC! 011.1. 6tinS ilUf th.e h@<UUI~.I1 tom 'i,JI,Ji2; \v>CtluM hilV€ only to ndd ,2,I[U 516 < .I7i1I:.dul1S) ~i.l 2, (]I[ 186 {I} 'M mwn.!!ii). • 'hil· ~um of the. . tW.I'O' figuli'f;ll) would in; 1.'0000-2 .• :11 rota] mnss ef drue DlLc!l U~. 116 \lIi;,'1' .. ,tll~ Im(Fl I mass or tilt! aueleus of .'he belilllinli :JIt'ljll"Q W:'I.:S ~DlIU 1iI:1 . hJo ~ 'JJ6002 bnt 4JJO!!B.tJ wh~c1il was a liWe ~ghter thiW t'~~ tJlemebi~l .Ggu.l~i.;; and ~Jol~ ~icl:. .nnlDi1I!t} ,I'. djfl~rel~e . g.:f ,00.00.2. U WlllSO Illl!ii SI1].;]] ~ ~mdil!lllil (:Fl'ln;~'il:mmiuu~y t!! oJ J!Eo) II'IIf JillWl~ 'r11Ut- hnd So.nle.holl.'!j W otl)e-:r _n]?~red w-:R.e-r. narure 9S5em.bled ~ hl:.Ltom of bei'llIlulJ. 'L\~h!?]'Ifj· d~d il~ gO!

~11 "rl1lil~ of n clear '~n~rIY as: :i:t is nilIN' ~m own, "~ j.n~s Ilf .030~ is. lfio. co be .iWl00'e.'d. Thi;s smailil :~n!.;ctfu.Jj ul '~e Iml!.l!:5 lid ~L fl!l'ioV biUEali. IIl,toms- wddeuly leased 1wil~eadJ. QUr .-;:!Jai .. lCOI,]d 'In • 'very d1s11"~·tto.1iIi5'\,

. m.ecl'ueecl 1M, mot,· 5illiillte ~eJi'Jiffi5. thri's ,disell'~pa:lllil::' :in

. !\f1l1{1ountil;'tI 10 Sin, @'IloGlFf aa paflt&, If I:his 'ml~l'ID~ .in

~gy, r.he (}]~~t M '~~;l~ 55, 1 W'lWil'l (1/20.1. 'iDf iIlD eunee l m halhm, ~ ~lle lillIilllm,!m:! 0._ fornulltloH fmm ~lf1d'liII11s~:n ·W:I.s tral1l:5ib:lle(] JlTtto ~ketriool tgrrn,5 it wClfnlld, .keep, - ~.,rm lOO'-w,a·~t w~~ri:e l)I;l.U)$ baming, [~n' .10 hou't's:'! When H l:l!1!flInu!'i. lD [!i~1 '~elTl!lir,lgy rulfl~iil!llLs~, "",re; cannot dt.\icl;J!J1n't even itihe: snlil'lI a'iM!il,u'qt 0'1 m::J}~l:E!r fullt ~ be piled Om~, tlru:: head of a. pill.

Sam ' r:UII I 'ail' pl_:pieL :rL~' belj 'I/' n:b JI: th ~ t emCIId~s: In.eat oonl!';';l:1inrtJ,)'1' ge'l'la'illted, flil I) II" gr.emlt ·:o18r r"W'1~aoo, the sun, f.s prcdg~:edJ by ,th€, unton af: .2 ;Mums of h} IikOge~l i.1!) f (!:rm 1 Ilh!i I'll.,. Ii'tl f 'I~ e'll U 1iIIi.

AYJ?aJ~ndy wEJe:l1ie'Vll!l~[, a.~rrni'c !Dr :mJiCaear ICi'liIJlI'Q i5 released, t:h02 atune nuclei 1~.Ft WJ.d:nd lin a reili.wamll.gG:d oom~ ti1ilf:6fl1 l~~ !It _ ~u'll f: tlIt ' ~~~im~ mi'ilh:v. ,)is, m~ilI __ mDre :S1l:a.'RJ]~ and peaoof.u .!'br~e,. It seems rhlJ't iE!;~:t:ure ~ rllih'l!."IIt}·s seeku g ,:~, ..\iON of e-ulmH.l',i-ml where: her alO1lD5 will be I!iil.oJte i!iitnlb~ ,:1L'1 ;1b lau!" ·~elmvoo. StUD limo,., _51 ~~. lihtl '~Si~· o(f radium t'he COlfiditil;m (if :fjm.h~:Hty [s. not' alwa;;", Te.~ched Ily ali :l:i!mgle !il'tlatn'iJ'~.glmle:D.t 'b.'i!I!l thrm.lljh a lang series of' re:l:!fMnJ!;lUJ n :rr!Jbi.

n ba.s ~JI~1Il s'tated. 'l:1Gfore that ,atom ; val'}~ ~~t«y ;ill '%'AE,igIH ,rArncl .~~ ,compktKily ... lu .a~a.r:ns grow heavier ith.ey I Llro g " w mi!Jrc mplj'cah:d o~ijd ~OJ _ I· r ~hcm ~c.1~ ~~u b e, Still 3DfI!theJf' factoif' of great ill~~re to :m.l,c:h!~r lb1hy.shIlist.'1 .s !].e ~g:~e.e to' wh~eh tI,e lII.eI.!l.~]\o.H and pl~'f!ilOl!li5l o! ~ .. lltL~~!II5. ~ re [)Il.ck:d lnpther h:]. th~ eere ar nuelous ;jjf LL~ . :3Jf:WIilJ., MOOie hlf!prutant ~L;n our r.iuek:®1" fby~j..r:i~~:s 'W\e;lI1e {iQnfu,.~L-d f'Or a ,~ODg l:iiD!Ie ~ to the man.j)~!" m whlcl. the

f'~ ens ~~Ir:l!d. D~ !JJtrol'iJ.S, G.~ • ,n'ill~h~us "","ere k.e,pt S(;~ tiglu:ly paeked tljj)81!'1 er, ,Ah r ~~ Il, the ~ utrens 'I~):t;,e IIlI.Il eil!i;-t,:lTI'c clilg!fge of aJO.y kind and '11n,.o; prnt:(llJ:lS, "1!;l\~' ~[I pmitiv.ildy oh~ r~~t Kno"''r'~iIll'[l 'W(i ~ J~m ]j\. ading '~he endy part of this 'book ~[i.'t lill: fJT s:ililil.'iI [LV' dUl'r. • IJI r e leCll-d ~I ty ;t;epe'!

I" rt[~h e.<Jlc.h othe 'II . canno! hd!p Ltlt wolld.eir It.ow' 'IJ'I:US

~VF.llt U ~ Ct. I:!k.L ,of mllfi. ~ ~~om nUe~Elt.I~'i does I crt '"p~ode ,a.ubooJiatiCJI]J . Of. mare sensib~1! :ret. &un"'ft '~s. p ~t 1ft!;g~!fh{!r m, t]w m.,st plac , Two. po£ithrel}! [';ba.rged F~:r:'igIJOing 1:11 !i:l.l .l\i,!p·1 tilt ,I] 1 ~~Jl cam ftil her "~,bOI~ tln "! iII!.ru hmlll\iht Clog,e~leli. wIllY mol J:U'fj(~'Q;o~? D04" .... the PJN.'} s ~"llt~e 'il:d tk~ ,oeulrollt\; mF"P.ve!i!l!~ it? .AIre[' aU every atom save :Hlv·dJ;o,.

.r"~ 'J

gem Wllth HJ! siB,gill' [m on Dol 1m) ru ~r:r"C!1 i~ [the oJ!),·'.

Clepmfon_ ]mm~(l" rkJ'ly we :fhrd rn' el,"'~ wi" mOJ'ltl' t~llan nne prni{)I1I \W beg.im t'tti 6nd abniflSt· b:dant:.-ill1g ['nj]j!l~)ers of n ~lItron.~~ ~:o' ~ IJ • n lr'Jlll J L)r;gVr 'ut th - .1 ~:tnt: L~I,.f. hestile 11(('~tOh15: {]\Oml"l firyfug 9!p.rt r

1\,s; .?~1 mo' ene ,apl~ea['s 'b:ll :h3l!.f!f! tl!w, pe:r:fe~ :a1ls"W.e([~ h[l tili~lt llrobil.~1ift ~~~ld I~h[i!l ~ll2oTi~s adivl)~~ cl ,[l'Ii,iJ; too ~~:Jfm~y,,,,d ,~rndl oompje'Jl't«~ be ourHlned:i1l tll~~ llPHk,

At tim PC!U:ti~, bOcwe"!.ftil'", 'VI.'e mar ,pause lO gi'!;lle llio~gb.t t'.O 'une .ifljILCI'1l!8I· I' f Cit th~ t I ,). :!'Ifill III " '" ,- !.t!i , d [tm, , ~~ :f:(ri"re,. We ,ilalo'-e j1l!st ,Ieamed thfilt w:hen 'hVQ ~~j)ms at hydmJ-cg~ (1omJ~tr.'n~ro m ,Ilbl J,rn, m.lImn ~f helh.un., ma~ ~ give~i d in III fumJ of' ~geJfgy. [:11 ,dolt OllU"':gy. !1.:i:1If:1,he gl"'{ii!f! eD d.mi~,g .e :s'tlruli:ilIllre ,of ,lli~:OJ:iLU Q'..f '[he l~llliUlf~lg .!.!Ip ~f hga,\[I~r S'![I bstnllCf.!5 from U~t I!l'!i}]fnp!Jl!lie:iJlI~',

Enct1gy .. "fim C"h05:'m' of. Mitttcr

BJldiU!1l'II.I ,aIDId other rdil[;!acti'Wt: e1!e!if:1eJ!iJlt:, oo\l1el!'Se '!this ,p.fQl1~~. TID Y oro ifJ~I·:'iIt!lJl,.'ltIJ ':nffol~~king dJ[~wn, !;!,'rad lml.fl~ ,vejg'h't rmdl a smm.U pe1·cgD~l1!.ge of tllMs: lo1I:'el;§ht or mJ~'$ :Ii'; !l:liln'!i' ~~'(f into. '9eJg}-"- "r~u_!S it '!NOu!d, .l]{!em that by a pmCl~~, n': f ,!ldcl il ion ciIIu ['ilUl dr by~~I.(lp ,~f !I'ams .1'1 ,gy is moos€c] and Ilhal lis also iFeleMed durfug th;g te.:1ring .apart gJ 8Jlroms,

The numnm: of " 'rgy Ii't!~ - rnl .clj ~)' 'jbe OOIIVcn.[OI\l 'lDf' IJiiQtrte:r w:Hum atolllL" are fiGrD1OO, or. when. t.lley s:re ~MkCIIl dowlil. ,d€t?O!llS IIlfPOD, wL~~ l:lllClleil!ll' r-h}~lflIBI!l ealled ~11!!o ''', aek i ns: ,roc~'Oj'.'~ a:fu;11 ~~~.(l ·,:;Lclri nB, ~U!!:lell"r has 'been '~~ed out f~}:r eseh if:]I;,".Ii'f~'(!lt. :5tf~d:iJwg "J,'with hrydro-g;;gn as ze.ro beeanse h_ drogu .. '.1~ Inll!,'!;;'1lJlg !llIl. ~y '. S'llll,gJe ,rotom :lin i ,n'l;n;l'u[!!i It til ' 111tl1t :bn''!,t! I 5U& D, 1!1letQ['" ~I hi,. ,,~ nlll~ ollllr tile paC:k~1l £m .. ' '1)~ of :i!!eOl'D5 hUll alsa som.ethiJtg ,tlllr~ p~~~j,e.b:1:s eaJ!1'~ ;·Mml~limg OllffiiID" •• ' ThIs. Is the: ~il!lOO'gy ~~at :ii~ CIlll~Ued ,cilJ1.lffi~g illtl[j~lUiil! ~pCn8iOJtl~, I;Jf ;~11 k!iJ=!iChi- A w)1 t~~· l1'hfnt ,or 'thi.is. augle of our sMjhject, hQ'Wlle'Ye:r, might prove, 1M ,t.«mifu5mg.

the Isotop. s

. 'F' 1'0 TlllE "DESEN " WE RoI\'- .E.5 ·'N DEAL]l'\l'G pii1l1dpdly' "''''lit 1 ~h simp~ t ulDm!5i ·0 n tIJ I) !th ~tQm~ of bydrOgeJlII aftLd.Ile:~illll1ll. ,tt;; Uoms grow in i7£ ;~nd mass (we Wu.) j·b y also ~mw In. cf[llll;p.I~~ity and I~l~· number (if f1jJtIilI]S~ ~ Tlrtll'illIni'i: nml ~·h.~tliOns tnfry ml1!r~Lll~n.

_~~JI ~f the elemtenb pj Ina:tOOi[ (If ,¥hieh 'woe' h:.:ii1j,li8; .DJIiOlJl!ld us. (t'h~ Im~J:l !i1L1b!Ot~'!.noos: ilf tIm!!: ';;:orllb) illl'{! ~~nal,.get:1 ae .. carding t!lll iti~ "'ei8~u in w1\u\l ~, ikiJ1lO'lill.'f11 ~li1ff , ]'ioa.i!!:' raiM ",. Here ~ oogim Witilil the lightb ·t at.om ,nar ,elelJil>Sl t. .fulydrngt'D, • ! (! 'I,~li Jd II.!Iip \' rrih tbe .hlla.,"titl'.stili~Oln. uranium,

Tbe iii ~hnr p~ilrysi~i!'ttill a 1 • ~heir aLi 1lQ~ iln ~h . ·~tme !1'I,!m1Iler eJl:cl;'P~ tbal~ "thlll'y illluooJil'Ce another :6gwe. I]] tile ~is:e of IU'llllitlmfl Illl!liiy w.~He .eU:;t.,. 'TIU:i 2M re[?Il'f'J;i'.lnt~ tie ;a;t'mirnlu!:;." ''WEI~;§ht~ 1·h~ 92 mldll'C'd:PeS no~: fJrJ]jll aoh.· In nv~ b!ll;' ~ deC!l'o.1i$ in the .IIUt!leU'S hnlt it~e. FMitiom of the ;;trorill lrl]

.IS

,o\wrmiG: I(:gg'ins; The ]rol:OPfi

~hli' l~f!'n.dic 1.·~, [e as welt AJOJ;]Jg v.1th I]u~ 9! ptolQ:l115 ! ITi 'l he- uranunn ll'!Je']I·u '" i~ijt!ru ilq ~ul~ ~ ]. '6 I1Il!'U·!:1'i1'l1II!S. By ad!£U~g 14~ 'l1eub"ollSi ~'(i ~ [jn:~to.~ns." \'Il~ have ill ~otal of ~. \\~. i!!!lh i30 ,~~ J' n,br.rrmic 'W!ll"~~D:t.

~ C[q·I'boJr.. £Gr .ilnsNnu! '" h~Jl.'l' ,IJlII'I ::Lt II1k ",,,,,'e:Lghrt Jf]2 ~'JIIO~ rnlJJ~ :it hJR5 18 pro~Oi1lS and 6 n~I! .. tj[QD;5 illl its 111A.[C'1~us; 6, + 'fi = lL. C!I 'b . s h tMelJtl;~d hy ,1'. ,III" hie IItllhufll gLtom has. ~ ,ro.llo[Js .ilJJ!td neutroas Jbl ib, n 1·1l I!>, liii'h~um therefore has an .artf~mk '"i~e:ii~iu: of·r. Autl !1~J It g"oos.

€ ~ • 'Wtl'1I"C :ilIdiv,ul1i!."il'd i!ll.:ulents. dJ' t~1Il: Mfl!m, hO\ve'~rcri '!A'Oe 'WMJI.1d CH&il:!<I,JIIofEI[ lih:Jit this ]l\!on~ h(li Table i ' I~O'I: ~]n~ it • us s:im.ple as i;t .!i~:~'I1iILij, 11m a large IJrull1lf1;b. r ,of plaees bet"'ij,1'i;;.."~n Iii e iUJt:'m~~.bi li!it~ ~ ,.... '''''Ililillifrl hfl""'" Itc) if!' !2':n \'VM.'l \ . migll t ~.~Il e ' ltSm'llS of !fUm e of d e ii!I~OIlI" ~Ii t iPd- The.511l: are !OJJtODJiS 1.lul!t are pra®t1.mnly but not (ll[ile ·fl1fi1t same, For .il tLUIic-tl. ,.,Imt !'4.;_JJiY hll~ ~bl1j' djlll"ITlIlJ kil:ut"l nf atoms of :hy.clliUg'e.o. Thf!'li\~ j, (I) il15'~ p,1 ~!i n, 1ij"lt"e'Jlyda:y hy(l~lfli~~ "I~/hiICIJiJJ 'i,"'~;!i breathe !li~d ''With '!,~~:bid:lJ ~,'~:!: fill ~~OIJi.Dls.. SlJM !l,:il}fffllill0n h,)\"d l'Og,L~fiI 15 !IN,1p~.'!l '~I~L-d hy 1 ... by u'i:iJ:r ~lli~.Ili!'Oli!!l and nuclear pifip;D~is~. Then it!r~:re is aIimOither ~ox:m ,of hycd.~lJ!ge-Ja (:2) :re~~reselii.ted by the ,s,ymoo,l H·' _ \I\'hereas flfdli I'," f}' ] y~hug JtIi I'm iillt 1"!L~' "'11,' j~ I, rm gM}' II ,rusf'Jtti~ed b I, 'tilie second mrnL of I~)t( ro,gen has ill~]1 • tomle ~.velghl of 2_ After this Jillnn of Lydrng~n '¥M di~¥eredl (jin the cln«y .1 'OOO".s) D:~: W.ruii ~ljllild, d(J~l.h:!"k!J.niln ontl its: 11i.1UI~ clf"I!IS Oil" eoee 'W;W5 ca.]~~ a deiltcmn. l~lb; s0-!ll31led. ~h!l1di'll"y I~~mgen" was fl(Y~ a mew el~Iii1I!!;mt in lllilmlr:€l, o:thI.Y t~.

liIn'"ly di~ ~\I'·e-r .~ ~me'. "Vb: fi '!i~L"ii' Ord1bll I •• h~ld hydJ;o~fi \\1it5; preseuj so wa.8 IU.:9:1$1 hydrog~'. For ¢"!tie.yY ato.lffil o~ hill. f'!.l'J' h,ycl.n!lI_gG!"J!'W there ""''''II!!' :MO} IUn)~iThS of eemmem .~Y"" drog.elll. '~U~ll '1J!1!llSt uf the i!lomm!l;lU i[)~if.!m of hly,chag.!;,"Fi in, \m~:(!r (fl:.:'O) were ~thered iiIIp ami Il!'Br.ried, .~:W3}"" b,-- a SpIJ'C] ~ pme-uS.!l I!~I' re U~Jtdlllig, ,lI(~grd, ",' ~ caimd ··lleilry 'Ii, i.ater··~ jJt 'weigh d D ere '1 [;I iIlIl"t1;i)n: '1i1' 'W'n'L 'f.

T.lleJie lS sotlll~, moth ,or mrm ~3) of hea'vf hydrogm; I~~~v.~ l' &,tUl ~'htl n d 'ul Ifllllm. 1 lis.", fiB [ Ile[~, trH:LllI)1. and .LL5: nQ"lM r 1?r-eseH~," 11)- th iJ.rrnool J~P. In Fig" 24, we 1~O'tu r.111li1 aU. three fanqs 0'1 bydm~f;:!l]] hi1l.\I'q bur (rile brll~'IY' '~.!fre'im! ~ tTl/VIi I ~~i! I,g 1,I,I1D~g nd ~J.~(~ir liiLudt:1..

:5udlli variati!lllDS :IJn nue'ktii!ll[' ai'rang sn not :lUi t:11,Ued

d:!!fJropes. \'V;e ,mwbJt n th~m ,a.tc)mK: rOr.1!J)SiilS so dosely IlIie thilt'y rd. t, 'f ~. ,11 If}. tilE orti ur, "'~llIy 0. r~ .,ll£lin>CClI~ ~~e[III.~nt5 I~d WI rJ, P' a-iJJdi T. bit!' have II,klm:lc !:CImi,,",.!i ,tlil'" .i!l~00p.il!s. •. ame occur klJ n:Hure and. aJI"oe alS500a;tM, \ViitllJ ~Jlt' t~lfd'inm'f l...'I1tI, ~rd h1 'II~~ ['Y !!onl ~~J itlll!r~ s, Sill II {!lt~D!~ are i~~I!Iiflt.'(] ;;}1i11'~tcia;I[~y !by hO:I1ll bflIlrlllml!rnt nn e-t~ln~tmill~ ur aroJ~ie plle.5. ~Jn~ 8111t!'.b C3ft:S 5o&~ie ~J"ii~uiOJilJ is" 'fu~ ~'I pgH ~i c :lluelll:ll!ll'i1·of ~ltrllll1ij ;a! ~ as Jl. resuh sort of uuelear iIld:ilgan~oliL is plOd IIil:'f:d: ::md :i elt ~ el I .:1'1'<1;1 P 10 'j- urp,," The}' awe unstable :.uldl tel!l~ to re~lrnJ1Jillge them~e"'i~s 1]111 i'HII:'I~ I Him _ncr .". !JD. 0\'1 .re me !11 f' indi.p t~(l.II. Rl!lr ilu~munoe, am ~ihe C<iiSC or Cijl'rOOi I, whrt.'h h us d~'1 -e l~rmiSJ m,""'lIo. ,0 ub!llmillIUlJld tl~e o.{~b!e;r. .~lftifleblIJl pFrorn1Jlred m it'll JJtgl[]lit'l}jlli!', ~:h(llb~~ Imumd ~8t:!1 i:JP(; Imn'l,l~]'~81 :l'12UiU'uns

HI

Ii',,:;! I

......

a"r F.!Pf.I II ~..Siii. [i;.:ill !I~P.~

UI~~+!,~ • ~~!

,~,

-

....,. ...

- 'I,

~I Iii

EIiiiiiii 1

[1_ -~.

11i:I_~1l 1m

!(IIf.I1!!P~-. II

i5!~ t-' _.:. ~

-

.. ~

~, '-- .. ~)

H~

'~'. -

C I

ii.!"KS'li!!II!!~ld

....

I~l. I

~ .

llII!iiiiiii •• "'i'

~'Ml I &!@r~J

ft!!CI'1'5i 1~41

flli;i!ainl'

-... t l~lJ

.....

-.. .,

~.'!I~1l •• 11

, l-~~ .I!

'"-"

i!li~ ..

~_~~~IIIi~~_I .. 'IJlllli!lii1:l I~ ~ ~1~~rtII,~.:r.I"'~.

I JIM' ... II!.~~~

. il fI~

R~· - ... 'IIiI1!~

P.m:. ~t (T:I!I!,p} 1~L[J i]'lr'Ii,'IrQ,ge~~S Or '~-hElIllIt:!m of '1lfGnrDpn 3lj~ .1lI 1:'II!.1I1l .[£(IIto!?' H~ a:md li~, (Bothllm) The aj)!!ttI~ tl:: IILrra.:m,getne;n~h IJIF ~b!llil 12., 13, and H,

(IS; j\ Hl}JUt!' -f~PEnJM_ Nl' ,[~R JO~.s 'Rlil ils rmdew is; tfl.~le. Altlru:ilugin c-i-d' IT<O g ~lne!ll~ :ill\~!l.m ves one m;nM~ neU.mmt:Jml ~:b2lJal ares Im~!te ecmmon nunleus nt cm'B~f1, ~ En'lt' bulnne • ~ :!ilel~~, bad, Um ... ~'Vt i \'Ii,~ n esJ([ 5Ulre I~'O the Herre nldlJilftill.J1ii of '~h' atom tC' ,He fm'lClll~ slt1!1 H;ll(lther ,1!I.eUJbrml ,inbl:!' Icllil:{! iIlllllc!e>LIS of earbon, Ilbe tmdCU!ii ' n 'OIDU" Ull'k.'llt._bl', \\,h.l 'I ~s ,i" t 8fIl;ollil\lll' Y.il'illY ,lIlIr sea. rilf~g rtihlil:t .ro:d,.lNl i1!J~@mil-i :so 3Ihl!fllll~1 beooll1E1 mclio:lQt~""e, Tl e::!"' !:eek ~'t.i s:p,ft .o11t pru:1:~d~ and tlf.."Hch a. _po-iint of pe3~

lid qUi ,t,

liIJtb~gh oo~ or d'i!'mebliL'S 'liUry in ull mir: w rigl~~ , (lOltllp .. l1etll with tbe 'l]'ilm~,BJ ele.ment '!;. ilJII! whiieh. "they are 1I ~~lXli, II 'd~ ~ 1 'di!1~ [i(iI;! "",5j 11~~:1' to ~nd th ru. SIt:L1::h variationSi or [s.o~es ~la.ve ell "mical ~~nd [l)1~)'iici1l'i pD" purtJi£." SOIJH!L" te I heir iil!l'fm.1!1 and. mere ht:LriC' brottJie-rs, with whicn t1 ')f aft: nIL:JWdi. li'l(:~1l" )~ " h~~., V,'hfi' we I igll1it tCa~~ 6€l~~l!I.j carbon has 6 proecns a(~cl' 13 [j.eu~:n:m5 ,h~m i '$ nu~ e\~l;!llhli. N uillily.n1HC> ~e.fi:~nt 0'1 ~lJ >of du~ cilltbQiJl appear,i.!ilJ, " in 113 t1'(1ie II ~. . iHII '" HUnlC1hlal U'f pmtGJJiI:!I und Il~U ~"':lIl5 .fr(j(j iJf3 a:I;~.JiNi" ·I'be Iilltlrrnl ,~wt;l[iipe t:lf ('arUl ~D ne- r a1l1J aariJ~g ~n t:lil:!' ee t4~te bl~Jt ruI'IJ ays. m~rtd, w:ith nOJ:'uD'81 ca:rboo .. UItOVll1t~ ~o. 0(11)" I P ~ I1t I!lf ~h '" 111(Jt f. Th,·, f'utfiir! ilri ct'fOOli has S pOO't~lm\5 :rDd! 7 netl.tNIiIS in its II'~ Idem.I1il, ~'\ -:11[;'11 It! poour to !the ,ndiAIJOOI.! oF ilI.1g axoulIIic pil~ muses; ~ ;[!Idd'"til;ilrtl I llIeuh\rJI1 i.'o ill"lhiCIt il,mu the :!!Iucl-·us: d th OO:dlOll aW:nl ([Iilfiam, . ueutrons 'ilililih 1.'!'tilII only G pll'1!J1~ IOl'Ui )., tbllr~l')p'ell I~U cmare 9l111il1lJt-e(-blltW!!.\cif: wndlitioD, ~~\llt ::thl~:mr;I3'l1iIt':d~), 'biriJ~gs .o·~l!Ill n~~H0~;t;.:lti\ "!"

.. <\!tmmfl!' ClJmim; Tt.;e' ~~~

It ht'l!S .nnw In.liig b~~.1l1 ~nO~Ji ~[!,t clr'l~m{ll!i..1 ~etw:U}\' l~E\)j.~ the variQ'IJl5 elepilell~ Mn~ c()m,mfind" is t:ttlLl$(ld] h, e.K~lullm,g.eS illif ~:?\I;r:c~O:Il5 ill the il!JUlt~r 1001'blts; ilJf $.'I;mll1~,~

\1 I n~ iI1lh:ctOOlli!:i 'lh r n erdloo. ,Fll!Inn\~blg: m]t\~tS tw;!t" w

eBn e.!lStlly uncle: .stond ,,~h}' it i5 thllt' Ith_. ii0ID.fes ,of m~ ~ht,lfD'umt disp,llllY the same dl;(!~nical yrol~rties as dlle bMio el l1l~nt i' "If. ~~ltJn.u1.ug~1!J I J ~e ~l'8Il U,oto,o of !tuI'oon has 7 D~U:~1iI1j. ,LIS @mp~jlfed "With fa for 'the 'basiLe iGUelllil!.ntt md the seeend :h5otope ]ftll5 8, 'the ~1U!.llI~_f' of :PlJ:'obmli, aad

tltNnill ig~1 UlH a"brc,· l1jiti:DI1~:'ii fit:' thr..!" !tlm.IlDV, iH'(l\l'lllD:»i:;: :mILd.

'Gi elell.'trotlS' each. TF1i~ EmP'~lI1iilS 1iltiby j)t, is ~~l\tIt. ruthCi,~Sb ~'be lsOttJrP~ ''lI'~ j~Ji I;4JQ1!lie weight. :the,' b.ar,1'~' the same cllm~"'h;'~~~ pn!lJ_} '1 C ~_ B" aJt:i SCl: t'.I;u~ JU 'b.~!I!r IilO electrIc' cb1i!r.gle:. 'Wle 'Wol!lfd Jmt' I€l~·(t, em W g,Rt thi: 1iI,l~, 'tIllllls~ illIr '~he imI!l1wb~!f IOf poo~oa~~ (+) i!Lndl electreus (-) li'l :1'1'1 31" Iln \"'11, n til, ! h Wt 'i J1.Urft.:TI.If.] cl'rUp I;!~ ~fII'I,I'Oh.IQ li1m'ny nelIlltr.otl~.

QUlHc a~ .f;l '_Mm, ImlI~(~ rul'tilB.ejal~)' aeated i_w~ nuw prmm: . -i"o Jamie p]I~, 1;11"", m" StMJ1!I!!' ;2':"0 tbnt ~ OC'IIU.' in n.<lltu:~,~ and B'JIU iTo. aU Seine: eleill'l4.ln~ hill: ~ Jl5 miDI1I1 illS 8, SOlllfl.t:' t:luly Me, AU oo~pe£~ 'li.\,lhnle more, llI!1J.D1.6i'O!.r!!S limn the im,i1I:tJ ~~emilm Is Hde-d inl th F' ':riod 'e I, :~h: ~ l~ 0 up :IU1 ex:tirelJo, "l\y s.mall. pucen~:ruge oJ 'the m!.liU -fli in lili;(JJ 'I\'OJ:',I dJ"

Th llJiftaioi ~ (lif\' tit)o o~ r,gdjOIn:tl~ a!JlDtClpes :I!~, (he ammic file ~llI'1llIllgh. im'etII~riL oolnl16rdm~nt IDrbd QP~uro (hr tbe III cleus uf at,mns 1:1""0 , .. F~rl) jis, tlLrn!lll!fLg Ol!t to

- -- _._---

brJjl;\lne 'oi ~'H1e' lrn ~t p. II M-li!]' I~"i -·[u~b 1 Y-i'J:odu~ts of die a:WJniric energy PJPOpm, SIlJ~::L mi~,d]y ma:io:acti'llTe S'i:~h-, ::>~lLUll.cf}] are ~ll1g 'lIJsed ,11I1[i.'1,~r ,kl, :!IIIe&~CialJ. r,GSei:'lrt'h ~md, e'lf\m hll (hE: lTel]~IIIIO~iI: 'nf ~r=l1~~hl cl~li5ionlcn, ,\_!J ':r. ~lmib lM,~ they ,f!L:1le '!,I~I)" :i:mportiilillt because Ih~y (JEt" be b'~.ced

tI 1I'O'h1g;1 ,t:1,ti1: !bumil.Jfi !i" l>eln.

Flllil' reascn H lit '\Ii' ' du l1.{1!l II ood b'), cl J:! IJJ 1:1' -. ~Ul"'

dear pflys:icists estimate itih€ racl'igadiii. 'ty of jf ~orope.s (jISD~'{Jir1ieB are rmlt all.! ,!~ru11o.ill!!:i.'i,II_ ) !I~ Ile]'m~ gf half-Ute, tJlrill: :pe~t1d ~hUI tho lI1e~~·d r~n· ~ltl;i l:a{ j;jjifi j: ily to reilill.h, Jru~lf-Itf.e m fuoe. pJi(li(!es~ ,of deca:y~ nm 'flgJIre '1I1~ • .y rmIl]gE! froml ]~~ th~J' f1 UI 1,1] LlJnt,h 00' ~~ &~~,llull\(lI WIIiO'J!i.S pI }Iil$!rs.

atch "nrg ,',to,mi-' Bu tets ond E~plos"(l'

FlOR irrr '-'E, II NOTHING. HE YOUNG ATOMIC reseaJii'oher may ill. - k~' one of the moot ,filSlr:'inSrtnng a~' ht;litn~meflts of ~U \ljl:U hilt h(I! rII. Y ScI!, ,th di'w.£li,ng (l;ie.'Gti'S left by tl'i!:"lICl]~ ;)J~QDilS, Mo.~' of b 5lnJlpie [[~nl:orl!ll~s 'meeded for. I!~;lii~ mt!l/[Ve,liJus ih'iliStn'~m~ftt (caJllled ill, s.pi'1lth"-"r:~~!'J and ] LIlVe:l:lt .(1 by Sir \1Villt~lf;I CriIJo1l:es ~[i 1'900) 'caR 'be ff:!lHUJi abGl!I!~ tile ~1~e •

.Fiirs~ "I'i.~' mILlS,' make a sm~JIII re'J~~iJ'!!g cMd.lboam bm,; us :!Ibm _ ~J 1 ,Fig. 25. rlill: i8 C!!I'l" fmm f4~r'1' h,G~LVY en~ :;U:1I1 salted ,,\"~Iih :t~ .sb.:llfF k1l1llfc 1i!litt e it is h nt, ~i!lI ,~illIl.s:I;:rf:~, ait the 00Jt]'i:w;s ,;:urum ,ioil:lrIS, \!f>e ]'e.ildOf.'~ dre.s:e !JOrmd~ wUh gUm:Ii1li2d, f~L,piIr tup 12 , rnJ!l)II{\'\~nl'!£:l' ~ Ib.fdo:~el the. '~ ~ :oss.e:mMciI, ''lMre IIlIOlljl'e:r th~ ~lI!ni:i'de 5'jll;[iIl~-d with cl!uJlI bl~k _p;Wrt.

I i I ~

,~,C. §Io D~ gral'] ,O\f shnpl IIDmem.oil!t: sp!n~~ ttl:~~e. ThCll g~~'S at the' ~e ,ri~M j[[l -de thE! e:m1b!lm"rri QO,ilt limel' l' QlRL'h:'(1 \'I;:lh .[I ~ lII!i.~ :D.f ,FlIdl_OIl',.i'lKi mL Jte'n;:ul " nQ! zin~ :sulpbJde. T,~is $pildd\s~ when ..... n~:'wc,d tmrnJLg,h ~h {11!!'J ':iilll' el1ci1 « HliI! 1)Q~. T.hc p. Ihg'i5 d\r.e 'to

alOO:i,rdc GXpliJPS;1olls illl lIDe' mdrg~r 'if:: m~,tet'if.lIlil,

In lh~ vie'\Wlng I ro,d. of ~h~c!i box ~e CI_I .a somali JiGt11~dl h{li'le.

IJind 'lmgu nt Jl :mti'!!IJI m gfl[(f,~~i~~ 1 fiB (dnl1'II:i~lo elf)! 'W'-{l1o:) 6Vof.!f n 'Ib,y m~:ms. of' mOrriLel 81ii':l\lirantl,,: WJilil~nt, The S'i~{;ll of tkc ~{:1I'l.:S ls: Jlmtw'p!lJrL"IIn~ :uo..[' .is: :iit5: pill'li\~e:i:'., Wh.:al"'Ifoel the I~mli'1.\.f. tfm ~--'I SCitnphlig boJ( oy,r;I1U P nnit f~1JI hng,

'~exl dle at·, ms of iIi'J.d'-oo H'1¥e rn ~ TUfJOOe j~l I~ie ere:;enc _" of c-er.taililJ C'beJ!i'iIic.a1 OO'm~JJJ[l'(ls. a pllTnml!Jm;.. '(u::Inkmll'\vI;j, IUl plu.Y8fJ1noIlt"-8!Nluee ~Lt, 'plncv., I{eally phlJ,5'phIiIlT,G:5lGe:Dec ,tJmoum~.s ~o l',iiRJ'bl.e ji lit p,@d Ilttli::l wllWi S1J~ID. oom,pol~nd_~ am _ bOl'l!lbll!D'(~edl. hy cl~urilllJ!J~g:ti"~ ti.I:),g rndio~t!ti'~ [)!l:ft.icl 1;" UftdlU[' ii:l ,n{h tmL"lj, af ~1!Ii~id ,cilarknes:S,. die

1~1G. .28. ',[ihe OOllll,l'1 !!lIe IluJHI!\Emgd.!: ~pjQth!J_!leQPl jJh~l!'" Illnltedi in _ :e ::w:eompm.)Im~ drawIng.

~ialftlln_g, :~Lct5 IJf such ,::,~wl'U,.k: E!~p'~.rJ:5i11ji1lS m[l,}~ be delU'ly' BOOm. :!l.ll thJl: dark

Th- ml!~]~ ,.(!U.;,r m~~t~I'i_J UIJ;l !~_. Ii!) (!h[ll~g~' '~l s : m· HlIiilfi~'pe' neifheI 'CllJst1y OF dliffil[!iu .t t(~ IP~ Iif'(:, 1I1ldllG(] if we I ...'~ I, cd!", .. ,d,ed {I!_bJm doe i, with a f.i!lJdiuilnIi ~Ua~ ~btmt It ,lit u:;:e.. 'W~ ",\mn II ~ v. e fr~ough IHiliJiClt& 'i!i'i,llIb~l'ia1l lo. lim!J.b fI!. d~zer :S[Jiinthoolfisilo.pe,s ,i':ilulftJ ruge a'!!]?61b1e u( las,rlli!'ig 'thoLHr);'1mdlS 01 ,~eo'IIrs. be.yooiJ 'bh.e ,lif~~iIl1l'e- ilJF the hwlldc.r..

U am i3l[aml clod wjth ~ md:['~~r:i;p.1It dllil d~ ilW't 'to '~, :~mulld UimM~' !hi.J dli i',;tmth,'(I'thiu,~!5i o,~ !lilt[ IfLOlM • th~!1!, tb~ I~~, ;s'eCGlwlhamd S00:Jr0 lTII:lLy p~M ~me mm fifty IQe.llbi, or mere especially i.i it i,~ injJ eeed ifI.f repair .. ,

W '" -,~m I)" Il1Ila'l" till' dtJ fifl_ I') ~'F ,oll' 1111 ~o·

active Fain h-ol!lll ,~, number m; o,;® with a sharp knif'e~ ,permH.ting II!.he- !ftIlDm~,e,d !lfh!l'Wr.iaI m f,' l ueon a p~ere oJ cl~ It gl ~ .

To thiil ~' 'lidd a gJ',am of ~ow.dered. [l1h(l61)hlitn7:~mlrt z.i:m,c mlph,M,e wldtlh, Inay b~ :ba;d 1m [1 m1IEfLI[ MlftU1I1:t ~nl'll lI.!Illy ,~hlJlI1ia:.ll SIl1[lp'Jy InmSc 'Using t'lh ;i1_"IH 1lr!:1!Jd" i1Jf 'the koi:Ee as. a : ,~tlJia."We. 'mix tlle rwo p!Jw.<I.ero together. After 5I!lleb, m~ 'lilg. lJl~ i t tiJ!de (lIf [he k.Djf~ '1,1 ~,de is used with ,P1J'l 'Se ' r'!a ,to pmd!JJ a. grilIlI '~illg ~ '. Y, 'I 'ff.!'i«IUg, acnon. This 'w.Ul reduce ttihe:Me 'o:F;the rnci:ioai:ti",,'e puti-, "Ill's SBilLped ~l _ tb e'll)~ ciI1mJ ,m,m'ld n'rb: ~hew t.horou,gb'~y mlf.h I~li :!ill:J'C 5Ylphlido ~\1r;1er.

Nexl a ~aU ple'6e of ,g:I~s i5.: ~'l1It ~I thaI: it. ''!IM1,il] fit imJi9de l!:he eordl~rdl Ilm,:r.:~ .u a g.HIl5:';; li:!lIt~erl' is ~;lll~ at ho,l'Ir~, iil ~ ~inl1m' of g1t1lt ' wfUI d~ ,just 8B W 11. mt 15 U;lie;d m I}f '~o.li'tOlcl the ,i~tixh!IJ'[e of radioacth e ]p1lJ<\"id,el' .i!(U~1 'the ziloc ,ruilp'l:lidl~; ,Tbg ~ ... ",clr nr (u ~ ~~ L~\kl ~D ~e SIJ,I; ~,.1 Df 1lh!l1i g,~~ ~ ~t 00"1.'61':["" til ]3t~ wi~h!l mm I!Jf cleat' ~ IIWngb, '!llir ,~nLW. ,After lh~ i:s ta-ely (,~~ gl~s is h.M :ffI)Q'~ 'fi hon,ZlIInftflil) '~he f.ill~~I!I!i! I·' .:l,priJlI;kl:md, l!Lp:m, II.

& ,:1 rllJ~jl!jl;'!J!ro of f\fle,~utIGn n i5 best t11i1l!l~' '~ d.(l! 'D!i;lit d.Ded]y hqdj· 'the rndiDa.cl],j,cl,:i ma'lterw ~''mr.ed o.B: the

[I ~ ~.

~Valtl"'li1l1g A.itlilil!3iD :su .. et5, mill &fl~ilm u..

(ll~ dJnl 01' mdieed, pr.n'!IU H 'to OD:mi!: ill, !!!On! wiith lJu.M

!5Ikmllili ~l'~ fiili)' .l)(!~'tlt. T'D mi)!Jribu~ H OD the ~tI£ky ... tam-ish 5mfa,C~. 'W,e ibmlS'h the .mxoo pOli,.d,eI' bilJm dte gh!$S 'ilI~O:O wl~~b ~t 'W,LlilS p:r.eparedJ vn'LQ. ,a i).I~~ iDf ,1gtl:U1J..1 h W (\jw!i." 'iJl\ii] bllc1y' y,amhi'b,

This ~Iil~the uze is :agfta!tgd sO that the he ~e:E" w" 5'i~ ~ltlJtoog:~, snd ~ Il ~n (h~ I' . ky \,'cu'lud" M itlwl,. ~!(!lC m Mi "i!¥en a tt'lO.!tmuS I " pooSJ"ble aher whmctl b1l1.Q va~ llimh (11' ,ili,etlilac is ~ft 'b)I'CiU'de:n.

Jlii; f1 m ~u~ til! l~rilJ'l: !r ll!lmlinlil ; ml, we should th!U.II~;ufmr 'WdlS.b oillr hllooi'il 'vi:tl1 ,5([I,11!" iilmdl ,\IDi~r;;:r ancll SGl't!Jb hem "!'!.ri;~ a brush.

'j['irr.e coa~ed gl '~S is .~~l!JW.l _L)(f\Mmfilid. I, L m'lLIt t~ '11 .'

tQ!KotQ of I:~ u at tIle end Q,p~posite the 'I~s:, 'Mod~,

~~IlIlIDr;,: 'N: el1l~ may be tied fGf tlm.

11rt mrif'llOOtioo!!:!r 'y''r(IM!::llII rim Ll!nJllImilld 'ti,'l1 I mi is put

Illli ~l!1!.ce to s"barl., -rhl;!i , Y'C IUI,d, to ~L"(Jp m.'lrt IB!SI 'mJtICh gx. traneous ~filLl ~ poo~bt\'l mib,Ue r:t~e ,-i\ey,l'.il1g is dJOlJie, 'Th~ Iklfetlts cdr l~ill fl.ltl~k· ifo,'~.f'1'lr!lil!!lllls Iid.t~'ig pil'l.o!l' ,om b~~ seen in l:otoili d1nlkne~. s.oone ,tq;lti:ca] ,[tdj'wtm'ent '01. eur 'viewirng 'eye mu.si aoo tru.:.e 'p}ac.ebefore these atumi<e ,[Jy.m~ ·hflrics ,c.:LLO be o"bi€ 'mi, Til re' OIlD w. sbou1fl WJ~ be too imp Iront, It may liIlle ithc 'ileUCif' par~ of , mill tli>C befu.r,e the purp{l of the eJe,ha.s arliusred ,ibe~ l(rl * d~d~ness "ud. ~h~ brtigl~1L ,~~J!lllli m.~r ,ilppeu ]I~~ t\JJ.'iri~llnl ~ti:lii~, ~~I'e ~ 'en, Ue.fe i5: m[lttiOOf' ~p\l~ooh~g hefwe. IlilW' v,e:ry 'eye;s ,;j..Dd ~k~ce e.1pbItmm will gm cm~ fw thl)R']fIl~ and

lIum" iildll' or y 'l1~PJl, ),i lie Wi:lU '~ ·rfll'~ :!O~jJ~. ,perhL: ~,i!li lhAl :met thiillt"Ie OOu dliJI notihilil:g tOI Sirop. a:ile:m, "~'e (}ouM dash

, little spl!r.tb;JJt"i;::rop· inrro the h.iJJ'ITliil~'O ,l:l!L1d OOillulfl'ie it CQ'J r.ph::'I:1iJ~y 'by r.ftll:n.. tJ ' i,IJIlfUl [!If m;n. f d'[J3lnll.iv,El' ,LIJiI t 'em Ii J~ a1t.h01~b rop,nmiect, 'W'olllM iI~ 1ii~1 on e1i;£i1~ooil1l,g' ns t1U1ugb tl!r!!lhlilig had bJllliJ_Jen.ed,

,,I!jl'hllt '''~e 5't.:tl h '1"11 we I~I'UJ ,[-Hc~~~ IllJ,lIXiu!L d W~WIl J1l~i!lim:!!

Gf rndi:U ITIiI break I il) 11'1,'11 '00" d'800nil[l' ose, a ll'~:S that.p~ {fin :w a~!JuH:t'BI.s c~~Lltlll[']15 lli::lltlID tile rod!.luJ:ul ts tuned, .lJlt(l lead, Oncc tM~ 1illleck 11.1[' '-~~Il.un thut mml5{l '1:11.1 Wa.!l llIClIIilmUI1iJi btll~ d1<&t ""..:m !ill OC"'lll;' billioil y~!lCl ilL.~ Urt~[1jnnlli. IiI«:: 1',11.dh,JJnn, Ol~SO ,h _ e"p.!~L'~ atams th<~t clla.ll~ iota ~l'Oili15 gf ri&~t~r melh b;" R Idl,)" I'h i di!i' Ul'. u,t:]on" r d, ,,_ OOfJjrf~tiolli, Is m1Qt qwH'f: .$.!5i 5l:im;p~e as this 'lbe!::lIU:5.6 ::Ji w:hoiG .:iiC'i1~ oJ lllOO1.'l:n",-dialte :!llii,~5i Me ,~Iched burt the :resl!l;~t ,is: •• ~ ~.'!rt "'w;b.:~ 'Ii iIil whol- pt; cess . muYl ~s I~D slow, alllll)lnruttL,C ~n 'mura:mi'Oll (<chblgrng' Ollie oosi~ elellu~mit: (If matt~r hl~O ~Lu!!the,) . ,bel . ud by -. ~lI.fe illl.1 ill "iNiilth. ~~ Ih:m: Iil)btJ'y 8 b~e to wtingtl ii}h j t.

.[f lifie ha.d ,~ 'reaspo!)ufu] of besb :Ii::!ldiwiiJ (lms:udly J"l-

di _Jill dj,lo 'd0 or rm.dlu hmm tic J ~fJ(lI~lom.ooO

mum ,iJ:M1l5 w!ll11111d bm'~; evel)' ~ ~nd ~f timt: ' jjjJcl }fUll tile ,~tDf:lfi!S. are so. ~mLllll ~UII dus ~~5lS ,~owd go' o.m full U'JO ~ __ fS l!efili1ll'~ b. Jf Lht'i . tal,ns .lmd ~~mdDlt TI!te amOI,mts ill wlhl' maku nOI cti~ renee, The GIl;ij' Ifen ,1:11m~ ~fu I~ ~f m. gmml~ 'tbal Wte ~I!;.TIIlped of rtil:t.(t dilitil ,DE' t~e i31~ ,cloo_ ~"'1HI be j~t ,Ui'8 lfiilg-Ii'1,1 ed ~Lti, ilII ~l!Ib full.

Wiilmh~ AJ~Il1[[]j(; Bulleb: i!nd ~1JJ;$oo.m; 111

lut w:bnl ,1~~UlJ' eauses rfhl.:!"~ t[rlY. !~lf}"]'fuill! l~l:Tilll.u~s, of lijht os: Wif;l pe'Elh l.il~u ~ 1;tJ dnrkmi!:iil~ Q'j the 5ofhlltbm-~illg[l'~'P The atOO"M DlIf' rndtim'Dl ~MO'w~lJ!p" ~nd they dfu;~'t oft ,free :.Jl ei L'OD~ ~ rtil'lo!Sii! l ee t".lIll\ed b~ L JU1' ''lolb.erll. they rome hom ~·.iJt~iil:l'l!Q) l:l.(om~ of ~~ lium (Ihese Hii'll ~J ,dj :lilp~nlJ 'pmli:des) :too. N~r-ay~ (cal ed ~lna ny'S,; It is, ~e so,(}. Ued illrph _ pL",Ucl,l'!s 0.1' ~l\ltli' .r:.(:mm; o.f ,b.eIll,LI!I that eause the ~im: sljJl~p~d' IJ~ b~ome plil- ph!l,ll" !l_;C!eU~ te s.lItvtl,r:dl vmsib~ light Tll .alpha p::I.mt]cres ~l.tWe wirth ilt s~'IIl!d ~ ~1.bulJll L,~~OO militS f. ~ 5;. tout Oml~ !111f~llJigr.~l1JD of mt'UlLll(1[ (I I~ th of ,~Itl 1IJ!JB'C' ) shoo :oj ~II' m:;r, iess 'm:l1 an U,O;(IOil),OIOOl m.II~a particles ,[, ~ seeond,

_.: till' bt"Blt m;a t1-IIJi. we 8hflm~, 'be ~I!l. .' ,,mJlil roDtlIm 'or. L100ut ~ve ,rn( lII,1i~!ii befo.re \\ifol [ ek iflrlAl 'mtui!]; m. IPA:: '11OJi. Tim: permtts the :pupm of tflLl.r ey.eB '~ :p,~,jU:ili: tU}~IJrI~~h.;es. fur :ziUilfMlg.

ATO~ S ~~U:IC]~ tES;S 'fHAN IIIH :PAFt,TIClES TIUT ''0 '~Ij! make !them L111' 11~L''!;I\e nervct bee n SC(ll~, IndeL':d 'd\e:-JNl!1 :is !Utt~e ehanee that me'!,!' wl'e'!Of~r rome ~1{tffiUn iline :ran~e

" ~.

f iit.'j5i n. I ("":!,U oi thq mmy jun ~aJ' Sihul u· (Ii[ 'libe

alOm 'l,vondf'u 'hDlo"il' We have lell.:E'Dea: 50 mud . lout thm,g 'that ,i!m'(!' S0. ho.pele.!i~I, small aDd] iDl~sibh;.

Tl~j~ b~&"''!rIi dIU hill!! h1~fi, ~lowvly pl!.illr: ~t1letb.e[' aver tlti2 :pt s:mty~6,,",e }'l!f.lIIii:'" bY" rh~.1 use off" llUliI1Ji0! artbe miO'liit :ilog~liIimr.lS ~trurmeJbltS S'ie.f devised 'bJif man. 11 £e'w af ,rl]' MI' D'lil'LVc]q d _ fees il W so .!'.f:ml)I, ,~,t 'WC ,ilTI~y ~mbie ,and use them al'h.om-e'. The 'Ij·omJdu£.nl Wj~]l dDUd dmm'bil:!J1 has taUJ,gbt 61 ~r re..tie:-mltists. of the ~tailJlm_:an~1 tJli~ nib. lit 'tl C' ll!iWmlllfC of ,wtOlJilI'il:llMl:r1 !C~: $.. I\ICiog ~iilli the Geig'l:f o.O'I!.IIlI'~i', ,iIhe cycl!JliID'Q]] and the e'ltl'(1tAli,s'{lOJile ~~ hM ~61I1, !ll!1JI(; <cd ~e ~y ~~lnemt8 1~$t1d m die war' en LID e ~~~I/lm,

If oW' eyes: ""Vlaf" plli.!i,~ul DOUgh l-o see, \'l.111: WOlldiD f.lfutll '~i!If8 li!ic !Ii ID a very CQ.nhl:5i«~ !Ilnd busy w,fir~d1 rtrom,~oolly ~'pellL1l::fi~lg. Fl'om ~U .5~d.es') mc1li,uilmg 'I']]~ 5'kY: ul'e '\!I"Owd 'bfl: 'i:OOllfl'il. rd(!d by 8tomie p::oliclBS ~many of tOI!.im m~'HI'v:hug ~~t 5'[:1: eds mf t'hot:l.!l H(]~ of' mll'~ pel' 5liiCl!lnll, ,~~¥!:Wcl'(f1ll5 C(lsmi{l- ,a, f :IiBJm'lZc]es a.c~ cOmn ta.niilly 1bO'lDbiM'de 1ng USi !rO!DIII out ~. s,pa.ce. Atlllmillc ,x,p](Jo$ ~lllS ;~Fe ~:aking ~,]iuw 'in 81~~rnlli'lly pm ,~ful pile'CWi ~£ Q ,I :lJrJng l'ilIilA',Ooo &cti'!.!'i;1I matenels ari'Jd ,:;iJtide-,s are :d1J.Va~:S being ~llft~ 'br ~h~ h.!llrnij[J,OI!JB, dl.il~!'il o:r ulr;i~l waJteBJes and fil~.n:lf~ d~.

Now' 1[I[Hler or:rrt~ ;n.ud 've:w peeu~~rllk Crl}ndiEi'o.mi5 'Ilhe IJD0\I6mCIl.'t aad nUft~e!titlG'l of 'thEl'8~ pa!l'~f~r<Bs' n ~ . ~oo . 'This Is ifi~oJll • ill. d!' 'lIfi'Ce . y. ~f:1h:d m!!l:D yi M5 mgo by Sootslilrml}~ P'rnf~ or C. T. R. 'V~It(JJi!J; In it 'l;;W '00111, see. ! 1~~rl!!!fJl8 ,a.~Jj(l! 01' t r ub-aremte r 'l dl 0;1III1!iJ the 1'fli!l.'i~"

P.!roft-as [Hoi] 'tyalJ 'YrlS6il dood dmrn~;bol'\S~ tHi 'wic1il1]r used !iJJ:Ii ~.tlhfmk' Fe:SeiU\oh. :iIi~' ''1/'61·,' 1E!~~:ud,lf~ i!l!nd ''!,\leI] ~mprEit"f~b';od. MUfI ~.'RIs of Inglh:Uil!'tLIl.IIl wowd btl ,1\~lt:Ll~, before \'It andd lem;m tl;l! opero~· . 1,-']' •. 1 ;t;hing; Thm.1fI'kg, ~tto the ph] ·Cjil::5 w'I1Itl:l:ng at itiIite Bi'00kht',YeD NaJmiouJ. L hOT mo,!;". '!11t16 il:y W m_,o;t mUiy a "1: Mill! s.ue:tHlfl!!2.V:i~ 00 ilie ·tel en ble W;n~t use it theH! ~;o 'l,Yillm'h the tiny, iIIW1fil~il'tQ'!II5 ,a~ lIb lll'IiDill!ii.'b(!1l:i 5tirlfW ol '~ighmm,g~ :~ii11f\ by. ~UJb .. ~!I1mlc l~--'I'UdC8 i~ ffi!i5in~ 'fuI"!IliUJgh ft .'ifooinl a;1Im li1iip b.e re,

\!Vie 1b~L'\1\e aUteady been r'fi~d that 5i!JC.b ~a:rtkil~ b'Q

IW.ll·~ , td l. Pllf.il·' af '5i thi!)~ lS dl" )' [lm ~iJ~h(j:r ~!li~ rive, iIJ"4;!gatiw' Ill1f (,.~l'eeh'j~'y [i£lub31 ·n mlil~ui(j·. ]1'1111 (lil""rtrrlm tiWe tI!J.f atmmp'I:iW (~Lir) a,rdGif'.i~!ly aem:~lld in. :!.lillY.,. an rind piclde III"" O~1'.;li 1Pr;J!1i'iiIl(g.G of sllieh [111,' [.c.:j.ru!5i willl :![f,fj."'I~ n cerr>afi:u kincl of oo.rniefl:5!11.' -on ml their 'W,.a~~ no lna.tw.r hew n~pjtf tll~ ir Ill]! -01" mal' be. , ,ill:lb IJle l.ip~ _dod oJ i):l)wefful .iU\m[iHt1ti n, 'IN w· I 'b-. 'b! ttl se l~ ~ tin,), ,!litre· 'k~ of ilJ.oodeme.cl. mojsliWI«! left beMndi.

. 'C'rhllllll \V, il:.1~n. u rnierstl11lld Il1Ms UJS~ better :i:f

"'~ ~J I tll t m iruf n m I th . e.lu"I'h hlU :Jl1illJich to dofli mith SIJIldl elecr:r.:cfied pricl~ (:lI'il!1lt ,i!I!~Dr'If!Is. Qr suJb-a;kID:JJi~ p~[\oo I ~l£l~ ~ ~!]1""'I{;\lrl.r,) floJ:1mH,g i:Ji!i: ~e Duel i (,oonter) of miiLll,. dmp.[,. II "' .... !iI,. '~jN kng~" dg;e (lIf I~" t"ilIY" 0,1 irnll" I~nt mad . ;lrtflid t :tarim!!, makwg poSiS~~le.

Ng",' fo ~J~. 00. t llIelio!l} Df o.UI~ dOD 'f chaim!ber. J'W$t "~' 'i,~ :ne.edil "Wjdl'~I]l-a ~lned ~ss· ef t~h~ t 1 ,it. ea.pacHy ~r ~. er. l.b~s :5h<ruM have ,11 iJilIle~l s~w iti',o.'p Iqd ,s!lIm!! tOI:1iliI ol [Jili. I ~.Ilat: '" ~II be Ught" [[ :sut:lTh a ~eai io; 11£11' :!l'Ill'P'lieel ''Wiirll f}\'G' me~jl]1 m,P I:bn \iol!Lll Cll'lili m1l1~:k.e O:nl~ hy C1Jllln,g 3i c~Jrde of ;rubbt'J;' from ;Q:.D lOki me-r Gibe and '~mCQUng ~t dI 10 tbill iD!jd~ (if LlI~ II etJ j!al' tup ($oIi!e ma'llvmg, ig.· ). O'lle,r iJris rut. h. (1,1, Il: ' ~hll ~ pi .CiC of blad 'Ye]~ret hiIlving ,II clliam~teJ s~lgb;~1les.s 'liHian ,th· ru'blb .f d'f,s __ Tid ,is ~c pihfllfJ~t ItI~e oo,g_ (if the ruibhe1' '~ OO~Jtacl; '~.11: llip cdtbe G)lw l~r w~um tI~t.l '~ j.s 5(:ro~'<ed dfiWrnl, Thi1tl dreJ~, of Mack '!;\\'Ji.'LI\e~ has mil) pUlf.'PIllIS'e {tIlLer 1l!11!1 ~1:i~lt of ,pmf:lrnui~l!jf;~g us Uil ,ee hen 1'. ].'he ~e.I~it':d.e

I'El.T V{K~\THER ,P

Fuc., 21. Slimpie iXlllJtrill!;;\w;rn !fu~Fliil.! i)I '" \111; 1hO:IJI diNiid, clmmn;~er m '.,iJ,li'lli!!'11 ~.c ~ia:~:h!> D'~ i;lJtfl:!!mJie and COSlnrC d:f

pull1l101.tf.!il nul.}' ~ mi.

ltl.t......li 01 t~iI! a iQn1 ie! ,pa:rliiclcs WF be1i1t \iewoo ngni'll u black oo~kgFo!1Wd.

To 'I!:IlJnp~ ~e OUl~,' ,clin!Ei.'~bQr. 0: ~ I; ~i~ '\Y,Dllid~'rS ~ 'WiI~~ need ,(I, £oo't, OJ' 'MQ. Qf UrdlinUlfY fell W 11th ·~tri~ cbtain., ~Jble. !:U any' .6ve-a.nd-it~Q,-Qmt stere, O'l:1:~ strirnJ of "s. felt ~~ IN!~lIWilllr~ - to, 1iIll!2i in~~d~ II]p;p.e.~' ri.ra1 illIf t11ili! ft~[' and ene a Nlmd, th~ b'lJ!fftlilm ~I' du.; jm:r. n ptlfSible ~~lIlb'hc .. OJ;' on'. [ll.a:!lle JDejlltm't ~s: 'Used fo[, this [)1.ITf'Me.

FI~. 28, Tille cnmp'll I "~'il'lQ[ri dkJ1nd it!h. IN

N ~l we W~ll'l nII,,·dl u Ol~t."'1I0UJl1,~1 • an, ,':igm;t;,l

.mrethy1 n~mhol~ a. roll m elean cOUOIll ,1lI:l.d ,~mG: (lry i~ w'hjrIJln m{},y. I!l)fll 'I'll b ®b~1jJ LUti) iII ~roa!t'.l1m1iI1'1i !pnrln~. ''\'''!I;j '~vil], ,m..1OC!, neeel a pll:!'I,[';!("rfl;J'1 ~1li.l1Uilli .. tJpe H Mhllgb:t: 01[' a ,slide OJ' ,m.(l'bioo.pBcbll.!N':!! proJeellItr If Ifln~ is obuot th,e ~Gfn5f!. \\,'e w· h 'neither !tel pr, j. Cit mll"'I:'1I tDj :ll~nd!;f~ Ihtlll'l to 5,tmp'ly W'" '!l,ne of these tna.chilnL".!:i '10 'mi!JIDiIin t-e the :insid,e of the ebamoor. In au_ e-ase: the SOtJI~ • IlJf HgJJ,t, is pl~lced v~ . ·~IMt~ 1,0 t,hc ,il!i'it in ~ln o~'h~nvi5!!J lY ·r,;luotly ~ 11 it. room ~~ :1'1.0:1: hefon::: ~LI~' f'(lIJ(li'ill.~lilg ,~~-a:1j'Qm5, are ID1la.th:::

F11:81 'We petLI" .liD] f.",lfilllilig(b aleehol il;.,''{nnp~ete.lr ro sarll.cl!['!d~ ~ ffi'ill J' the f~lt i!!itr!l~ ~ftli~lI1d 'bh .. e bq~tOI1n ,of ~h~ ~rul' w~il1

]llijr.. 29. lhr..,,· t~1C' Viliibon dour] el J I[[] her s ~t up, for use '!. ~fh III caJle 0: dr't' f.oe a:oo a souree IlJIf illumm~.tjfIDL

!;flfLi'mgl~ 1)1) ,pm ~~ 1111:~\I' • :~ []OOO] jjh in!eb, d [p, fill! I~Y~ ~f' th.'" j\ru~ oolil1lple~e v.<iJrJ.. ttThe' bllt..c'k '''''·i/i.'JIJiI4't m~~ide ~oV'e9S: is then tiptly st!ru'i;",~d Jliir,o place ilInd ~e ~M i~ ~Dv~rt~'1.I, ~ -'(t' ·b,Y pt:nnjlU i Jig thu I ~ ,c~r;: ~~,!:I),'I ' 1 ~hil,l! 'but m 'tv ~lItl1 soaked up by tb.e felt hE1{] in the l'tllf6"1I' section of 'tthe glm,~ jat' .

s.u I !iJ~ ~jd~ d(!l~:\'j[_. th j!IJJ' is tlilJlIII pi i d Oil :.II CJlkl:' of dlry iIXl restin. (lin a w,ad of f~llton. batur[rg in a. F~d Iill'te:tal colee can, ]]f.'~e ~ht wlJ~'1s: .rIm",,' ~~r1l):t~g:ht elese 10 'l~ftb! ~Si ju, ,j)l1ld WoiJ' wfiooh w~ th CMn-, u iIitl~l!ll't.ii,\I'C~y

mut \i "gi~ 'Wd~. ,g.". ard liS wiJth the thlriJHlTIg S[~l of '~e JU~iIlilJJUIS p:~:rl1 left by aJJJ. e.b='it!tnie.d ~IlGm'k' particl'E:_ '" ~ii:JiJI S l~t"li1 !1!. P !!r~ ielt: p'Wibl~ lhb'(!lug.l i ~~ IllIJtlolil.o~ V'lJil)UL' :fI!trriI!lJ:sphe-re'l'IiJ1MIiI Iffite far. 'fh_i5 ail:mmp1\e\l:e' fs Ilien fn a emlc:ill'rIim, lnWWII L5l .. s,arurah.....,:J_'~ By thi. we lll~n ·~t

11~~'illi ~ ~(iJI much l~oo'h ~ in ltiu; • HiQ~h.i(,l_ tit t .It '~Ul

bold iIlO Ibme. mndeed L'Jl['"Ii€! is .5\0 mr~u:l!t al,oo'ho] ,:re.si3~t

... rl ~h .11'[10. OLl~!f'8 of lcohel alii' 5iO crm'll~d€C] 1 at. Jtihe.y ,arr.~ ~lJIi!kilili {-OJ C']1:)llJ1ce 10 oolnci""uStJ IN com .!ilm c-lMcr. 1O~ pitner which [ll4:i}' iIl'aj:lil1~t do 1JIill"~$S Eli C'en~iJj~ ·tti~r il~UlJn. w . 11llill~[l ~a}~~ takes lPt'aee~ ".rhis. Ib:'.~ggm a:dl'~ton is ,\:iUP.!~hnill.'Cl '!J..y th[ :rm&s ~ u [If [1111 U]II;;I!t'! mc-ti tUUJl1iiCl: pitdMe. A1co.hi.o~ il'lilJllemllkts dose ~n and ~FlJjddlle iJ'JIJ.OIe cl~~;ar Uponl £Llcl~ a pfi.,gc u'~cl it ill this ~b9« of l.U.JJIl,ObfXl ru:co.b.o,l

mQIer:::ule5 .hnt W'.' M,.~. m:!li rr th H e'li bfil.1icl

iRlf.

HIlm. IIOW, W(J. k. ,b.:,! SUl!~ .P !irl~j.e.la;.~ gomg te reach the tn~r.:'dijj1r of fJtl!r gb{>i'S wOlnde'.t' rtihilinllb 'W]~ n It h. dllJ'.ii!id and seal!ed~ We :m'rll:§ibt IiL:S 'w'ell .l!:5k .b'(!II,'v p~J:'lil"]les CEi:ITi~d: by ~hc W.~I1{] p:m!!~ throrlll!gh a Ohll' klll'.I:'IJ-·w.fire .ri~.Doe. The spaees se.pOJ'Tlliti~ thll!' ~L~ Md 'ml!il] C'u'l ~ ij~i(}]",p:ri5i.fig tile g~ ,01 till jar are so g,r-ea.t complilft!d \Vi[t'l. dle size U_. molllcu~es: ~l!nd ,WIn!,;, 'tilitnt t~re tb~y iI_lliilftle~e.s e!l)mpru~n,g @il'&mlll'ic flll:ys. 'nsil ,I ].JtWib"'I~~1 ~hem" Tllius ,tiIIJ~ J',n, ~11I~ eles {l!J.DIH:ar1 'ly kJun.oodil]g tb~ ,eafl~ nUll 0l!1t'er .5ljilOe pin l}dll!l:r~II!]Il{l l~ilJ the Bl]~ntEJ.,re I."JIJ.!I!I~ ,t-l"uwlJ1iOOr ~~fid .m,iJJl:e thew' [lJie'S erl!l:G '!,~i5.~bJr} I~ihnm go iCO;i1d~n~llI:oolfi.

~fi.r;i!d.: in a . li'IL!i I l.f"

']'~i ' P~f(l' 'Df Ith,\: ,oolJ SIIPP] ed 'hj" the dll)' ilOO ~ll

.smrp.]y tllial o.f hrh~ging ,albino] V'il[:IiIJr to ~. point Vlo"lt}' iJi.eflr 00Jt~U~1~!~,'t.ID.ill; a pmnt ~ d(l€le to ~~.~ t the jifJlb ti1; 00llIIll:de~dJ 'by .:ho ' ffi uJl . ]iL~tjfi e;,'1~ chrur-gc su,:pp 1m e d lmy thu p35li8ge of :Jln ,efu~bli"HHt e.barrg~cl. :pat~~fJ- .. v,ery m~1i1Jligunt Iboy kno·ws dl.~l Ill. ~ow,ermg . .r t'l2n~.pe!['a)L'ln.I1i);!1 pmdlllJ:·& cond lion fn U O!il!H1' ~f WO:~ r ",I (JW. Th '~ Is th.e [ea5I!l1D rm 'wet"" .iI'l!dl)1;'(rJ; in the·lkitchen during wmtertiJne when molffit!ll1J:' .1& ~:'E'iall!!g !!:(fllllJ! 't'D tire ktti:e:heu ran8fl.

'ThO!Ci • mtn~~"g iii" wl~g, hm.Vi ~ seen [j'J,? COOfi'i1 er ., lliOoti'1lIIS: , SltillJ.r:g"' ~rtn he I' nUnded. of them ·w.ben 'Wf: will:l~eSlS '1ffi~e; p~~g:e. ~d eMmie-r'GiJY, L:!ita&!.es. m:wuF the'.magLe :!ib~w~~ of {lIIjJIr bJJliDe~l1[lde C Gl.ild cihiIJim'll f.

T:be eoadensed :ab.ho11\eif ~ml itIw ""/;alhl Qi'O eaCh pass-

mJl,g cmlilic p.~ 101 j oo.Ied . "1~II'!;\id{ '!by 'il!1!J1 !I!lr1.rl.eleaf

,bry.:ri.c.isIJls. £ \'i.1U 'i,\i',:llch ow' 1IiI:1!l~i.c ' hllJi1iJll"f du' ~.yw wi[ uotice dJ.e rhytlllmric BpperuranCle 01 tiles _. ttaeb ~-ery !:;OOOIll.d 0.1' :&D. SUInt! Dr tbe:l:iilli i005(rn~e p\ll.N1{!]~ .~ willlbi1:l

;2., !I

,1

,Fm. m. r~o.'IN;, fit~cl~:i l~ild ru;t' , L'PJ!iiC;1l.r in Clic; wlm~Jf! e~ll.!:tI ~mbcr: 'l) j,J[Jlh:3i r-'!f~. (2) C~lltilDlS. Bars, (S) Setil pt!!rt~!1Ii5S.

AllOMJC ~.E1\b,1 Ie: ':IS lli'(lIiR :BOYS i...... ~lij 11g; m. ~ , 'I""U:h ~ g eh sptl ,tI, "mill PtJWI 'j: itI~ J~ III "J pl1iumge r:r) a d~J!jll:b of two!;![rti:y IJI]lij~ 'within OUJl." earth b~rm' e tlt6] '"lie sibop.~:1Ir..'tI.,

.Th~ VVWID.Jl ICJil;Jud GinJIIUlIIJ~·r J ~!111li ,pc 'dim~t LI(_~, I1U!I" .Il,OOnJJr!Jic

sruenmts '00 dmSOG'I.'\eJl" rnlln"'" ,~'L:: -Ii)'r ... 'Il. ""II " " '1

J"' !.Jl1UJ~", .. ~.... , ", • .dll(! my~ DC::

. tIDmh;!: palitkl~P-' oi J~ kinds. For 'I1UlIe thing, '!:he ,-fund

cili9£~Ibe;r ~itm -I iiI~ r!o l'i' I dy fil~ ill) s.~~~ ~ ,f Idgb~~fiiood ~I::i:des. tthrough IQ3itr.e. of variaus kinds md! 'Wano rE5 r~~ f{j kll£'..s~a~.s.

Mak ~n - Your Own

]f to, l __ ~'~,l W_1tE LA __ CE iNO C~~. O. __ Ow,e:::uhUI'e.ml"Jl!Igb t see. 'We woulld wti:t:r ess a truck. heavy min iiJJf s~.a:ltOrnill; p!U'tk.1es J.i~cltmg tile eri from out(!!L" !ipg~~, I"'I" l!!ity pnr;i~wl~ 'il:m1tlIHJ:'iing; such " ,is ,p:!iSS h!lil!l 'IJ"IM 'hodies: (IlJD ~e 3'1ii'e:lfag11!' that is:) e""eff1 sefjijlJIiuill aF 'l:fi!ne. Sn.-LGntists b.f!,'I,I'e '(''8lled IhiB :form m ,md,i,ilUilUl "'-CQmlOO

Jl[{yl' b' u'~ d=l"-'Y fl'il'll -II 'Us bom th noo O'Yli5"id!2 'the

,w.rth:'s atmoopheJe.. y..,~GS;~ m bh ' pl'lmtk-J;e:; cg;mprl.\ring co. J:Qk rays ,ue known to :se'16nLiist~ ~K.'lCa;uSt! they me llL~ tlmiO ,"nt, ~ 'W~I'h earithly n.h;)I:n~. ,All n 'c]· ,! y8~d:!I;L'1! are therefore i1ID!:er.eed, iiill oo.~~e '~di· tion,

F([rtunara:el.y 1"01" 'ilbe .1F'Dl!I~jJ,g. eNperJj:l'Ul~~I~i!l!r wl!lh :oomft1c~ fhe~ is; il. NlmH'1'(l,J:y .Si~llDpll.: r~li!ijlillUml' Ht l1u~t elm, '(DoC us mbled m ;_lrmlLY ceHM wmbhop I[Mi' even on th~ 'kitdl~lI 'blb'l!:!:

Bit

~ A~OMIC EXfiE~(U~N ,rom BOYS and thaf willi di t, "l1ml' unly tlll~ f1r1~i1,~".e;d Ot)'.!ind· my~ 'parlides) J'ea';bin,g' dle ~l~ fl'01l:1 ouJ:e~: spaee but iilI biill h :prlu·~'id't1.~, pU!.iI~'Dd ~H~t ;{:~f-!O.tllLi:I we !ih!y "~~Ir :aIM~llltS:r.-

,11e:!i'e 6:lt~ earth, ifi'orilll!ij;~ ... nee, '~f 'I,\'It:' ~)rlrJg r~ ~md ~llno.iL.,d rl~,1 'l;lJfL!Jl;,.~ Or docl{ .Il~~!:1 tll~S' ,ill5itru~:n Jilt ]t will indk~J~ g:re-ilt .Jdhrit}l.

T,he insmlhmeut, caJiJed a Ce~!'~J-Mue:Ue C:OlLn ~'nnm' tit in] "1\,·110 ,il lOl'emJr~ ;jlm~ perfected ~r'. itS: 110 mOnl ,oorn,IJIi!l;:IJlf~ IIII~ n • SlitMI] ~II ·",ur-I:\\1IQ,. tullXi L d,Lo rnCl!.!~ver.,. ;';"l'aJl}" .s.tnud!i7IJ:id, radio, paJ111i ,]fi! ~~."ed i~'IIui:;; WI\S n~dliD.iri j)JJd fJbL' parHClllLJ,' lD5rJ:'Ulut:i:L!: ~b.lllllit to be dll1's(;l:'iOOc] "!.-~:I;:

Il'Ij!rIB!!.'<I-ed by It~nt' AJtfliHI i, E'II -.rID" Ci("Jo,lllmJ.~roioll t~{li:::ii!lll'y ~or the (!outrA,ll/Ctioilil 3[1l~:~ 'U5Ie by bo.y.5 of liImp-"~dao l~ ;age. It ~"l! ~JiU lLhll!il't~ D l (!IIlJ.v F!{!il" !~lbor.i:lt~~' J Lcliat£o,!) i)#;!(]l'eJ1- It elilils n ul . .:J~5!@ fnr CnJl'l ril~lg "s nic ,':Jrt ~I.II nd foit' exploratioo :iiu se.atcl1 of manim1l'l dep~ts i ~'hl: eanl1,

Of >id! ~l~' 't1i1l • in:'lllmnncnt.\l !.lI;Se'.d II the leld o:f []:~Iclea~: re.~~(I]ici' II, 'flU!' GeiS) r- Mi'l U. ,~, ~hwvUt"C' i5 ~i~ ,llilil! t, OOJ[j]'jnmnl. TliJ:.olJs:lIJ!I;_i!S .of them are TlIIJW empby.e~ nil~ Qli1l.y 'in u"-, ~t'~}Ji{!h ;~fld ,P~,J]I!.lXlif:UII:g fm nrnlliUlu deJ1f.l~t.s ~lJlJ.IlJt alS'9 as 'tV;a('Iiib dog,i ill the i 11'1 nu FliCHI-. 'Of 1m lc'hl[1' I" , LU: tliO HI t l!OaJ)' be roll u.bof' (!:oQ 1i<1diQgemm'lf€, that -,,) tor du!' .s:dety of WQfi !!!tIt.,

,\,'1jI'J, 00 !Mpasecl ~1Ji rn~n[Jltiilll !'Il It ~5 1m!' IIl,t ~II~ ~Of' hllmul.liJ. ~!1;ty, the Cei~,e.r • .\(I,lI.IeU~T cou!IIteJr wil.1 give ~1!l1lmH rU~lt:~litl~' hy hnl [{JoJ irlus un II m!l!i!\ tif.', 'by fUr.!'l!lDS of B~J,1.I[DI!i1, ~.L1 a, rnpi:d :5eri~:{i of !J;J1[ld dk-k~ 0[' b}1 tH{~shl.'\'i '~II.~I~;~ 11 'nH mn ttl'be,

11. !!!l~ing 1'om OWIil ae;g,er Co.!JI!l.1J.'u

Tim !ii:l!,Il.:!ilithre element {!if '1. Ci.~ S' j'-M,uollilr !l!{jlIDru~er t. kes the fornil off :I} ~:ci J but '\!',ery sin1f]e ~<5-nVlled jj'l!os~, it\:~I)fi w~t~fJJ h'1.'i;] m~ta] {!]iJ,:~,.'I['O{Il;·.'i sealed w~)l:hh~ fL CoS1ll1lliic tl'i' ftl!L1!l:l"Lu=:li.f p.~ Mdur:;, pj)~ ~'~m1iu~JIJ It~F' g,lJ1 ,'11" ·lope or ~lm hi ~'.ilJn~] ClI{1 ~fj: I:\lrtarin 'l,fJ ':1;1 d·H lcate el xtr.'ich 'l."iJeili ts between (be ,~J.lecl:l'lodes or plates imlicffie the tube, The.se l!'iru 'I' t • 5.0 :rlfrIll1,n .. INI 'I: "'I." it IjUl~ _ (3 'I'tjn ,;tie.at I)' balaaeed radio and, iBoo- ronic camponents theee weuld be lUll' me'~ (II mwg dlil!-tr ,r4J, ~nll;-· kJl!l.J<\,\111,. \\'ith su";;~ iJ]~I,ft!Ulrn jut!;, .lH1f1.1.J!!.l! 'n, ~Y,nn J;:'tl!'d ~J[J! til,", Ot!J~mt_(J]' Itg_~i!li ih.~"If:" ~16we\"e:r', revel) partiele elililie'lin~: ~he 5'enJSiti' .... e 1Mb!:: '!l:ioun be 'In .. d~~ to 1~~1~w iIiliilhe[' ~ fl ~~'h ~F I\{;o(i ligJl!t m1lli a M~ l~ I Ill. til' a sou ld in th itU'fIiI1 t~f :.\ I ud diok. lite cljClk being produced eitJber in a hetliclphuJile or a kmd-speakeITh -. n~I'I1fJm)tir (dL~l.Vc!It! ,C!l!!m hrmg: ill, i!'h ~ctlint~ fJ~ ~J'r;i • wm] I jq ~C3t· til . ll!'lk!l 5ily ol th 'ft'[di.~ti~ 1.

"file' a~cth:m ,tL:!L ifJJJ~~ plaee 'ill.ritJrun, l~, C".eigeT-}.i[l!elller ~lIrUbl:!' !s11l!iJlt diJDlBuiJt, 1.6 U.I1I.die.rs.m.fIi!1ti. ,I!!:iil.fli~ ~.I~ ifl 1l!Ir~ RtOJl:IiW~c lXu'ticle p~s tS dlJt"Il!J1gilil th~ g'~[1I:,!i5< 11Jl!lb13 ~t pr~duC'E!~ wlutt, is biJ)WitI~.as a ··'IPtl'ls:c._'·11t11r1't:i pulses l1:.ay be mdi~ted no 'nl ly ~y g, .unti er .IIltShttS: billiJt ~ II~) .r!i ,."Il l'L i !tOll_WI ~us, ~l, "nrL~~'lI!!e~ ··j,.1 ,ptlciull. ·'1 'chi '~1~1 tr ~Hbral d m terms oJ alOj[lllb::: mdia.~ol).

F1,. 81 IUlmm]u;' ~ dre C ·ig'~1.'aMILLiJ'II!t~' ilI.'b [RJrmc.ip.:L",. m~:!: 1,:01 iul CI"~lil'U;IIU; il.111Ciu;nt gli!lly- to' two metal] eleCltf'od!ll!B, ODe. a cv-Uruler ,SrIll!tllI.OO iJ}'~~fII~r 8, 'Win;:; twmm,g,through. the

" J. _ _

,("f.,"fJJt.tl!1' or l:h!2 Ifill. ~ if:YUfid'tl£ !ill:' lJulbl!. A J 'n",:t tw~y ,high,

. - .....

"'r'co LA.y

f,l.j!.~,HlS ~ J r~trt.

i

i5co.

F![ti .. all., ';'im[}!Jk p'1:i:oo_ip~!e' wf ~c (:iHfS:eI' O@mnltier. "IIl'1:iJ!J!Ill :;] NUnI!ll! I)) .r;lld1 III p..ui'i:~ ,1m .fl L~h 'S acres th'm, BJ -Sftace . h\l~ 'l'btl' WEre and !hll :rne'ta:1 'tull " tal !Il1mU I))~ml ~I dllcl,ri~~)" ~ ,lid!' to, (ll)\\' brtweeJtl. these IDIlimoors. TIJ-.ds 1s: fi:'11pllffted I:md tbeum:l!d'e ,ellhe!l" ID eaus .• II li Iml J leu tbp ,ik r (ilf' il; ~~ i htH1l1. III W am Jr~ .fIJ ~tJU H,~n iila;,ib., ,S'([meltim~S' electrim .. aU «I 1 tel'S' ;:11'11: .I:iJt ehed to' sft~h iBn iumeli'- •

"o1!thag£ is OO!l'['~i.\~c;ted 1m) the wire aDd! tke' tube bu·t inas- 11~ ueh ,EI!!ai d esa 'r.t.&.!mt":nl~_ij , re El&ct"ei.dI.~' ~11m1~1l£-d fMf!ll -e;aclrL il:Id~er ilO CW'.t',ent 'I,,,,,,g]1 £I~nv bel!w!;!' III. U em,

ueh ~Il.bes. are rlsn ruloo with ,r:,.~rtain, gii!ies 1l'l11d] when tl. hilh.:!I!~. ' pll.Ucl .s C'~t""rs Lit- tulhes~ iJr .. ~l!j't~~. ~~Irou,~ the meln] >tjrimdcr and ~'liAXe~d QIlI ls wtliy ~iJI Ih Iil:O\l'lItfl;;ll \\flrt., ele'{:~r~'e. .Uil:!\'o\e'tl€l'~ when. the e~ectrr&ed p'di~' ,PII 'e.l! all~~l.!h dntl Ijtcil III ~o.! ~j.oo.!!I, j! o:r ~bfif'g'e,s !lIte:1 iy of r.~~ gas :moleruies:' r a:atllfr'i!'b as ~J: 'E:ll'!iJslit!'.!i past rllellJill, ~E1i'irUSi n OO!tlcl.rue:L1ng [pilltb fOil: the ~te~tri.e.~J C'lLI!rt,tnft oon-noo :e~~ to tile \lJ' ~trryd ' (go!1 tn~~ ',I: mid w,i;!i' 1Io) b~!!.1i~·, Imllit "I rub"-! !' mGm,el:lbtri~y .c1f:\e~ood aJEtd a ~:pl!l~se" {Dr gw:h o:F ele~rkil.y H~ between thc.J.le p.cl.tlIS. It .is dlW. ~1~~' is leteellOO 'bILe!'

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l'l;[Lll'Ii:ill',ii: 'itl'!H' Cliwt~ G~~ -iil~ 1~!lIiI~1 ~5' 'th-e. reslt. of the electronic: :9P1P'3C!ltu~ C.OIID;p.r.[ilti'I1g" a i!XI·lJ!li1er • Su~h IG.u1~~t-~ l!i J lell' {'!lUI ter tl~LI~_'l are eoJJ:lrm~r!l1~ Uy [L'w·iito.Me.

itl1lY t,eel1-;~ge bo! l'rl1ety ~~mlble a Ga:i:ger~ ~uene:Ji' t.'(!JlILI1'I~~V Lt relnht oil' ~tJlII~" (;l!}st. Soome lar ~k. parts used iin~y ~a~btllli1il ~dd, wona-!tIut md'~iJ - oh ~hic-'h lUIl:r !:iIfll '111 be had [['Om :1t9!ralto. deale s abiiii.Ost kfli' the a5~.s'" A:I~ other ,;l(f 'S Ijfi'_ pure:b ecil .It :~ II)' '!/ .. re]J·~t(l ~et~ tsdio ,mel

der:: l ~'W!1IiG :%i,PP~:r h!)~~"

The· d~jb of tt~u: Ge:l\g€1' eounter al;lOiIJ'~ to 'lie dle\oo 5~·b. d We:IT€ sUffliligd by IIill1Le I~Fe.-t~ ~f the. !lJ, S. A.ro:mill;: :Em I'g) COID1'missi,q,n .. It ._ EUll it: m -lie:tm d ~nt ~ IFi i)Y iIfli assetlilible.d im a single 43\1. "oms: by OJfiyOI1l~ "I<vmo ean ~andl~1 .t .wldennglr~1~n. The rnslD.JlLiflcu:t 1:5.s0 S1eDs:il~\!C t~at:it·will. iG'IQily d ~tL"t'if t~w ~,~igJl't n~{]iMIQlu, hv,m u i'll.dh!lm..(t~l 'I,'j!,artclliL.

1'.lre lol~.I!Iwjm.g ~ar.lts; wi~] be needed for the ml1ls.Illn.IHiIi1n:J. ~if. l~hl5 ·, .... ',e, OOhm1h:r:

1 .. 'G,M, ~~IJI ~~. i all, fJ'1 r.!l E.

2, V,oltage' [g)lJJl3IWr lyp EF30HS 3 •. RMilY Sl~S'~' moml Uy Idi)l:€d

4:, SOOll!"'uP tnmsf,!!1II"Htljjf ('[Irmm I.l:~~n El~c~ e Co., Ty]?e 2OAIOO)

6. ]_/M-W~LM neon ]JQ!JIl]p

fI.. Ihr 1~[)O.tvo'l~ i;,'Q: 01 'J'''; 'm ..... 'V .OJ In:ilcrn' t a)1i~ JXIi.:r. tQ .1 m&t::J:'of~!I:',il~t Om'll~ .0001 m~ClIi'Qfarnd

AI0!\ C EXPEBIMEN1i"S FO ~ :IlIQifS 7. ·l'\VIIl' Jl-~:il~t, l.[fi!egohm 1l!e5tiitJDii:'S

B. 1"Qgg:Jl(l >Sl\\"it Col

9. Pho:ae jttek

Ul Cry fi h n~~plIDille SIill ill 1 . ' eon ]~J±l"p luld J'

12- I, \\'oC) :m.uhli~itt oeUs

The OO'J!lI¢fltl!;': dIi(IJ,~m of ,ooml!eetioDS foT. the CeiFr ~UJ ~ ~if ,~ gfrvUJl ~J[~ r--i~, 3_ 11~, ~cmlbliinrg til' de ,!l.: J - 1 b'I~11I enrs '-i!T6 fir :st ~ _rid Ol'ut get'I£lJ'll][ y rts '·n!J5Jt~·,il~1vd n~] n:hl!l'~l ,sif'.I'iI2'-'i<v-ed! d\\"lll te It] e woeden boerd, ,After ~a'l: ~e

Ilnlll ~ d'0:1:115 J!l' • ~~], .cl.j 'Ill 't w~ m ,u~l ~nde. ,!I'U Ill! tDl_:at the l;.'!lJktr elide H it relat~ Im'O \Viii 'es is ,caref IIUy fOUOi!ilifetl. T~ flJ {jf),IJ!}~ 0'1 thli!' CID'!!,eriog ail' the wi_res leHdli(ij~ from the tta~~ - f j'jfi~l' iB ,ul!I1I po II' - - It;

mi tJ1e pDmb of the (lOla.Il)C'i"r hl.r!;fC 'Ib- I II.~mb1erll ~lOted.! U:title ftQ!Jble .. houM be ,h~d m ~peratiml\g 'fo:' ,de .. ""J('If;f. If 'It .L IUJ> h • ill !!leni, ~Gr PII,;ruJ:tfle!jng. Lbll:ll blllUdell' \~rm \"iIRI. ~!l 1J(i,o.unr ~lile as -Ulil 'bk·d irut~'ll;LlTiIllmb ll1 a ''WQ_rl~ bO<lI fU'o1orided, widiJJ lfii handle.

l_,"II~m WiM • I ~Jl 'w(!TI!~ 'e U ~po-s.sJble to • a<!Jtlll ca[j]hr-aJt:e dld5 1I:J:sln.:m1ent !'i(\11 rh~t w e 'WO M ]q - w .rJ't .II ~I tiJ!1I ''8 th, ' e.Nl1d im:b:::l1sdlt}r of m'he saurce of ea51l:1ril; ',~:ys QJr m UillI .ct~1t;\e p~ rrlie]li~ liLt b1b~J.d, we "' .... tll InL e lQ be o!:amf:Wd wIlla less scienU!ir; com lmmn~ 1'£ We II:: III \!!if N - - :.0 • thlll N05 'tmoJullj BlI1f~l1 iflf S a:~ildl!l'!id!S, ';Voshin,g:tlllnl. O.C_. can 5U,p,,1. Y' 'Ii uh sou-Jee,o.f: nufi:\tliJ'l.Cl]vt:i ma~rital () kntJw:o

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If'f,f'!, I~ iOI _-

n"'IC ,J'MI!O! !',1~1

ei'i'!;t!li -11- ('v. 'Tn- ~_I ,Ui·",aB,!!II f~ -

I()A, g.u. .!5--nat iU ~

1'I~!I'i!i~'o.... f$w ,.K ~~.~ '!l'l!IJil

A liIo,Il CIlH.ftIi Cia.

~ ,GC' ' '~II ~.jj ;:,l::::i)

, ulJ 1,t'J ,.t! I

1 I' _- _:'J'i" 'i' mJ(!

FIG, 32" A ~p'le Geig;ei tl.."OIIlII1,te]' ;]jud, ~be 5landaKll [mft ,:From'" 1biic:'b it nt y '!hi u ad '. '\Jlr}' young IIItm "lbOo c. l, assemhlu 8, one- o.u ,twD .. rube ill,Iim 'f'ece:ift;l"e;t C'iIL'I1I mak~ tM _ (Cl'}nft.Gir9' ,AJr,i)ff1i.'rc E:t'!;c~gtt CIlH!j~ m~8rl'Jll.)

j[J,~.et1sjity. Allili-er ,! 1D-~eliLiing" 't9 this~ W~ l:ber-ed~C31" Ifllec:ide 'l: J,~tIller the l';a{ji::JUOll t. ..,~tich \'" ' Me Mt!l.'o:L1m,g ~s b~IIi1I'l.Y' or. nib", _ lh' 5;~D~-m ~~iI ~Il~ln.pil J,

~~illlIii.Y ~ry sinllrpl;c' !'.ltornic I;;l'perimr-n '5 an \e cca(~u_cred :!Ilt home. "'5th ~ Cft:ug":r O!DiJj~ ~r OO[ Wme eaeh '-~perLmb~~t. d1l; i U . If: Ill: t'lm C~lig, r OOLJfi' 'm 'I!.n.t. ,~'rer· mtibUf f:be d gree of W'hOit is ,k iil~wn as; 'har'k:gfou,ll,d ooioo.

loo8mueh i1S Ct!lSlltlI!c ~,ys ::we I!.'(!mta.hlt1y ooJ!Ili:rJl!,g: ~l~iro 1lh.e e::lldll II1!!!id (fuel iilg l C :iI\~'I: eeun !or, stad~ r~ruil:5i ~iI m.lilAray;s be J.t!lf€~1]1 ]JI:I 'varying de~ 1110' iliLlilU"(J1r 'w'lngre 1Jii..li" llfi!lll'l~:r ,nUIY ~!]I{! ~l!lIC;fIi~etI. If: ~ ~ ~ml C~, ~'IIe l,ml,II!!ilk!n lo l~;LI;:lg;I\[lImul 'nni"' nd ~h 'n, qg, • " r ~1 Jl1C: ,~~, ill!} 'tI_, IJJIJ1ll'bi2:m- oJ ,e_llfcb dmil~ an ex,~_me[ii.'~ we will 'k.ni!1fW' ipl_ cti1htel", m'h)~t ''l.ve' t'lJr detec;tlil!l,g ~Ir.oret:lised lIlldn:aUOD, Oiteel1l W'~ ~ilJr11 t~ -lldJ ";0 l t ih,:, Ilium lpli f)J elill:'!ls p~;o. dneed ~y the so-ealled b'.!l!cl.-gti1JlI.£ld. ~diati\(liI1l"

o'lfbO 10'1 t~ _ ~hrell!i IYFcS of !f1ui~b~t1i:1l.!, debet'!.t.1d by ~!!i C~i~:e.r eouuter ali'G garrnl~l'[jil iI"'.fl}"5 whi:ch lIS 'W' 't;d ,'I: 1 'ilr~ fo~, tIlre :!liftmt ,x'"' ay~" StLlCh ra}-fS are proimu.¢ed, by the :1i'nditIDltt'it, • ~ II, IJiJllot~ L ' :-d K!'.!11 I~ _" tell ~:UID.k hJlmIDOLII5. "Ufie5f! rays trnvel iflrt the slk ~ of v~', ibJe ~"I'ht I, Y (iL8B.OUO milE'S p']j' et"ot~d) ,Uii.tI ,they. :!IJ~' c.apaJb~e of _,aJ.'lsWg

th(iQ!iI~ ~I~~ in ~lillJi~ ilJf: nml~tC:11\ ,11 FlU . tlir w~pe:r for

l:J>r4lmF.fe, ~:l the ~-e (iI In,L:'~'rier I ~~:f'f:er Ii .] I](~I' .:I~.ey !o'liOO ~!:}Ilee'JlIiOO 01 iIOOf s tOll',Pat

_ \lIj.ie, n eMi~~ pI/til'!; t~d! bY!l!d~ldng n \-V,t. e.b wl~h :1 11.uoiIDJm- dial a He, .. , ioche.!i: hom ~liIJ' Gel ~r CiOtiLriWI ;Ond ~tr.!;lbi\fg m to IEhe !Llm~'I'.ber o'f clieb [llwduL"JI,ld. '\~!2 theD ~'I'llce ;I} pE 'C ;of ,ldurnl~IE~1 II roU ' ,\'l!1 m ImninliU _ pliO h--tTiween rhe- 'Wallc1!J ;~md th • COWltWJ:. . '0.' fiIIJdU!~j .]1 m thn:Iilirl!Jjl ber ol,cli.(;ks, '" I~, be nO'tJlX!d. HrI!weve H "I,e ,R..-plac.e fhe ,aJ)uuff'linlHl!ll '~NU'h ~t gl(IJIs cTi:'!lh. thlo:t~ 'wjl.~ b ~ ,[If~ ~lji~nlletH~lt-e l1eii!lIctimll, ,ill 'the rnI!IliIL~llliH oj di&ks, ,hadeetl '~>e hnCJ:'IUL~ O"!!:'l' f.hl!:i IJ.'.o:(."kglfi(Jum[ IilUI!'ie 'I,V,llIJ be eJill,dD<l!t,ed~ N@t

~g lro.~l;r Own 'Ge~.~ i!}}llqh;r- m tha~ ,g:mss illlilUIlr2l \'OriJII il1!OlImpJe;tel," Sl-op the gllJlElID:1!. m-ys burt fhe &:~dl ,iin 1:lm ,~In.:ii'j ~l!11 do chis,

tV'e ",vtll also 'gd tbi1~ the iIl:iect['W)ll :sllllJt 1iJ.[~ ~Jry hJmf... ,t~t1lnSi '!,'!i~ak!1n. d~i!Ii[s WI~'~ .P~u>s tliIDillllglli lh.in !~~~ets. ol pa_pe-r {~[lld roil ~ Ul~ I 11~.y 'be 5l-Cppe' by OUII" '~ ilIin(I~1 SU(l1 'liudil il~ -r.IQ,1Il i~ C3!]led beta miil}'&

1W w, I~ also aete tl t liLll th~~~ r.adiatiolls prmlllHled by tli!ie' nuillillliructi\l II bi'>t nces on w.oJle I] i 'Is (b '~!I, iiliJl:l!blll :andl gt'.mlJTiI8) ~-Olfl!'i~ le~ and less i;1ot£oe itllble as. itlnG \lI,'an:oh ~i~1 hi '1JfIlO\r'ed. ilwa,~1 .rf1f:lln t~'Le IGI:l~~-j~ iOO'!JDI!:er. hI! tU~ CIlU qf Ilhe pl1lrtrid;r:;s (~l-e!iJtR!ini'j or 'I )~~I ~ '1'0,1 :'LillI)] ~~i,h:fiJ l~'C:]es (Ii[' b.ehum ,ill~_Qll'IS) ooIlisiollbi wHWi air atoms ti!lldl DW'culMs: i~~nd to' .stop ~f d ~cn!ter ,tl,~'D hll,yund a r.e\II,,' hl.l~ihfil5 . f I' . 'll'el

H 'We: (I net \-Vi.i8h IlIil blilild OlD' C~jjg,t.'J.' ilXIl1fDter we ;m~}\" l?'lln;hlWl' 01 re tly I lI:r iL_~ OJ' .j]BU.td~ , ~ ,. (!l,oo. ']1l~ s]-Ui1ppins: :nood()di ty R:;lther t~b~ :I?ms (or i hi!.'! it'OWrnt:er hemin iIIf€.s:~ri.b.ed, if.il1JI;I-'1 ~d~iJ be a,,,,,ro~dllr---d by the ~lill:'t:~l1~~ i[lI-f ~L oomple~ • "sS'.Q[l'IIMy ~U fm rninlL .11, ~'ll5trum !ii't, "Ih ~ mar be Jl.lllil n·t 'III e 'Irur,ge:r sl'I,:fply' shJ\l; is :h illdlrng mdiCl' and] eJoobtom.lc ~qmp.m.e:llIt.

: ~',mple' Experim tus _ .'itl Radia ~ on

TIm 'I'ER.JlJ.I' J.AIDIATJ'ON AS ., SRI) lB-'fj :r.m·SI1C'rs- _ has b~d m~_ niog. Th-e' llg~t {['om 'Ollar ml[IJ It'> a tClnn 01 :l!':I!cii tktJ'l! ItS \io'~n e, lh hCIlJr f !l!, r1Ll1~,i!'i~Ce w 8. mllJL-:(:h. Indee~;] rndio w'!l'Ve£; 'Ii~~ li"'~l'li\' both vi i I· WlL-i 'i1V~ ihliSi (as !I'lrrn-:red, Il!.Illm~v.io.l~' a!m.d x-ro}'s) !i'!JS 'i.-n:ill as he:aJt W.fJI'III'S .llfe 01 ~ ,t1!!i1H Id, "'Jtl,~ m: {!lbe-tJ: mt 'gt Ue .Il~di· U<ClDB tUiileril'ilg, ,11m]}, mn 'W"av' lenl~t:h, the r.tuili~ "'if;JI'!.I', "i :!It ~ he en !l1f l!lfu;e I~fu tfio.magaelliA:! ~P.iOOt.J1lIDl rnlil.gt!'lg from a. h.':J!I~l:Im ~f III £'l:\" 'ten ili~e~"'Ni1 YIJI 1'0 mBhfB ud. ~Ji'm """mrs ,d rire (lVpos:ite !!iJOO !D.~ the Sl:1i[;d'UBJlII bgi]l g 5Ii}. vW)' :':]njlli~ :[I!I'WJ1Vg ~el1l\f}JJ thaJt tbey ,bE' {'_.i1f~Lbte· uf ,t1'J!lt-erlD.g maU.eJ Witb.(!!Iillt b(lin-gbomel'ed~ ,,-,, gf"'I)Jt d "'Dli • bll.ur ~J1Iltell-M(! t h: :S-Pi1l@5.

A~o mcluded 35 r.ail\im;tiDq arG 'mhe beti!l. ;)1m] nJph~ .pilI!rthd 'S ,ari!'i~ the ~IlI\IDlil ,fttf8 dmt ~ut df radlmn,. Then !1(l1

$im;p.lc iE~~mt:' iiIl~ru~'Ij~ _

"Ie Hls:o have neJt.l!OOt!l. radli. UOiil ill!. s_h~t-s. m iJ:K:\lI:R!ltlS "'~UI;':~ "pn)lhI. My I'h most!ll 1ftg._'fU)!I]S IDf q,1J. ~[iD~ng .iI'adl.:.1I!IJio:n.9S the teruu m:s used filt¢l:il.'Y may be U\"'tJj-es Of ~~rl,id ~. ' . .tIJ -J]lme rarys -lUi .a~~llI< ~'mrusid~~ as rndtiatkb[b

:N'o mat J 'wl . . wu t'11! I}' 1 C IlJ I. d l:!1IJI rfLt(i'£ mf thl: ill. fth 'i,V8! !lJ:.mnot G:~'(l.e brn~5"iM~ rmUa·(i'l}]][ ci_lle'~ 1[J[l tbe :f-cmTi! of iIllll:tQlic my!: or rad:luRct1v.e maltJ!I'Lah tn ~Ille ,eiiJl,f. I"S smrf't'llce. :It,. "Il~ when \,_'"" . .oot Of d'r.ln'k ~ '" ~llh :in '8m Illl, :ID}@.t:rlrlt of rod'li r..u:l~:OO:ct+!oi"e 111!l1iteda i.!I1d IL~!l.iIJS no hllJml!llil

being Is. '-!!llHrel. .I~[~e of 1mh!J'I1~1 rndnll~LO-D. _.

Ai. 'Ih.t oj md ~1I:m-i.lJ!n!S wH~lld iD1il:ludl • he-lilt iil"hli~ ('IIisibkl ~LDdl WVIs,iblle} .nelmJtiro:ns. 1l:l~~drl1ol1s. pmt'Ol~ and den~e~m • ete, Sljl~l !Elf 1,II~e raclliatit!!flS .m )' b SitDfi!11'ct by ~~ ItIDIlI S]I- t of :;I.,er t ·r. ]i~" al \lit m • l:!I .Vt"I')' dlml);u~ I to _st'liiP even with '!,~aJWs ,of cenerete, Ht;J.Wevrer', Olif ,fU~m[' E~ orgy Ccfl'ILm·s£ OIi l)as net o.n~y il&-OO'!joI"(!r-ed how mil-ell nllli~l:iorl1 ur ~elJ'it:l]t sorts m be t~m Loo diar alIte_r day b:y 'I,;!lOr:.k~rs • md ~5eaJ.~el ~iJ:05 iml Ol._lr gIfe.aJt. nlorntl(l 1}!1:L1a~ 'Km.~ ~ t h ,flM 1 e_-d,.!'(! "tt 'l:i In.:"' It d. ,oofc .. glllDd~ - iti:b(il)[ illl~iIlb~:e fm::doitl (yom ~!lmbULi'd G [lin}!' ltin~.

1'h1ol th'rct:: glJ\r,m~ fl'L. totl ~I1 3:1~}) J!lJ:r1 of part ~c, iIllmtl1!:..IJ:';a:y ;r.aclii"illtion is' (X.) jjlil~eJb~-j;ty (~) cl!istlji.'lIiCC ~J1 fweeIlI -t~" souree am:l the ~~ed P ~on mId (,'3' '~e ]mIllIe' of d.

ho I r 0 p'nlt !:: in,g \ un. "t"l. '~'\(!n I\l~ . ~p~ it pe,r:!ilW_

and ~~'!!;., 501llrc€ of rndiaUQIl-

nIDgjtl~ hi. :1 slm,l;e .pb(liiog~.phJl:· pel'lime.ol tinat wiJI

11 A l'O.l!MlC '~EIl ... n( N"F.'S .FrOIJI, 1I~l!S .hel.p!] h~ undt:lf5;~ ~nd ItM!:t ~1fi I, (lbllllV£ fELC • AU W!2 !!Wed ~;!il a sHum.lIlPie~ of lII:n~~pg ,~ph:ato.gmpM. mm (liI:irlr '~J:ndl) , a :rnd:hlDl dhltI f'(-om a doe'k or 'W.[:1Jreh. il!JiJ~. :jI, imlaU ~;I.gbt:. t~gtfl '.m'dbo;n'cil Lxm. U' :p~lbh: thi!.:: gil, 5: Df lill2J ",,,,,' L"eL ms removed and (in the clHl!rk I of ccusse] the dj8] vj , . \~Idll(,!h Of duck is l)~aced. f fl~ ~ Mwn QI1L Lb~ .5eDs.iiLi.v,e· 5id.e

f the 111m. 1'.111, ~ bi!JN, i.!;, Hl u '1;;1ll'l;' t'cXl Lilt! ~'Il w~ r .f~r . felo'!O" dary~ (~v'O '10 three) B1f~eJi wh.icl~ ~e film, j" de' r: !ll.[ ~ -it '!I td L the uuk ... sh®. :! ... il . li1g. 33 .. lbe Ib.]~jg~t:ness

tht: :!iijil ;t5l on ~h :film ,,,,!'1[! dl P' mBh.l)nn U.· lilllIGth ~f tbe tirilre of dte e.._'fp~-oe, .Mo!il by fart' ~f the :Kipt s:pQ'f ' !llllli IHh, Ol:b'll wI]] 100 eiil4.H d by IIlh~ • ay (gLmlll1a.) shot

fm1h by t'he rn~iDIlI. :live WI t ~ri 1 iiI tbe tml ~:!'!.Il11tJr,"1

.a:llldll:m:odls'.

T~ pro!l,l(.; t~ OOit' ~tr.~ eldOlll tln:at ",s:now ,LIriI,:~ermh ij;]iier 3n ·their ",hUHy tio'ln] Ith'~ :lJ'adiatlil:J!,t)5. WI,;I!IiI~)' C£lMuct .Dl'J:Qny inlerresting f::::ro;,pg.limb~5 ~"7'it~,~ rucb. GXpliJ'o :!l~f j~, IT. .fOT iusronl!~ '!j,YIB !aJd a '~ll~fi ~trip or. 5~U~,:>t. lie1l:d lebITe n th, lab· Qf Wtl dock Off 'i; tch: nd III boh;;·· g;raph:tc ,Gh!} we \'Ol~Ulldl dl.~'!,:\el' ~:h[lifi: rln. ~ lead (a dJens;e· and h ~-ayy ~'l!li] L'iII~,) wol!l1lt] .I!.'ili'!le .it Imb:& !ll~ludm/lf ·the ibn fl1)1I1ing r.h!lit it de" tively. 1('\:1 t olf H~ ndf~lIti n, Oliil tire. 'Qth:er hmciL, a sheet of paPer wooJd be il(u:''9p£b1e G~ iii 'o.Plhll,C: (hi>! f,adJi,~titF.1l and I {Ii ~l\ild!l'.lc1l"" of ~~~, .papta.r 'wouM 'be fQt1'!lidi En lhe JiiIn. Omu~y til ' 5lill~ t 'if~ shadl,t;)'w '!iIi!W' I be lelt by aiuJ:D\m!1lm 10M and sheet C(tlp,e:r WOlllM be ~.Jlifin5,t,o Gli.f(lthlll'~!.l Il!~tt llii!tll eOOi€S, thd.abu~,ss would

Flc, a:Ji, shoJtb.v phl!)~£IJ1D iI'I!IlL[iijl by. 1'R! uul11!i!1l' " A ~1luul !.1. :sbi~ o:E .sln:!!.-t mp[l£]' Vi,'~ I~'~ {II!;;\'er ;fI. FoliHl'lm c!Jiru ,~!a!IDl cloclc ll~'r ~h© gl1ilss W I..!zl n."JTI(fJ\Ii.-d, .A '~"imr.lct! ,of :p'h~~tnlpMe 111m ""~llS, tlil;en bid OIl 'the .~~erru: mellt"O' ed and me wbolc pka::d m ,y, ~lIdbna!rd 'box ,'itlil. eeve 10 two illy.;, ilitLet' 'l,vbJ.eh the Bhn

\\iiI]. d 've'ID;1!P,j 'with In- Rls.l;ll in~ultn1lm:1,

b. Em]; oft, nt. T'lle hliigirtltllle:5S of th' ~.' pDSCd por.tion ,f the' 'fillirm would then Itepen.~. iII(K1<ll m-I!l!r [,a.{l;tll)f.S; ttlw :Un.-· t \1!H:~tf 'OJ thl\' n~dLtif!ll'2 '~Ul! d La' llitl and, 1~d.ctlmeBS oF' tl fI' ~lie'en OF 'btmier ooKJl i&e D31tl[l[li of ~he '~ruin~r 'r \WIe'O ... s.ar;~~!!i fUll' :lfr rrrtt.QjillS·, tl~£: tn~;t e'lu!iive ,iMll~ :slrPfi!~ 11,W;-' tower£: dllloug till m~ui'!l b~Jl',!l f~r ~l1i!l1 fm 'Ilily C ,pu~dl ,. rn~:)tilijg. the dens rand h avier metros: 'woUlI'd be mucb beUet as $(:~rll!j, than the I.ighl6], unes, 'he ai~pha pail""

ID41 .,i!Ii.1Ii'O~{(1C RXfERlIJM[j: 'l'S FO:F,t BOiS ~ ,. 1(."8 !:lire tlm~ 'l.v,i=: ke;sl o~ a I :ELIti~Ul1lg :~t d~mwlt !2'Y@~ 1001 pllSS ~hOOl ugh Plll~ 'fl',

~,,:t ~hOFt &MaD~~[i, eo gm:al'1i1iD1 rays .a.:["G- ,o'!p,,;"el'.hd f· metroIOI:cil', j\b .n 'l~ , .c~J.5it ~]r !lJrd~ IlIilll'}' 11 gJl ,t W;j]:'V~S:. tki~~}' r1 iI11ri'I!Ii..s'b illl'l,;-e'If el " \'i,,o;ilftJ ~:he qu, re av' th~ (.ihst i1i~ f~'Um t.he.ir ~ l'.h3!t means '~.t the [il'I::lfS "iA1'C'!!]M lose .1liI1][;1l !1Iil~fi!' th n J. '11F' ,J. ~r ' ,ililLing }1Q'!, rer iItt ' ijU: ;&lJ[I!Oit bg['!l 'ii!lL,:n th - 801liliCl:e and (] ~t«m1g dnviee "i,vrnl it]o .Med ,IJ~ !&mn g~LY' 1 m.llcl,. li]' .! mches._

Th i lIinTllJlie 1· h', !lC(!IIl (: t~ Nib - :In Ch~'i')lc: ,~ may ~~liSiJ he IE::;. sd ,hilI" eertam :radillJil:dI'lfH e:l;-pe:r:im Ii! ilL~~:bQ1;~gb It ~!!Ii not as ell="(!U"e for such wm'l as ·[be Cecig,eF.MlUriUer ot:~Jun~~:r "lu:oilCrib~ f.ij Cbt.1,'~~1I' s .. UiL.'l'M;'!,I' 0ii'. fr).r I~h 1 'hem lit !D.;Ii tbvse i:W1lfmg us 'Ir~Jw Ci1.ROOt aillifJ\!d eH~r ~o :p~'1 ~~Me er It I!!< IT1" Ire. :3. itHIJIJJ:rer. a f~w e'~p!irj'l"n~ts, \'i.<;ith the dl~ctil'EJ~lDe 'lr1llm be II ,~t.'tfih d, Of 'OIl 'H' e, tlfi~ p.r~mljl) ] cli ,~enm~ betw.-e 'n dte 'scope ~llId the '!l!OUlI1teJt, as E9!]" M n1~i ,H 11 e..~~r.rlrQeDh; m:. oo~r~d ... is 111 _t the ·s¢op.e i RiI r 'ell kJlA;, l' :iill ~,r:~ . ~tii;lm, l,1i R 10 l'l,}j, itl_' m I 'f.' respo:rn:h tiO [:adi~tiaD (- rama or ibem) ~l't:::tnta!lfiJ,! .:], ~ lti~ii:(!" 'l)I;!dmscop' ,fui p(['en:y l'ilow, In, lb oCi.l.se.tlf the (lOIl.ll'rt£!:r~ 'Wt: C..II CiJu [, 'fu~y del ;~'~nm'l1!,e' ~ " iI I~n itf liIf' th r(~d IitIltlon by ~, DUlI'bf."Ji of clidfS ar ti::JJs:nu."li im the neon t~;I,'be, llriIJ I'!ij, ' H:!:lE~d the 'l!\1 r:.: t.I:'OSc4XI'l'll~ ''WIB [iliiu~t measure the "inlle 0~ 1m: Ll ,~t which the tl]t.·1:~i'USC(i[)!:.· clil!Yl;h ['go:!ii in ~'l,fl' presenee . .f. llI,iJUl;uIDltl. '~here. .Iow inllf'ltl:).fity l'i!OCll:t~oo'.ifil :t..;: pres-

nt, It I ''" um m~~)1 he !:.iOliIi!i1idlu[!'albl~,

Slimpl\e< ~F ~!iimiCn'ts W.d. Rn:cilWnml;.ln

Of eours :", 'ml~ ,irst simple eNperillnmt '!.\-lith Ihe ,electrolillilt~b: hy d •. 'r:~:, "C thl imhm _ 'fill m.d til! 'iii! placing; a. rn~Hmn~lcil 1 \lO' L~Ch nOOl' ~b; t~lP and, oompar:irng ·the 1f';:'lt:e oJ dliscllarg.e:o.1.. .will'.!~n;g d stBrm:.·e~".

A ter ue1!l SJ~ml[tllil:l ,t(!I;,~'nl1lL!ITI • W' Hrmry p]ft!!y, II. t!5i of , .. ~(peT. rop,er" k:ad~. :iiiI~nmtLlIum, gl.:as8; etc, h~ ween '~e U'1I!tt:h dial 811' the e~ecI::rOSCiO,P~ mo nete the d1hIJt!T.'!Iolnc~ ill t:h r ~ f diS. lun'g·· wM ·1, , 'UI Nuglilly In 'it~1 Jle th· mtrn::dty of the rodmilltion. I.be m~erpeS\U;il!)D1 of :D. :(he'6t or- 1i!fitl I ~L! tW~I~ml till; dd~)[ nd tI e e.1e<1t1i'O~{j(!lpe dl.{ll!l!b~ !!lfiabl· it It ," iust '~"I'II: to t1.:oF '~Mf!" .tllI dlllfi~1lli th· ,bs-'I'!,..f;; dt the 'Jm,dlium·dKd '<:v.dd.h. Shoots. raJ O'tDWir tlJ'iaNnal~ \'II'iU ~ ftJl Imll~'".!L~ ~fiilliJl hie illll!c.~eelJdl!lg; on Ibe iDi'Ytgn}~ • !r.il)IS"

llf 'i1Ve lUI ((in 1110 J. il:!1 en i,~lii .~, ~Rl''''' ' ~~ hom mrtd..e 'Ge-ige;r-M'!iIeUel' COlrm:rer ~t, uur d.iispO;S:a!~, :[fl:>Lla.y ·.-fl0 re sueh 1I.ll!:,pu~li11!n:~.t!i' 11l".:y~e mad!.:!! '!,'.,d:rh quwk .11'. glJl~tli. l[,t1!WlYv~'-, w]tb the COlli I!II~ J' we ffbllSt i!lJgoArn ~nUJIiI1! bel" ai. t, ,d lI.I:e ~CI C()li'lJiIljC my:; and m :IDJJDe eases 110 ~:ulnm;i;pig(:ted SQUI1'C'e5 of ,~U[!J!I "~d'ia~~oTi. sueh dC'vE~ llllfl' co.n!i!1li!~.~ly ga.\lhlg ~]i, :s Of O;]l illes. Ttl'i:!l , ,ll(lj.j}'bioJ I '!/\ i~m "'''I)'' 'With Il'be 'I~liinlb'l£ fa ~ ©f d:te U'1()'J[W. For mstanee jf - e ~~vecl in, a high plru::e SiU. h !ll!li DIY 11' 1 Cu.IOrtl,du. or ~ IA! ,k!. I ~ity I' '" e .' u.ld find that the COMW'Ill 'c·· mi 1 ·rn.d-k't' -:0.;1} t tho®c I '~1!

rn ight be (['Qlli]J 2. m 4 mes: gr44·ar~l' 'l!baJfI lit is ,ill sea,l~'llt~ID h~ _fl. ~o.n O'I~ Nl(]w 'r '~. 1'1 us ~f ii.liny 1 ~i~. IlfOlIDI! i}'~ of ~di!l!itkm n.aID an iIJl., [~lic'~a.'~ .sOIJJi\C~~ is to Im'!j~e I:rt'bl),1 s ~ ntmc IlllemID.g. "Ne .mu5'~ fus[ m~.re the '!OOStt'l'ii~ ucilliil~Lcrn ~llI.d

. .lTtID'JiiHC .DP.ER~, 1',fIS FOB :m!Oi'8: , 'il.l!mpalle' d' m.lcfo:lIl!.'! li~n IOeld 8!f!WN~ with. lmiI!l!!arf. adi:.a.~ timh. Thi$ ffi IC!lllUcd '<d!et'e:nnunallo:n !till' the i:)lu:ikwm,rllld i;,,"OtIEDl_t" by :all.l.de:J.fij' pl11llj.l!~1l's aad '1,',1;,''1::; ,,-am e~illr under~t!m..g ~'h~ !Il'I1l!. mcl ~il iiXlS'~iry o.r l~ .. IM w we. ~'lLl)~O:r1ll.l8. fliJ~ o:mnlfllllill ;f_nd! 'Our eeunter co'laebd af.£ EPW5ecS. they li'impt be due 'Wo (,'lIJ),SII[Ui.' J;,a}'5 alome. l:Io-weve:r:. if ,!;>'l-'"e had

lUJe_ gm~~~ (I LtQ. ~i1)r ' . _~ '!jlio~n~ty~ ,il' ,,,!~''C C I e u;p. 0. n,

,~ctiCi<Th gf rand 'W e the eounts beeam . m ell lIliter. ~'i!iilD th:e- ~l L~ol!lt!d OOLl!llIJ~ we would haw'lJ!'}IIJJ!"e Il~$rnl. ~y bell,Cltte ~'h t IW W, '~l f 0, Urr~uihhm'll (I. ]pitOC'V t, Th~ll~

f\L'li1'rl!'i ... "'",..,.", - ~ ,,'ilL C" • ,'Ii. i' II

- ,_, ...... """j_:,.",r!m€r:I.'L:8 'lJ,V]w. . el,g-'·£.~Ii~jJeJ!lIB'1· ('fi!"'l]1~eJj'.s ant ~

w . r" .!pI7NlI2',ded by {L m.ell-swt.:'rne]d !dE 'ba. ~.prmrl .n1Jd.liit,. t]~D. QUI" [uditl,m di., llilv;ltKlk s'hl:udd i u.k n ut ,of t1n: :r.(titD'm 'W.huR :ru.ih :measllUlments awe ·t:d..~Ill,.

"1 we phwoo a I~U'l!lter ,a~UJt 1.0. lnches a\/i,7IiY £r(lm .:1 'riu~jllml li¥"Thl-e~ I IQHr.I. 'lJ 'lit! 5; I!IJ(I 1b 'ibuut 11-] 2 .il!l:.ill '. or oocb., per seeoad, .'I!lag sheets of iPaper 't[r even P!lAjs uF p~p ~l' OOlW~'~~ !iI~ " OO!!lUOOr aD~ tl ' diallJ wdill :(lrl'"\o~l1Ioe no 1IJi!}.~ic-~ "!l"b~e tll'EF'Eli;e'[I~. Even ~Jle ef m~hfir'~ i1h~·'li1Jf ailurnJnWfll ":ri.ng pNlDS or pots ''!;'Iii]] l!J£fer II!lJ nom:i~. bl~ re!illLlloo 110 I~a~ .pnl!ii~ g~ !I!If the .ays and the pair_ ·ticl~ HOweV>l."Ii" ~ f. fill. ,rvely !liMn PI[' ·f . '11; - ~ lelld wWl qt!'~!)' egt 0.1 bo"! rn, ~Si :wnd ~(]:res and evel!lJ .iIi. iP~eoo anf ~t ~ ,'iii' I ... .,,: r ~ pnl'U : ~(_"fil:ein '.@c use ,o:j tile J.lead! in tlU"glass., CJlQ~ ~f' '~lIii!5< sml·t."!lIb ~1~1I; Cm.lflr~ f~'Of:ifIJ II :per

~llJ.!)'1l~ .iI-.~ 07} I-V! .;1 E' 'sh '"

. ..' . 0;,"-, ""' :i -'f. .s.OO!lllI1l,u_ 'Ye.n !l)U'B! is " and a$ S.if:i9~ lilli'

Mop ,~~ ~iS)l1!!'/~r t.'!I!I .. ~~~trom er b>G'L .~llL'S, 'Imero elle~~

Sli!Jl~E! ~tim!ti_m;1l5 '\'v tb hdla.1i:IiilD 91' ~UI\fi!l, ~Jthotlg._h ~ y "I""e a:r vety .111g111 '.J.'l OOi'll (Uip to. 15~(l(1(Ji IMI[ii~!. ' per H~iJiDd) are not a'Me '~IJ penehate pool' ~~.l!.i~lh:L~ses If:lI,r.e'.l:1i .oJ v,~"I)' :nga=!it J1II~~,t.:ldq.

Allot~l II" Sifmnph: u:tpr.:rlmunth L''IlO1v.uj fl'llO'V.i'ng diW' Gejg~l'.M'Ue[JIer OOtn;rll t:r :;L'W'a1' fn.Jtn 'lU;l mm1llD1 dtrniI Ilit pl1e...c;eiremliimed ~ta.nre~ and w:e;asuriu,g ~h~ COlmt at

E ell polnt . n(~' r Ith" (:. "diU, n -, tit C[JU:lfilt \'. 'U gm,d m

~1l~1' dlimimsb UillIt~ ~~ is rediuced te 'frl!J~ ble grmrnd L~v'el 11'lw g.1MTIP18. faY5, ,dtnmmiBi1. :inversely '!,lJ,j'1b1: tiki2 Ill!.lI.le ~ ,th"" d!i['~1fIn!Co fronl h cO.r~'_'~ ill 'r-O.(:I: ~h !It Dlmy 'Iof'Il'l;y en.sfly 'b~ pF'o"'eJiJJ by 'I:he Mlple. r]l~od O'UJl:~iJfLC>d aJb(l!'Iofe'-

M~u.lr' tlt~lL" r .littrn.ple aDd edJtf_yin,g !lM]?411rbtii2ifD __ w!U :iug ... g:e,5[ ~hOO!L~el "OS ~Ol ~h hill ~n Il~ }'tllu:r _ Jill! It.

e,rry Go".Round

A FlIE~V J~JlR~ , ao A Y.OUNC;, P'HYtnC~[:~]".'.Q!'''''jI' ,PiI:'OI~Ciil' .F., o. LawreoCE! of til:> UJ:.li""lrr~Hy of rCr.1i[Grni ' .br' eOJt~d ii, I :a~J~ oo.i[f..Qd a {..~.fotl'QD .. ". e rrti ~t CiIil]~ ~t 3i1li ~ -le:trnJl!l IDl.: ~ II!' r mctll'y .. gca. ' IU1lcl: OF ' 0 (!~'~;t t9!gll,{!tie ~lm.g;sh.om. \<V:e lbiDlWfll:wt iin QJ!U~ m? -. gf s'lmish.QC .11 ,!llt~l e ,b mif1-t, ,ilrn, I !ealilcr dmg IIIlOUl1ted at the ,~ 00

III l?j~, of wpmr w:bloh i.!; :'J!'I,l,(U~q,g ~Ufa;uJ Ilci1: tho h~.ul fjJ tb~ ri!)pe.ratOi' in thr;:- manl1eJi of ~ Jag and ~!t' ill £'0 ~r ,0 T1: d: ~ ns ~tr ,"llLe, F1iDa.Uy idl{! ~!lfJ.ie ,f\l',a,Gjj_e.s: oSlDcb }ug).~ ~pe!';l:d and ~~I~ ~,cli ,J~['1t '~trikirgg f~Nl ~ ~lflt! ~:I:e- - 'd frorn (ht) J'ill~~

!Il willi 'trn\l.i.~ aJ g;t'le.at d~m ) ee, .

:\ :-., WI ,.31 ~Ir'

;G li_ .... ~'p' : .~, Il!LMrum, ' u eyel.oue,Jj is ~howJt. in J1'jg, :B4.

f,(il masteJt Jrb! 11]e~h~ of (lip~r L"ml;ln W I'i~ -el' ]'J 'nl. onl n f:tljJ~ s'UrJipl.e ~dlil!it1.0rn'8E ~e:ct'S _00 :tEl!lkS~ aJ~a>(iy kllCinNil_ J

-, ~, l ~lFcad,YknOi.!lr t:b t elr..-etrlellny ~harged ,m!~ ,1,I~e eiecfu;aJIls and PJl!:ililllJi5i :3 n l·r: ~u t1t.:,"l!IX1 tI[' Ii 1:l! ~1I12'd

~fil

,\ !~'lI"~eL~ PI.. \' . , AlI:n FROM

I ~F.T"" W.I~~ 'l:Y!i·

PO,I,F.,. (~n:

: /.\i/\G. 111'

;~'

~I

og 11181'il iflf the D'~I b lw '!lm t:h~ Prf'"'l!rf:ul t~f .III eyclnt:rnn

;'!<5 the ease may be by other ~arged. 1 oebe , I" f f unit nc """ if am eleoliJrml, ( ~ pfi~rl elaseh Gn~gl1t t(J ~ positive11 (:lmJf.'Ij"G:d, mI2lL'l~. fl~}Jl~" lh£i .lJ!lai.i.i '".v.ould I ~rll.rc:t HI ,,1M no. ~n~ poI! it OlD ~ or its, ,Po01'h. i~ 'i~ {In"d '!fIlllIt \1io'ttlJDy slop il iIlInd ,hoM it Oft [he '(illll!!,!" hll'nd. if a proton (+ ) art~mpt~d 'W, IlfirIY'I,f(l I~-~~,L thiE! p i!IIjth."6Iy oflhilJj'~fJd p! 'I • U ,"I(IUlld 00

repelled OJ:' ,rD,lt{l\VD gil' its nm'm.all 00 'iit in [I, mmne

G.j?'pOO;i:fJe· ' th ,t d "fi:h.e electron,

Now it so h PFc S thtl~ dccbicUy or _~I !1ltFiea] ,dIargg Iii!: not tlle ~1iI[Y fOnNJ ~~li:j)f ~(lIq chli/Jige I!&m 0Il1QJ!l:5e ar mevJDg el.e.c'll'Oil~ or pmlDm. M9."h.Clt~~m. eitber. 'IiliI:H g,en,IjljIf.';j)iIJ:ild ~~)' e~ectrIri:i rcllJm:t~~lt p~tLlg rthNlIg.h .wlre or (lO~!;

loo A.IDMJ-C EXJp,I[[R :lEN1!S mn :!H{l!¥S of wire (" 'm'~:!'il" '"Yifll 1111 if !luLl, ~!;,IIYilJl ,ti 'fI~!' • ~J'Il"yjfflg ~l1J elElcme !f!!!IF~JJ11, i~ rolled, up fnto a c~ii. tJ!1.t:1Ti!3grt, "Mm, ool!l.-cl e~ii'(..1r(}1nagne~[!:i~]l b.~iL".9t1~e jt Is gelll.e.!'lIlled by an ["~!tl~e ClJI ~rlijln. li;(1iff.lrl1~ 'ilmsdy :m!l:llr~ !;I!Ol;,wr.F!J~ 'bi2C'au:se Itftc, 'tuil ;G"rl~e r ifilli' - 'ir~) or '~h.:d Jj,l'04';]iJ.ilced by ,[I'll Qtd!i1IIliry ~ te-~\~ Ifm~et til j, 00 if;;l1\flliJgrt tile e(11;1.r5e of 'pJ'O~OIl$" eleeI 1li!5 afl;d olla, r "l:Jm~c UI1[~~!i_

When deL~m~nr ~b9rrged s'wmie jrJ1artjc'les ~~ l:hrnl-llg,l!, !'i! ,rrnl1,gl tic 1l:(!l:d f tb ftJJ!il, r(! of arttm~tlWli n~j[ a m9.i,tnea, or a PII e l i"IUllIl1.gtUJt ). ~h 'e IF, '~I, or Ill ... .ITl [ll1~li~nll is th:!:lit' o~ ca'ushng ~hl! F!lJJ[t,icie.s r!l:! mo~ ~r~ J!II. clI'("'1dat fMt$:t,.

T.lit:'!J'l .Is; nll)l}~ ~ ":1:' IU!ite F~inlt we '1,", II 1111 \It,i! t'Oo IllITHtei~ ~1a'l'i!Jcl iJotJ:FcJle vre !Cll'n 'kn Yo. ho~- ti' ot::,ydor'~ II wol'kri" \ViI:: ~PMI[ refc,;r toO I'be f~d thii,t iii ChM if:~] at,omi'C] p ,rti~- e m~

~iw~~ys (h,',IIIJ "rm~ ro ,~r ftiJ?c€lkdl by SI, charg d bOody" \'Ve' IDUI$<t bC!~ I~hijl,t tho 5illI' ~t: ',~fflib whioh'l( ciJl I 1Ii:r:~[Q]Cb ~r ~ m'lt,\il1 ~"o saeh ~od.tt'!S If'i.!jJm ~?e:JIld! !UllOa! the llliJW(!iI" {lJ,' .ild~J!l~ily ~nr tlw ,~h rge II, 0 n !~Ie pl~re. If I1lj':lj e.le~c ~ho:r,s;e .i~ 'V€ry' high (StH;;.t1J d~lIfg' M'(" 1'1/1;" ys mlo"illil!ii!.!lr-..::~r m. lh,e Ilf.';(I1lI.5 oJ 'l.1'O1~ all!tl ;mIllY '\1"al~g,e _~I!I S:i:ly 5'OOij

alnc~ UJO.OOO ''I'lI:th ' n i,ght be clLllecli. 11gb} th 'peed \cvitn ,W-,h1:ahi. rile, ~10(1l1i'c p~brti' ',lei a'i',~ dlruWD h~wn'I' , J t- iC'h ~cl p~l~ '!,,,~1~ be ,gl~t .mcilAo:£ remw1 ooJ!lditim~' w.l'i~ch ir'WrV If ~t1 UI~ typo - ,01 ~[lll1i,pm'IDlt used, {lle~1"~C'.'lIarge.s ,um; be 1LI~ .gFe~tIy tc i:nCl"e::iLS· ~nt spc ro D)f ~ ~J!!ih ilt!;;llDi!l..': particles, • or ~tJtnce. 'ft'€: ,~peed (If e~eC'tro~l$ mlii.y l:.;e j~;tCNrlc~iI,.>d ~)11 'W{l] I 1il~I~r ,:nOOI~OOO [nl~es E1er $(!ctJ'Jful,.

Atomic Meny-Gm-,llo.uOO

""I[en th.e.lip. utl cnl ~;~attide5. be!J:'i'f!2[, lb, ill ~~ e 'IlS :g.!f~ W"1:'L .... ~1)- u,eQe~iilIm[hiil] ~ i'lI.PIl"!£dtlOO 1.:1"p) '~lle;5;!I! p:1lrticles iIl!3Y tbii.!tll ~lie' used as b!dle~s, 'With, wm~ ro bombard atoms ~ntlllJrnrebj' tiJI lumll, nhrn.u cerh_dll (,:haoges: wit~ in (h~:ffi. 'Eh:-cl:~ns coo'ldt 'b~J 'u~al I O-~' t'hi' wmik iDeoou5:Il\, 'W~ miglhlt say 'llu~, at[ I.~,e ~hie;5 of the ~~n~y of ~tlJJjil~ FAl'ttIcll.es., Tblo.y re too Hgb.t :J~cl too lHlf1illi r'Or lJiI I!.~~ lrmsmr n_~~I' ,"bog on1lly ] /l 401 of the waight of an ~l~ :QE 'h"q;]mgerlJ lI1f!hich ~ recallhes OIiil} a sUngle p1'O~ 1m its mle~~L.i:S '!Nuh .fl. :sh'1.,~I~ e~etl:tOOJli 'lj~vat'j,!'!ln, _ Il!f.'O'hn:i!d ~'t. 'rhll!!!~ d" WI;:' St,:,· l~h['lJ~ th", e-1ecHC1I [Qi'm~ 'very :untIe iIJ~ '1]-10 :!"IUl-SS (u- .. veigtu, of allY ~Jt~m; 1Jt is: Ilb:e PliOtOIl5 ami h,iIol' lre'i.l!l-m!iJ.~S

hat OClIUtlt mos .

'fln; i[:'if\clicrt aD (se . Fig, ~,) is a huge he. 'lI,lJ de¥'~1;;t! . ,!Gslgued 1'0 ~dI trL]p ~blllllri[!: ~aru.cles 001 tb.at e5UQ'b. ,il.f,l~lll8 mny 00 WC.~, lo bm~bucl wL£I[l,e ,Ilttl~ The 5limpH:

Oed '~d!l of aJ illlY'cki.h~!J:D~ :lBmu~ a IlIf i!J;;$ t:oI11:pl.tmreil ~~e~il:!~~,B~~ £i..1re ShOMI'I .• HeI1® \cl''E! 'I.-viillI im,ott[~ 1;\ ~ar.g€, l"Rl_etaill ~tH'!l1'ibyrL' rn tJ1.'b' slliLupo of ~ ~1~Ut p~Llllo, • und ~:"Ui1U :LIlI,SL!!i1;LreiI ffoFrl t_h ' CIILh~r. A lug.e mdio bnmmrui~~eF "is CUI1- ne(;~ 'W; ~1;e.;gf:: t:\'o,se"mit1l!i1'cmJI~ seetions 0 metal R~lly lh~ lwc s 'OU[1!It!5; of itmU.u~lrn liIli'k,t; th . pi of. :IiQiHo itmnsmillttel" antenna er 8 nul h'b lil~ct ,(!If' ~h.(: [I,,:le~dea~t ellen-v omrnimg :bwm 'liJil!I mail) ~4!l~'1:nI!i~F b~lflg hroadeast ti:lfit.t!l[ :Spllet: iI'll tIJi'{] f,onn of letltF1!:" ~r md ~I;l! 'IIJ,I~L VJlo!'.5l, i~ ts h"st~m.d, '~I'l'ied, liD th-ifSe sootm,l[!llllS (If me.tall.'.ll5'lJlLl~l)' :r,eJ~,oo, l'0 as D;~ ~ause' of '~elr s.bape. I'll, ru~U:Jft~ '!M.b:o.t is k!lOWn as. th~

.Fro . .15'. -~ s:rnd ;m.:dG'flmn ill ~he pby~~ bllild"~ at (hl!l' lJlilhlemtyof

n,~ ;jf,Jcr. '

'uu l~)III'~ rnrn, J t , f thll;: IJI'ad~i!) trnnsliJ!i illtll.' b, oonne ted, 'to (1t1il0!~ D's.

UJiffl' ~lQ,"1'e two cla:s, ',o[ e1Ukiil;! C!.ilirne.lili~; IOIIIG cilW iUi",~t whjd~ oo,l1l!dmlt I, noW's ~$1 fi _I;~] ~G~C ,iUrf,,€:Ho,n !1rU'i~ one nll\ed alkJl~tl ilig wlaie.h CQJl$ltlntly eh nges its dfroo-.. ~l!)n. gO!ing .6r~t ~l Uill cl~~t1Al.1!l and then Sll~ppiID; a'I!F n'i, Dy nad ~I i1 i Itt, til ~ ,~pD~r. ~ dire t UI~, ~ J~ 'ma'l"J.ng elUlien't C3Il be made to if.hm.lil.p Its ~H~e-ctie 11 ('eye]'" ) f[m-n a !Few il:Ji.D:1e5 'JdJ 'E!!I::GI1{1 ito many 1,i'IIi'UIGW or H~re5 prj; ~e!:~l!id.

~'~;:v :am' 61elt':tric C1JfiIl\ej:1rls H~,,· f~~l1Ii l~lOOl,iEhA~ to lii.e.~ti'!,\'rt_ In the ~!ii q • dlll'}f cell which ~l'!l'.~~ty;s: !iiLl[jl~I' es ~,

::u L'f,~n¢, ~b· i:leTI h II pm!iJ.tNV(; 11111 11111 I ,g, ~q, J,g~. ive mll1!t:, the CI!IlrrT' lnrtt !Dw~ng; fJ:-o:IIQ th· 'posirtii"''e '~IJ tb!e 'IIIflP:tiiv.· wi t1ft{i'UI ~ wr.I ilIIilion.

In, tIl' ease of 'Il mdln tron3!iiiiltlJh.lr ~~lil,~ i!i, 'k;mf,,-v-n ru II mc,h-b -:'quenE" (~iligh ro1:e ~F c:.a'LlWlgtng: ihi·' i~c~~). ClLI.f""

ell iii pmdlLleed. fib nlJtl:!' oj dmng 'Irl1l ) 'l,rary f"MllDl a

ri-'~'" 1~1li[jI.ll~ncll if.~1 flG,!i ,r . "'l)oGilI ~~, t1:P~' m m4J:f~ til·· p!lm,diTcljg U,Oill ho\:c\' rIlbe el.t..Vi,{:l!i!~, drew '5 aJld pm:!:: of the !R~![:1ig. il:r,M\!l!liliiUel' !J" d ~Igtledl. 1'hm, w~unl ~!ll outpult (t(!f!if!fD'l dIf sn~h m, I mlil~IPHt sr :i~ ,~n'l'Le-eh.l~ till tlilL" D\. orr iflI cy!);'ltr~'Ii(i!n, ,the D's 'wiU c'b~Jilge: their ,ellectl'ic:an ~;llrurge efi.oh tillll~' 8. ,reversal of I ~n~u.t 'laH8 p]~., 'e.. lo'!t!If :11'1'11 _lElfemel,~,' l!!'''!lIII,t,L'ltt.iltl,lI ,af iflIcond. :a D 'will h· ihl.'l.rged 1 gtll:h"ul~' • Then \~,lJJLei1 a mJlidi n~veI~J o.f '~e eurren ta_:(Is. [ila,~ ~'I,I D ~Yl.li b8co posih~ly ebargedJ" d ,Plil!ll!!tlSS rollHIl~iQg us Ion [Ii .:be 'CU'lfrent ~qr,;~':S. A'I t'lle om toe- th . D"s arre m a po~~[ magliu~t~e fWlrl which fuil'{:~ thlll: p[;Llti.c.l~ I~fil ~e fl ,e-weuJ r et!!lIJU"Sil',

I"\\I~\I ~ t U]S i5lilNi! \",,'hEI~ 'IHug.h;t h[lW[~im ml, S~l' .;l, l~rotc!lfll ( +) particle ~ it, was released d!irect1l" in the center 01 I:l~e ckde dt,l 111,.f by IJ!l~ two Dr .. 'U dll' iaglt rnt of reI '!JJ\i • t'llic p. [D11I1 b·tJ: ~ rrmtl,'i/I[!' w'fh'l l be ntlrnd:ed ~u the D '1!;4ic.'h at, t mst~llIt '\'. 'as ueg<l!tive. rumsmu~ as Ql)~it, dmrgt'!s Q. ,·16, ,t .. f.'I.'ty ruttf.',i) t "!le'1. utI! r, ~[1i~ ~~Umttti,on 'bel'W{)en the m:lgwti'l;l1 D and ~ he [)i)SiUve pl'!)~ '~~)~:Ii w(l{u.1d ]ii'b~l blld the tin[r..'$~ :F:,rn:l:l!:t.im:li of a, rerolltd." h'O'w€I'!,\'~. SIlliOIli, till e'h r~ ·~i I:JfiJ~:1bi,d~ in ~hc D ~)j,'!I::nl'ldJ lind Hs U

JlJ~ A l"OMIlC JUl'DU.MEN.1':S F"O~, BOn un a 'I,I~?, I - t:ml~!p~ 1!OO w,hje~ \'!.I ~ef.d repel , L a:lld Ite,nd t,1lll kliCk It out 'WU might ~:l!r'

,m 'rJl:€, 'mea.:ntim.e the '"l~gr ]) 'liJi;"oiaJd k:ll/\lie b¢1;.'ltIIDe I1cgl],~ , _' m d \~1,ould t U Cl il~il ~ b flfR~rtldl ,Pl',CIIWH; l!n~ stmt~ the pnJtmiL WCI!ullcl ililJl.5b wt oj 111.6 hitls:a:ilc 'p;!lit'fl ~ mil:OVe. at '!,I"ety :high ~d! Q'V€!£ ,.0 WA:: nepti,'!,,'~ D. This:

I:l!cti tl 'I J1:~ ]J]lU E1~ ~ VrH'y l1dih ~pr;i!l!icl, I u t m t b~ ,Il g.h for the :PiL''IJIIO'JtII to respond beeause jt is: ,[I, 'I/' "ry 5Jll[l'UI ~undl ~i~~ pa.n:tj}~Ie ped~cd}' ,aM to ,kt:e.p pace with ~he clU.liBlg~ Jt.lg I ClN '[j'1 '~llD ,gll!'8.

D the magn>-1b:ffi "'''',as mot pr1seot, ~li1v [l.ro.t 11 W'lJiu:d ~p ud ~lfS time ,m~f'e.ly rusl ing ba.ek and, ,~ilnth in, a ,~i;ht II II! b b~~n rl1 D';" 'W 'IN. I~ 1:o~d"p1i,iNi[]'~51r" ~'I.'O!,N V.1I'. thwt:, w'hen l1llll!vi.- dlIarged Fail"~·d.es rut\l p1.'1iiJet:l 'm, m·Bnene flI~l(t ,~,tl Y tc.r14 '!lI' »l;o.~ 'an ,Q dr-cle. t'l~ Jl}rH"W~~ ,of ~"J' dJrCl'~l d>iliTJC'j.I:~:l~II~ ~.~11 ~1~ J»i tl r oj t.~' - f,l~J!i. . ,HIl. -~ field. l1UImS Ilhis pI11)ro.U1 m pb.c' Q' ju dn~t~nh~ bllc'~ !Jtlm.l :0 HlIt~ hJ l~ree.u l!te D's :iln a piG:rfectly s rni;l1il. Ime, WOlllJd. 1'iIl0000e in.ll cirole lJoGtU'· 11i1.l h~ Di'~, N'Q:~ wOI:dd ~l.iIl§; ~irdl~ be OJlle of ~tanl diame~r, The, dfeet of illite' ei;"Cuim:! orLtn~~~ro:1Il ~I 'WOO1Ii ~e Dr~; i::;, that o· spt'l~diog u , 't:he prom;!!l. T,h .~ .. fur dill .rH~I;J~t1J't iI'1H~\lie:5i rt.- 'II ~~~, ~lll~c~, 'l~ ,liIl.eoo :Geld \~~i~ have II)n R aIQd r~e ~~f'g_;gr itLe ~jl',clre dG~~1~OO ~)y ~t " '~I be,

lNUflJllit ~3~ hIPP' ~ til n i, I'h t th root l;Jj '~-.,~ stpin"ali~ @uJIrlo;waiil! gomg f.ii$rer sad [-aster :a'~ ,~cll smo EUi!lIUlilcl. I!III:t I Ol!:lilillly (.;:mO.U of I . is iD.lll!llJ ex:b."~'1M!~f ~m~

Ah!lmCl' :d1E'IIiE}'.iGo"lBQ'oodi f[';tu:tio:n O'J 5eCo.]id.) ft has re9Jdbfl~i !the O:Vlte:!i" 'limitis l@~ 6e

w lj, f the ~mllOVf. D's 1!l1lo'!fmg at In ttdmu!i!ltl spe! \'\i'.b1cl11. l-1l1t1i18mDlJlnJ~ [10 ~'ifi nl)" 1''1i~)U ~1!ii1l-Pt f n nI N, piilg; 'Kon ,~~ speed dS so weaJt thall s.homd this mr~.dDy ~r~m;,m; ~tillDJ,'{:' 'biu.l~t I~ 'lloog ,rul !ill'll WtD IiId smdk~ $tt oS: ilfllrul,y '~he' atom wou]c] w I" ~:rI:oJlml dfJHl11 1.l 11£] n;Jl1iIi'~ln~m ftt lIll !~,)ilm· b:mlDll9t.. Tb.e 'qllWe8I:i.®11 m$~ How ar.u 1Ne going '~H~ldl

Il~~-' F' Inl~ ,born. tt:il.s< v~, ~~~ 1iI~!Il[1fy- ~~FOO~d~ ,

11rl.& is deun ([II'~ ~,M ~~g; illL) ye;f)r is' mp,ly Ii 1 t mom ,of ,;vba:t Is kllO\'t.lil M ~ ~ 'H~:t' nr plate lq,{hi~h H:8~i~ 1;:r.wf'j~ ~ ~ _ -'ry hi;.l:li .llnd l)(fi\~!r£~m~ ~l:,dnc J.'~. U18- mueh as: 'ClILa p3Jrl:h:.] ", e proton. eme.s ill fimi~i'i,l!lil !t''ht~i!:g-e. the clJM.ge. o.~ the de.8,,"Cr' pl;j!;tfJ must 'be l~ef-1i- iv;:.

ru Itho :hi;]lI"iSpooJ Illft'liO:u ms'ln;.-s 'I_JIMt t~ G duEht10r 'pllte~ it win, JllJt lbe drawn dD',%ltlr~(ii ,it but l win be dx.ww:n. sJtEg:h~1y ,(jut !ljf tire CIDJrm or cht,ct~lar path thaJt ~~ h . be ·flfolJl~9.wil1,g" ie-:l!u:l!ug.h m tb:ut H , in be caused te sboct ~ut q~m ~peJling Fb,Q!l'ld em th . ed;ge of one f. the D's, .ID;;i]'I~tl¥ 'b)eyomd tn openlug is ~ ~mrUJI {lOID~utnn."nt dn '\A~h.ll:l til, 'he. ;CLl.~ of. __ - 11L~ ,nt (.il vm:'Y .!l~1I'i!. U afi1il\'~~n't) is ,L~ced ~o be bomhar,gJe£ nUiS ~~oos '~e higbcSpi!€:cl n)t~1iI. p. Cl'Lt'Smng Jnto !this S1lIhSi~_aoog. Of ~~ ~m~ pboo dE n 5cingtu ,pli'Qknl~ if:'O!fnd~ 58 m[lmi!ill~ or hlgt1- s~".(;!d 'pioro:m: are €crea~:x1 illl actilll;a] o.pt:~~l.tiOJlli and IjlJn~r fi ,fe;.y I)f rtl'1lermi so :p:rod'uce Siti'.;Ik~ heir rn.l:om _I.]',g:ets .,.y~[t..!:n ·tt ' iiulHtruncu ilIfidil;;1f ~t!iPlIb!if~d:m~nt. MiOlllt iI'IIr ~h~fifl ~i\..lJi-' 1 bra 1j,me :m~t!;ig.

In:~;

I

. ,,:ro)'uc iEDEIUr;;· TS f'cO':R l!HJ'lliS If in fJ.I'aoo of I.&~e baJtn lUJi(JhJlletllt dUULlJOOr, a SI!liI:pj] nuttaJ ·~.vilm:;l~,?w jJlii IIfI!ti~ijl, II.J~· 11lgl ai'b1iJL"ti!tl l[)rClII.1Il:)1I~ reuklLly '~~h 11.~~ir~!lIIp dw and ~~re "pefii~'iit~oo to ~C3p.C' 'irul~o lh.e !Iliu~~ide ,J1jlh, m~p.bil;!1lC! J~,,,. 'ig ... ",ve.ird bJllIe ~1JI'3i.1 aFtAl![, [th~m Eat.- a dummil~ i;J , Iil J'Dt nr nml', .. d~pi:fir[iIi".g Up!J~ Ult! .!?il}W t.nf t,be !!:ycl.zy,tr·O'lIi ·rm.r pl'OdUi;;ed rthlilm, ~'Wcll bMru; Me ~l!li".<11 ,J.~y. If WG ~l1'OSf _I!JWg~h .. es ~nI tlleJrn dliretll'y li(!l.- af ,\\. 5iecD!Ilds 1 {1tb w(llJJM not b· lOJ g ~Il ~:(l:jrIoW,~Hg.

. '~!h~.D~. cycl,~oo~ is jl:l up~j.(m as mach air a-;; :f08~ .,Iill!il!i!i In !·he ~l 11_ .~eiF OOOLLpIBd b.y tile ])';5, 11IiI:us:e be.

IHII1ID,lkiii}d !tI1J[,l, nthiil~'wr e ·rhe fa.st~i~10'>':i.l1!g .plt!lllb~m: ~iJI~:]T M he Sllu'lf,ilft~ dmwn by bll.lUlipimlg allong b~t'wlec~~ the :(~rom~

Lild ~ht:' Ij~lJ!lc IIII~" Q. Ili.e Inl!:!es m:h ii, f~'l' .... mi'" ....L

ob·" __ I. ott" ..., ._. '" u, we

a'tm~ph :~'e. I-r i~ £I!J~' lhis .;) 'Qf 'hot th high ,~~ I ~ro-

teas JeilVlillg t.h: ,cyd.Btro& by Dl sans of ttJ,(l' 'winiJ.I)W an: qlLlil;k~y bl:~L!gJiIJ~ . [:I. ~ .~Ik~ "The W,luiilli ~Jo:Il' p,fO!r.hu:e-d hv dj~ 5t~-e.a:llWiI oJ ,~Ow.rIl5 is eaused 'by I-lJil~ prtlti:tin~lJ]~d iliig w.I!m tl1e atoms d th.te ail' ~'{!s.

J\~'~hDbg:h U ErJ:I'!i1' otlnJJ1" ilkrJ!tl~e [UL'U('.~S t"iiIil~ be in,gde l:(I l~eacll. ~llgh sped, i:n th eyclotmn ~mj 'to' . ti c~by Illi!i:~ for ~mh~rdmtJli!Jf: PUI'1)BS!2'E. jlt "ill,itU h~ clear to !tl!j: d.at the lib ·~ytm~nl ~tuno t : e IlJ ·cd!. hlil:mal!J&t between 'fill€:' O.fS

of ~ L (j~tll'rOi]. _lihl!;!i (. urrnn bern,g I]{ljlrb, J' clechict1l1y ~QttL!]\~~ _m~ JTlega~,wf!', '~~u_:cl be UIil1llfflXt'~d by 'Ilhe clfi'8Jlg~

~ cl,r~!l.c .S rtl.1f!! ~Illll' D:i. .m ~ ~:)illj~:!l! 'wJ)Jlde.r ,f:l!.~iJlw,~y ,lI!biOU.L .1H(H'lMe~iI'". even .... 'tJ!tml 'W1II~tdeu~'I1g iiiWlJf~~IYi Iln,[,lI 01:11 UQI1i b u I1Imre lI;;ifec:r~'IOfe ioo!1nij}.:D'dl!lle:tlil; .piltn!;jcle tb:m, are mgh.-

A.I.nr:iliiil ~~<Il",.i('lJ6.iR tlnd l~ ,speed pm!:"9m because white tire P.M~(HlI Md. oth.er i1i~i.(l bi:liu~ b!;1,!1~ rOt:!lIt ]!.II. rtldl!l!l IlfrU.ls.1 ~. ,PL!II1'r![ ld tip .0 ~r " t SpeOOlS bmo.l'Ie t~lte)' il!!illiI erash ~ill'l.o t~D.e 'mlLciid of iIIltCl!IJ[jS~ I:h.e neutren ~11 """'amder iJ:rro atom eores Silo"""l)' b6Ci3Ju..&e it has U~ h~!i dny 1.0 If'! [, 'I~. Af~cr h \~Ln:g' 'W 'n(~ ~11 ,(I mn~Jj tlw nuclel of some' . y i rilV1i atmm such as U .afl£~lIJiiill ~~ 11 C::!.U5(! much miSlellie·. more mdeedl thUJD al1i)~ othID' ~ar· ~Lclti lii"ga'l~d ~tiJl nr [lti ~Pl''_r.d. 111' n utro" i ~fi1I&i.i ~-d th , sub-atemic l;iomnb. Ilhe ~J)ealth:y mrrudee ,"~.hj,elfl. ,zyn~ ~ miele 'llr1i :i!.l'Ql~ oI unf..1nium. .s 0 (] mUa:':IIilLoges: th.e.. na tU.FoiI.I. 'Illid~l' gr t'hg~lI~ ~ih t I'lm LI un iUJm !l}llom ilHI:!IC !lJlr,dtt~rJ ~h4:il .5tll'rum mild blows up, T.hefi~l1I. lies; '~lhe sto-ry of tllu." aaJCfrn bomb,

C)l~lotl'm n'l III her !iilllE L"f~~'I~ 'J! til' 'nne 'rYi, thllt

speed lip eiC'CtrieaJ.lly Cl1J1M·g.ed amm.fu partide5' h:a;~e p~ dueed mucllll :til1lJ 'omm~tiD D. ~~I t~[.f:'_ bam brl!l!1nLifl, III ~j{ m ,t -m:'.,

By t~ ... use (I(f ,:h·, €y~ltJDIII' 'lihe: l?ily5i~..1lt btls chll!L1~, the basie ll!a~tlre of iU~Jly ek:IMI.Gll'r:~.!ii; ~LCWs!.l.y ·tr,'Ut5nillllil!ted dl'i?lli1. t js qu:~~ tru IDilt iiJI"'ll~y ri'lll[f!l:'M!I;;!~'p J;!" 'lU]QUIIiB h..mire been ell illpi In I.J [Jtli'r' ~'Ie-lTIjIelrt~ bu,t til I·d "'S 'l'm~ d 1r1 :that. aesoal ~lIt.ll!t\Sil'lfl~jtatioim. has 'mke:n place.

How the'

i,

,tomoc

BACK I.:, CnilP"'iJI'ER ,\13; -','EAJlN r' , THAT ~\ t]EN a~O'm:i <Ue PUl t~th.eT as m ~, C3Se' of 't"'\w ~l,~tJms ru hydmg,~"'l'lI fOll1dug ofI~lit: atom of It&e s • heliWD~ th~r(!' can he .1 1;eJe~5~ (IJJ 1':1 tm':I,; SUhLJli11 ffQ1Dru ,~] OO:J!'f\il ~~,s1jj!~ of a small amountof l]JJla;.'iS. "Ve also ilGamed 'b'~ ~ell1l3tOImi ,fly IilIpalf:l of;!d;t;bC'J: I1l!tll1Jil'dly 1M tlli.1, the eas!!!1 of md!iu]'1Il Of hy IlllIctlill;;Jd)s (hot :~mfl,l' " 'bsen 'pil:l'fe:t~-d by OM r :m"ldvrn physil,. ds~. a certata S'maH pe:FU!IIiI:!age of mass i!s a;lso CIJ(IlI,!J(nel'[\OO 'hli1ltO iIilIfiMlr'_gy" IIll tine cs.s~ 0' ,~:n;g ::d~IDJc bam,b. 'the btitie:r

,pJ "Ii~· ~ • l"¥'61 • ~.tc!1M ,Il' dm.pors-~]. b_k~ 1 • fiiltfi

8m~t uaits.Jf du::: mass' or \ve~'gnts o.f the smde: ~tl1ibi, remJJt~i'iig fnN ,ft.:fl', • p;£o~ion W~fi" I§lIth. rod IIlfp ,j['ndi W "i,ghedl, the m~Jljl 'W igh,t ali' ijJ'l~5: oJ tild:e un i~ll illi.I\;:lrm.ldJ be ~~~,ghtly 1\e5i1j tltll:n '~ie 1'iil35S nr 'W\cig:b'[c ,I)f the ,~~riI'iI tll8il :Ib~;(!:w lJ.p~ 1"]~nl' d!lff.ll~~l(: "''rGl!dd, 'be dml Itmtioll! d.F dre

~(ij!

i1J~Hl1f'! ltiJhrlt '!lUSlippe.Jom ,'1.5 energy. Soollle of the Je1eH5e.( i:lli!!\L'g) , would ItTlike ~ rOfllIil 0$ lllhm 'e in i5ib~c ~ flgi~ i. m' X-Il~,YS (I~bt is: a (ClInil'l of, ~l!iglID~) ~nd be;,']j[ 'wh!.e'b as; we ,wli ,kl1llill!o!,l ~~ .[dso it \ ~avc oon:n Ii!b.J e.r!l€ll'gJtl_

Some idl· o~ th t~m ·tu;)g ,. 'b ut (:pl'inc Ij;il~ly) 'lihIe'm:bedi by 31!1i atmtllie ffiFplios!lOD may' 'be had "!vbe-ml ,it 18 b!!!'!,JJ, ... ,th .~ ' .. I vel. teas:pOOlrllUI of 1'1 ',j!.{J;tO'Jf, of lIif~IDlIIIl (235) use iIrI dJte lfiltlic billu IJb. 1'.5 ~q al m .20Q~' to. ulJens of g-aso~tme or 300;0001 pdllmnls of coal, Tlns means ~'b[j,t "''''Il' 1b1l ~I!ll. m~ d~i~ly '~g goD~1:'g:)r :EI'r:t')(_u!C~-d by oo.arn bY' 5.000,000 ~md tb;art: procluGt:d 'hit g~ot~n~ by $.«m~oo.:~, Here) hO'l/llA~¥e[:. WEi are [Itot '~"g al)tlUt the total elIl.e.rgy i, thict! :rm. 111 Llm!llI!J.n· ~f file U1mng em , fiG OJ;!' but (I : Iy tll!2 5IiIlal~ €lta;etimll of ,e(l}elgy du.a,~ is-:r, ,,11 ;L::i.' as resu'lt of ttl sp~tting o.f ~be 10l1li,-, The l!lJl!l.clear' ~lfl"rmr ' 'ele3iserl! Ihy thG ~~'~i eoUI!I~ r :1.0 ·-·f '_ tj.bllglc grf~IiI~,f ,LIn 'tli r hlJtG Gl:1IB'~)~ wolJld be iillfLidelliit to l',me ruJeJOl' IIlJ4i:Jll'KII~h!e:s ItQ ~ bigh~ of !5 miles, \~fh~H~ m;~ttleJi' is: oolM,p'le~~y m!lvetll~l, int~ ene.r,ID·n H ~!i :ua.O[mJ,OO®~ICl!OO ~imG~ ~~'!,.-nIi'(;:I :polIIlJlcriul th~lll: 'lIlu" OrdlhlaJi'y ~mbwtiml at' 'Irmning ID'J ceal,

Dl!rut~g the yea.r 1940 .9.JtQllll!ic ,fiit n1!l!lcleM pllysiiSsl~ ~Xl~~~ .5l:l!oom hUI Ifi;uulmous ~[J'to tin.., ~hr . i i ~glf ~ y. hi.",,,! ms at 'Ul'.M:UlJil111 kl1ll)\",n 1m be liftihilll,'" rod!ioo~,tive Oliil ~ts Ow t. aeeount,

V'ilnf:.llIi l1ll!lilltf.'OQ i5ilup "'iiut~:D"4;!dI IlIrt~jln[ni'y !l!L~nn]lIltml !Jlt:o'i pbrsk:is ts 11!lMioe-d that ll'rf::rlflodOI!m 1':11'1 ffii of 191t'lity ",ve:~e ~le[l'Sed~ Ins t.n_HlUli 0 '3 sbo\l)J~d, ~hiiro: these' ,pl!.ifff'S ilf ~e:rgy

li1'I:t'lIilllg~h :I1IIIi1IJ. W'I!~ '~r ~t 'iii :!iize lil'~.tII. III~]~~ eeasid ~dl. 'tlhe ilnQ;Sl , wmu] ~'\Ier set fOlith,

Thtl u~nilwlli. uno 'l,1I",ll h:.4i1i the Jaa.y .fteull:rQ'l1 :sbil!~:s w.~ ~,hul' '~ilo1b 'I,!. ~d ~m~n til ing Id;u ~ [\J[j,' ':k ,!tJ 'I1lr .prnrI:iLLII,)' ,cl.t! ..... fedi'!;l'c Jirec:ra~k~r:s. Th~.€ wmllid be ""''''I)' i.n, . ru~:H es])losJom:l ;m .Iong ;JJ.S: the .11 r.ll.litrom .k.eplt e~jming 01, "bU'~ the C:ri:l,ilUi~,r;mf, ", n ed tiIfmlt . J~ '. ·1, til ' w wtl."l'In ,H6W ~~pd. jJ! he ;P~y;sK:j5b were ]!I , tty sure tlt.~t m1W:i:ms imide~'hc urmlhiu~rl were h!uw.iing IUp bR~~ C!t]J.'C~ !f!tiltoo" 'loNby dlti~,:n'l Il~ 1 ~~~l lOP TlJrp n!ii~r to rhot 'Iii y~t~m~1 ~rm' d Ih;i ~l:! t~le ~lm'!j1iFe.~ to 'the aJ~olUm{! Rmb~

\IVb~Lt a't Hn.t Rmth.erenil ,gd mySlU6ed l~tlS'''' ~<'I!~~].f ,t?J(.J[ rime!ll~t:'rs \ .. ~th th ·il' ,[It £i't'sc 6ifJ-fut1 and eu ~ fOLD ,I ' mJbJl:n~c e1l:1:tl~oaiom '\,j,f.H$ '~he faet ·thm.t aft~ir drtey blQk place. ~L 5IIIlIill1U '-,iII~Ullnlt Gf th e~em -l.It ~~tHl!Irnn was :o.ul'ld to 00' present !.J]ttr.([j~,gb it '_ s. no~ Dh Ii' -, ""h ,til b~n hl1i'dUI! ~ or '1ilf~IDl!ib;r:lj '\\~th ne11Jlbu[[S was 'ti:ieguJil .. 'iilr']}e.re did it l"lIme

.1fQ1i'D ilI~~d 1m""" !!iIl1(l ~ {;:N ~l~~f \l\.r:os ~ ~ tOne ;Q~ tilie il.ll!lU~f pi~~ bl1O~ i1 (l!1f ,tIlill .~klilll1i u(F 'I.!Irn~~ ium mtor ~~1i; w,i 1;1 oewlJlrolt! b.ad! clipped :li~Jl.il' the ni!n;le;lms~

mnium has n . WlDlL! wej,gtlll tr 92 ~'Jbe(["eM b~num JaM ~ 'W'~ht 'I):( 66. n cl f-tt. pa4Jltt 'Dr 11111 ·pli~.IJj[~ iIIIlom u£ II!1ffillil1!m mrll~ out to be' b.a:filll~w wliiLJ)JV h3P'P med 1:0 the

I .Cll o.f I:bc H!nllUI !U. _ 5: leJ~" n,'hc~ the aJ~rDll"ii!ll! ''!,w~:,ghJt: of the mellll,] bar'iU.I111 (56,' is ~bw<.l~m ffOflfi dac &Llmrn~t.: w~~d~ht (if 1I!~£l~m!ll.m (9.2) the .iI',~~ul~ f;s a6. ne/JM!lE:6t.~ if a, s:ililgl~ E~'[L,r::m~~J was .!GJ~ c.£ter n p:OOtl8 eq!Jl LI til) ,th_.e albo.mi,f!'

H_;o: ..... 'the Al.um~ei lkIm1JJ, lV~ UlI. '''~l!lMglJ nf dl W)l'Jum aeem \ .Ls. b:liOk JfiJ 011' ~llis pl]:!l;{l dlll;rrud m[1'¥e. ill. 'W'll::: L ;;rlU of ~6. \"~ th(!lT(:' t~ mQ1bm ~Jmn ,'\fI;~.J! wil:h ~ 'W,e]I~:t~ l"es~ ~~ \'!.l'asi fLl'lliIl Jt "'l;,!a.~ ,~~ ~ I~trn~l)b], ,a~ ;g~} • '~Ii)~tOnt. C!l]ui!d, it be th~t !I:! ' wwmd hug nrnl:rooo :sp,llil I~fte il:h:iCl'I1 iilr uv,~l1hjl'rlil irnto b~u':ium mILd ,byp'tom?'

Tt n'II' e' ,Ii )iiry!lid~~ ~1c lu,t~ lID th atomi~ I 1lJ· erg)' released by :!iln·b :til ~Ji \i'il'ouJld, 3IiI11J'1IJD't aOi.etl~1 to tb.-e release 0 energy ,119.1:. ' .... as a.f!!l;~In!JteI11· measured \-Mr,n t~ , !fit· Itnm 'I1tilS~cI, ~'liM ' ~. :>WJ~ ~~ -~,plmi(m .

Uranlum WItS l'I'H)~'1l t~ emt in ]tts ,niill~Ulii'lid SIHI' as u. oom.WmtttiOll (!if im~~, U~-M, ":'J~ ""oil (fli16Stl,)r) U~. U235' pfill ·l1t Oq]y es 1 p:1'l'l in n, C'm..'iill:;l it 'bi; ~hlU IdtL isoto[~ U2,3.tJ was espec:mil1y se.ns.imlilr,c 'tin mID. U,UOD hemIMwd.m' ut and.th :ll'l J1j ~JtLel' isotopes of l~mlhnn preseat, r- '-234. i1md. 23. '!;II lil.!Jit 8"!1l:1 flltl't ~111 'e. iw~(J<I) s fiJIH 'till!i:l.e~ fllS. I:ll~ '","'e : 5~'Wd.wt :iill l:'he [li1.(ikIJge (ii atomi.c.6re~ C'~~if.il'S'P r( f'll!!: :I,'IRS NlJroberi bad ,~Ij'L~ .plJ.~lI:ie U235. ... i1I:ey 'W,,-l!i!lliIll sonn [1n~M:r ~h 11~ !t~lnC:!it·i'lJ!ln. fin. r~}~, ,fl [!:w l:rt~ lfum~ 00: a, ~l of m-i:Bl',e 02,35 W~5'1lpp1lred ,lI:ncl, ~pO$led ~D 11~U h-\~n bOlUha ~dJ'llI:~JliL. l"hEl~ " ...... ,s the answer, A~.!f'rt6~ ,:dI'll1ou'lJ. m It"i~!:)!lnlJ1 iii: ~pbiOl 'l :k II. t: • me -'1 tme atomic boeab alth~,gh its, ruhstil ilCG cmdd easily 11 '\I' ~e.~ lP~i)ood on ItlIt~ h~11 (I , plu_

Tile nc:d prolr.Jlil:l11 tfllJil remah,.J :loJ[ ~\i!!' ""'~i!.Ild~lb.~ makers of 1iIl1ll, ~;oJlflk bo'mh '!);vas: th~ d~~u ,alDi1.o6.~ ~'1:(Ir'pe'le5s t'!!i..:Sk a~ flruUng: collflllllcreini :p~~~ .fQ~ se:'pa['~dug 'the

ii'J10~~I'l! ~ U235 f_ - '! Jt r'~ t usseel Hun (m1tllll'lAl) wj!h U23>B, and! ~:)31.

Fil1l!:J![Iy ~~~],i!1l!UIP tl1e 'C®Ol:j;j~mtD)[i~l of tin£: I[l]'g~,'j milllnu_-. fuelmul\lr.;; ,of tho U.S"A. .• U'5!M \~I, 'llllXl!dtaNld In qW"iI]:tLU&"!: h'!.'rge i);oolll,g'b :~(:);If' US~~ ~'JTl ni.olrlTlk !IDOl"", 'U·hne tUa ro ~lnJ ILdJie1J' Illklthods: of Pl'(~dUit;ing aftOmic ~..'{pblw_lS~ theil.' InU'ttdtll ~tiiDlq, ",,"u'M n,t' ~I 'j>!l r 1 SUI'!;!'C cml}'1 to 00l. ruse us. AfteJi' aJ;~ th.e' g~n I d pth~~I~s 'ilJf tilll slIIcib p 'Ion !J~ ~1~i:li SIlm~ a!iid i' ~ '0011 !.iIDrlerst;;U1Id 5.ucl'lll e~b):fi)ju ~ I'L' ·d iI: I: (;-ed! ~:}y U:2a, we will ,hti!'II~C'pfi '~J[1Il'L-d i:lIlIiII'.!i~I,~s ~o oCO~[:miilllljle- 1D1i1l1l" ~ttld-e!i- :iin ij_lther ~~liIdi [nore Bdvmnc' d wt),b fl~ ,,~ se de,s,:r.re,_

TUcl'jll~.ng '00 ~it co Et"'iI"ud: ' ,cHit ~11,Il'm 'lLil ,l7ig:. 36 ''!' In .helpl us [~D ma:S~i;;q' tbil;t: eSSl.'DtiaJ,li of the 0.235 'ml). H'ro £llU' J!lfi.lrpos~ ,uf 11 I1Ipll ~tY' W'Ii,!' 5ti~J.'t out \",jth, . sliing~e a,wm uf U5 in ~he i'l'IfU11(ldl t '1' 'SIi:nCQ ,of i~ '~Ij,'j,r O!l(JI - .M5. ilIWm:s, .:\ ~lilg:f,{!' atom of I. :0015 is. ~tru.ck w.~th a ~mil . [Ulmllf-Jrn:~ w,hf..elI qwlll.!'ldy .'l]Me-.s mt{li ·the ,~u.t:J~UlS (!IJ '~i:s i]bJim iiLiUl ~ilI '1lIp.s!i~5 ~ he b.[ljblf.1J!:e fif ~~Il£p th ru th~lt j ~ ,sl1(..'OOecl~ in 'breaking ~Iis atom 'nip (fIrm. thoe atoms [~f lbry,PflIfJ. .!IDci. I _.~rfunj, l1\ lltm dlis 1',~~Leml emption. m1res .p 1"'00, IIJdter' n tlJiigDS fWJlJil ~<U lmc- ;liltnm tJ 'i:JU IVIJB: iil!J"ijj .sem, h~ cIl.iI.ldrhese; enter tIle :nude.i ff adjncreJtJit itJ"'285 nJ~~3 Imfm~iJii!,g tlnc: s.!f:IlII!2I !,~dlmg' te b1li[::l!,PeIl.; tile,,)£! .alums In OOI~ ~ii!t: .illlld! piil;j!dJ C'tl mo~ 11;L:~ bortis. ~IJ -. ~ ,[£I IJr lUi ," sl"[I.dl ~;1"!.i«iif.ln of !IIi mmjonr~ a.f ;)j S\L1."CIJ1d. trelJil~llldlJJ!!IIiS ~ln:i'I""~ii'Jf,)] o~ ,rum~NYJ -' poo'lltiilfie the U~, i3Jll~m ,aud .ii)t

1m }.Il!It:'CI.I!.u"'~

,6;Jry ~1'1 J=-

,'ItoTtw

rt~ Sil Ho..r;· ibhf!' ,;tp osloa of WI.'£: a:hrm and :e elease ~ IIlI!~t~'~5 .~ . - ~!!f:f!'lli11 '11 liI.o ,IIId.f 'n~ ~ffi 1 J, on iii ,-''II t! 1'-1m I IJi _ng Ie, lf~rtEr Ih 11J35 aWJll eptod.es lt l'ea'ir. ·f.rl~:IilIr;:ubQ.,liIS ailll.d tit.' al!l!lolIls of haiJl) nn ad

byF,~m]_

them 'l!II.I~:uIA3r w~lb Iloom.e~dtrus .~. II! ~S<!i.! of m.klf:i:lJlc ~jj~.rgy" too ts [h ~~:5~ 0'£ :6ssiil:ilu, Oil 11 'ImUL~ i'j;r;:~le ",,~hfdiIJ ~ilU;, become ~nO-WIll as fu-.e' ehasn wa,c'tion, b amauats 't'1J idJ..11!' ,uld{ ~p~ d.nn of ~I8SI~IU, Qf 5pitltL1n,g h~~u~bl abo~~ }.~ a sin 'c .!:u'b-!i!,~il"mi btlnt."t. t]~ 'n~ ,mJ~ n. U 1i'o'folV' I. t1 5, I!lOt the, end] of Ol!l!i" 'loty_

Fo.r rCflSII!Il:!l th IJk uaed m;ol Ill(;! discussed lOr, it 15. net olll[!;lw,g'h mlerei. 111~i~~, iSllrlly n~'~ill1'll!l1 ifl,""'nde ~LIfI ~ut'~Ii!!, ~'f U2-35; 00 set 'i!jIP M. explasion th~t eMl!l1I.f.jif 1'1;::a st't1'p~!tl.. It :~.~ alse wry ~url1LUI~tg Ittha.t rhJUi is. true, O!Jhijltf'!;'!ilise '!I"'~ eeuld ru1~ prodil.~ . II 5'~kpj)~ ~ ~F' [_-2.35. N U~J" n~ 11100 fl'l!;~tity

1:ilippety Ml~ 1m ;y '~11iSt . m~r.s. and ~t is e~1bielIDkBtr dimcuJ' ·t!l1' mmr9(t" .on 1~"'~:li'I. !lit;. 11.1\;1)1 "II 1J~ d!.li mo !l:fJ.Yr reze tllWu~ :maU:et ''i.\ciilh OOJ:llcSide.iiil1J!l'e ease, [1C1'1i,,~eVtll'" un !e£!'l: :;} 'iJe'ii't!Jm itriiltfio.d,i::e ~CIllln~ tlIf' U.2a.lJ; is Pr:~!Iltf ~e strar.r iill\i'aclli~' n;eg,lmn wU ~ Dr, ~ tilt DlW. \V1, t our !i'i.Lle~"n. .iPh}"st sts ~lled Q '" Cf..litiCOllJ mass" I1lf U235 JilulSt be ,N4sent bt:f'llre mil .~o:n1j Ii): eN,1(1~ifUl l'Ierfl!lltWg [['QJi!Il aJ eham :N~letillll] can ~J,ke !inllw. A "tCrHtc.lim1Dl'jli·· is jll t un 1'1 'r '!,1lI.}f Cif :!iB;"rng aJ ceflm~jn d, ~re :;'lI_IDOUQt Tbr;JeJiu~ if - .235 i . s~ore~ .L1wa~, ill} 5:nlmarn I!In!lu~ll;s) pr' perfy sepamt.ted, ·r::hel'if; ,villi h :111/0 dr~li!~ "If. hfi'lQv'll' t~/l"O t1J' m·.~ of th0l!l£' ,ltmounts, we:re :gluide.nla,Y btQUg~t ·tl}..ge~el' '~hen We oouM ''3!uicltl, .lIn v,e: ~n. hH'!J. Itl' e..!i[ploiJ'D.n~.

.tUffIOS. \vj!thcmt eur k(1cl'i,'ri~'.g ~t, 'IN''' h~' sl ted. the pffweap~:e us. d in ~)!lItmg ,a:W1llic bombs. It is .assumed] lLL t 3, HOO-· dtieo] m~~'1l ollUiM (say 5 .ptJl;_ll!ltds ,~ch) rre 1lIQ,p~!f.ll·~d C III sa:', d:isl-O!l~ -' w.~~iJtI _U ,~urllie 1 .elm b.

At ~ mOiI'u~!:ntt tl4. ~p:rosiolll~ .30 mscha:oicaJ mec\~'Mrusm, \Yt~hllI'~ ~j t,um;b op0ftiili!l:S h~ Iml g th4Jl5e .11!000criti.caU. masses til ,rt}'eii to orlill crH;fc 111'l' i:),'lldrl,lollJll.' _~lJJh'S. 'rha~ is the; Vi{3¥ the .fkst' bombs '~Fe['al- d :a:lillioilgh it .~~ !!W'J..V ~ tlew~- ~~t rese f~h .h"LS p!,~l!,nLd~. mG;mJ!u~di th.aJl:: ~H <C3IlJS' the UJ!:phlSi -o.s; iil't m __ es IOf U23.5 (ht'irl 'I!~,'!i1\I." one ICcu:sid\e[\ed to be lloo~ri:liiCfl!t

'I,i\ E UA C - $,EEN~' 1 [,-\ T~ U~ Ttl! CASE 0 ~ '1Ml E atmmic limnih.- n~t,.~ms C~I1. ~Hl ~1e't1'.Sed ow ild:~ !,IJlI' ,to suel a C1e:~e ithcla~ . 2001 OJ;' ]1I11'w!~OIl!tl.m roll be III .de: to, hfC!ik II P w~~t trmb1·'lJtl~I_;o.; _ iol IU:.'U,. L I !i'l'L~:h ea es n ni .. ~[o:nI!:S ,uf hOO'.se:fI'O\V1Jf of ~iIlIree ~.~ he rele~!Sed ilu ~~ . 'm311l IrncUOJlti ~ir 'I :K!'OOud. H bils proooss l!Qi!JrnJ be so t~llL.~ I R ·d. lh' t S~ c'h ,I, f I '!I5l!o! Dr U~~!L'flgy OO~J~d .~ slow\'it!, do.wl~ -or stret,ci1ei£ aut· O1<"ef a kmg ;periOO £If tiD., ftte illwlI.'l:no. -~- .h~t,:t energy g"'l fme ~~'ilII.M. b 1JJSOO 1Ll a :pt,aetiC! UIIIIJtIiR ·r. II -" W'Uu.Jd h i)4»lil, 'til ~n~ ·~ik·· o"ll!~ 'th~g ~L bUillcb tlf :fu;eeI'i::.u~ker:s: ''t,'l.~ can -Sellt~]QIiI1 aM clF at one time Ulf set 1m l f:'J n ~I! one ata time'.

-nlri~ bliJ5me5ti1 (1£ ' Iml1;'!tli~ ,thA'.'lil. t'!i-~ ,l.i..:M.ll of ~tm ti·

eneiigy \'~ou1ld be .iIiIlrpns<sibJe \'rere .ir~: [J}11E: mot ~lliLl~~ laili't. cl ~~ be I:iloHiJln ~f J!U:U- .. ns 't:~n be 511.1ltn}llled. 'm',Ml1iate.ly ~or th ·H !JIM -" '!Jf 1:1.101 ~liiC 'e'JJ,e~gl' ~;h 'lie a I~ - U$,

~t IU~' .!luch .IS nrd ,K~t~!J! ~1 ~1[lh:ll'(j (,} foE.iMI rmf (![ll'hEItII used in lead l:1J «[!I ciis: ) Of ~r.l< m~~M~ {!l'I!dmi11LDll a]rnl, WIUJiI1 m~d ~ !I>~eru:J fife eapa ble of !:Iuwing db1j.\fn or eSitoppm:.g .. !II ;rollS. TJ m W~ID 1,1 ·1, ,th' ·:lIy !aj~.H!;e (left 1 iIl'th. m". Sill u,li!:.' If os:iv.e' ( IC'l'ItjcaJ]) am jJ!ljJnhs of U '125 (II]:' [J'lUioo..lil.ium [Ire , ' ,'.1lI d in a eel'tam, ~~, :mneJ", thE p;nl!Oess: of ~,(J~., ,nMl 00 comuoH'lilcl: ~ lloll ~tI' g.o fluid SQ __ r D~l ~UJ. fu ther; hLr enou:g:1!I to ;p:r,oduce tll.'i{!fu] qtuttlfltiities- of m;~wnfc I lt~:teri~~s !lIDIQ illf Emcil't but ,Illet follf e:ncmgh w ,~:lJiOO a qJlIic;:k expi il:1!'ilir.m. n~!i i5 Sllfh'lildting l'lb ,[I s~ .. In ben·:I:' ',"",itil 1 saili·lll:ty, va]V(l '\1'5. one WiUtholDi~ ~~ safet,)" ""~['IiIe. rier.;e;s (ttl' I, !' I 'DO o.l'u:1! l[!f~iEnj~m !l),f i~u~ ,td ,bem.'I.I'Y w,rnJ:elt' ¢.!;\]a l'WlCmiQm M S~L'~ ty "',rl~V'~.5i 'OJ~ m ~li~~P1ic ~)gi~!'4Il5'· rLl1~ SlIlti!l'l L "lboU .. ers," aF.e ea]led. aronrie ~:riI:e:t, Here we have -tne {j-r:f1il'Ufd' Jlil'(~@5C {l;~ lmerg}'. ,111 !:iu,t)1 pn~~. e,halnb ge;8C~ll.n[, td:'f: ll\kt(!e but t:hf'y rue k ~,t '¥i~I~rill ibou As,

In :SUiil.h. pmIes ' .€! .reds: o:f cacl.roimn Sinil:l earbon bo!t'k8 ~b t ~ro ns~ lliU eo~li1lcl ,rn(lItt 'MJtc rSii I'e<l!Uy ~~ ~Cf:.r, mJi:n "ul:rm'ts. A slow 'Qil!l'lJAltmtl ms mill "C,hIDY 'IiV {1 f- rn a .5'M'a! :~t w l:bu a f.Q£lit QII,e ,ami, .5~OW rn.eu:I:1'Q"rui~ smu,~.~y ·jirl.6uc! :p:rod.t~~ mo:ro fts:sJcm ithn 1II.db L l 'UlII~!1.

rrlte (!~;l!OOgy 1Jif!,]~t.:~cl ~y ,to.1 ,1l'turnJitl pUiI;l C ~ ,iil!sg, b, oo:Ilr~rulied ,bjl ~ti.mng the runol1mt of UU5 pres~gt \"!IiJth : I!.a.s er ~lUlidlJJ~i1l 'l/I.'hil!$~ is' ,sof.lli!li!thul'!l J ~ki. ;j]d~ing ,bfO'S~ :t& ~51Jle1jj • w'h5ib W01lI~d ilfllab ,~]je I~Uj[l. m1tleh Iws ~~ plm~,v.e. FmlQIll l!l::o.i1nJ in a.n iiFea I atmnie pile :!Ii.JlI01Ilut!J: 'l"4Ji,~:); . mild· UIIltt:il!J . _ !III eV@n rot!.: a~ ill p.lie~d€~!f.m1i.iDfild

The AtMIIlli i:i JP.ilie ml1 'j" 1evtll~ 'Hh~ 1illO ,r~w tg. be we less or. too .high to be 'x,hJ~i'lol" "

I:I.s used tJOday, thA; tlJ4"omrtt;! Iwe is a, 'vagitly olmilplicm.re,n l~lI'UNlhIW;U~lJ ~ wJ:~ ta Jm.rge ~~~Jfre of rIIUJtOl)fIJi!l:! ooutJ.o~ anel 9 !!iO 'itl~eti '","nl m~LI!1~I' el~~tr~~lliC" mn~ m 'cl!w;n,m[c .~ du¥:Ilt!.l 'S. The best tkat 'U'1e can h~ '~t!i do here is to reduce "~111m j~ mceh r !llil!Om to' its SliJ pf ~ ~~~:i.(; ,~d!llc1'~'€!1It] thereby gain ~~n{!" u toe h!Dld L~ti b l1!.1 I ''1M Wlid I ,to WIlIUIUT' uui study elS(:~ here. we win haVce.' at lea&f: m _ster:ed. '~e ABC's !Of Lhl1' !1 JLI 'ject

Thil; $1j]",cessful !COm h' nctiOIiL of ~ alo~J i ,ae' S Jlut how'e\l'tftT, 111Iemly a matter of mOOel';lll 01'8 w.ithin the pi~c kJ, t."GJI,f;'IiI:~Q~, '~:hf4' O'!H~IfLj]fil anti !ii~d ef (I, I!LL.I' 11'., Ktlul:mn, ra:dlie:til!;lfl ~5 "'e :mosl' ,a~I.tIl1lg,efiJ!Wi to "',1M h Jnurmns I..'wn be esposed, .l1~D~. m~ p~~e.s; hadto be ,seal!;.-d 0,1 with, tilflri~ nii!'t~tb''it:i~ [null, ,~ml',(1.y hllmI2lL'S: 1.0 prol)tj!f~ ~hl!'Jl iDmu:a 'whm 'I/Ii'or'ked amnII'. d them.

:Bfl'l:iuJ.nliD1g_ to' dte su bjoot of hs.loJ!} vs, .tlm 'I aJ~d f~t a ·Ultro,I')1.5 ] 1 us ,ut It !'iJS WHY" ''I,VillIl1 1 gcirV{]1lIi ame Jl ~t of Or(llfllUlio.· 1lrnntum ('~"e ml15it relii~mlbe:]j that ma:mU1I1ii, as n e -J:J~'$ fKUL maJl:Wi~ Is., ;'I ll'l!i:tll~n~ ilJ iA5.,. 119. _', il'Drl I .• 2.1- ') the m O'i,'rUflrI 'Ill "f ~. uil:m]~~'"l CQI5!U~tI),1 'bCling db e~arrgedl fOOllnl ~~:\q U~ is SO fa5'h I1m~ m'irl~~t o:r il:1 ~In by fSlr ~oo,pe 'Ivnh~u:t llrndlllcil g ms.i:o.o. ,~lIli ~hiJ]'t~ lathing JUil!llGh Imppeniil. Unr..w'll 1', ,if \.'0 .Ilf]',m:l!lge tJd In. __ ua1Wlli 'witbilln a l~i~e 9'[ ~'iiphlr~ bh:tQks f>'I) -that a~1 of ·tbe.se Iieleased UUI~!JQJlUi~ ",~in 00 ~lmwerf (Ilowll ~md, Ithceby :[nadf:

~:~ A,'lOll ~"'Ui!~"rtDd-. ,1'S ~. 0 it BOYS: fIiHl~ ,[f&~l ii",~' i.i1 ,pI [In 'ju ~Sc5Sion. 1>01, -[fIJI can he he~

Wileodol.!l!lly .~1Ocele:m~,e{t There will then. be 11111.100 more JPR~Iltlt'"t: Illf rel II~d n!!iU'~I'N ~111l C'u'terlug tlre 1I1I.~t.{ us !ITlf utiler U~ OlIbmrn5 'Io'li'h-k.J, lim ~iJJn'1I ~de1!l5e ~~'II mol'l!.': II 'l1UtrmJn~ to reF [ the ~1!G-troll. The dltill,in II:! eet is tlirereby gr' !JJcJly ,~lltW~[ 'd by IU It: !>ifflp~' h'~t.'_L:: of u 1."l;:dlll'YUon io, Ilillil1l 00 Iii, :speed.

'f,lIe firfiit ~ilJ[liple P!J~. called a J titilee ~ see Fig. 31), was , ~ u , III 19dJ II,~ D~fmllllb~ill Uuivtll.'sHy. 11 ilifiJ 0. uneNi rn

, C}\Rl!lO'I'Ir."

S.,.'~I!l:

l!"'J,C, :rf. A ~hn,(l!!!ll' IIJtf)TI]].e pUt! wbe'J.\em neutli'fflll r'e\I~i!:' i:s; il]~Jta, • .lIill!(i h)1 nU;runff~ 'bI;JiJTJJ~I,rth'" ~II~ r"F .ant: mt'hl~ h 'l'yHrm Ill,

The A4nmic ,P.tLB II pH [If gnlpb~li!} bnoks B. x til >( • ,[,eel thfOt1~fi.olUl wllidn ~er,e '~ ns d tSlr;ilJ~n,ltJ~] '1 tun'. ~ ~~ p lIIJr[l'iilld m~IT~mJ'!.1 &neath 'tru; File there W.lS Fl;lll~ a ~::'Ill[ lJlij~tw;e oJ rnt:U!.liDil ~lnd h ']'y]~illm wh~~'11 :g:cIlOIt kid !5iUll • nu'tiLl.!.I.' !l'OIr~rn~ (rl.1 'U2a" wl thin the 1'1 r. 1I~1 III' ~ emS Oll.e) of neutrons '\",hl'ch neutrons found ~e:[i" W~ly into, the p:nIe aioo\!', • ncr· ~ i . !i. >Hl~:; Wh W a, J~rol!'lnIlJlllicl\!l! (In I'" ··mI,ilEI"iE' ICH_i ~l f. tor" ,ill ith~ rote of!:f, '!illl" h IlIif 'the 6baii1 lliOO.cUo.ll [lnfll(..~ffiJle" This fust. IiLssffil"! Ilutiik 1!:!iI:jI,ce at an lil('It!2'IJ~: 'r ['lit b~ll i'l!1 in [,lllI" fn.mrl Ith,l;' IP~I~JJ~, wl~ur~ n w(liuld maimtllllli'n jlt~JF DutonlllrHoo,IJy ,011' gt:t IIJlWl of oontL'!:!iI 10 pm~ cil!u,oe a CQ~lICt:.ntr,:lit,e:d espleston, h o:n~ly g,.erudy .hllCl'eased ~~ (J nUl'lllhl'rl 1!i}dh~i lu l~ L<,. pilIUtf!tJ~!s" of U2S5 ahmil.s!!. Fei'lfillil '~he lbl'llhalll iU:i,cllcur ,hy.sic.lliit \l·ho 'iN r\i~d on this, the ,tirs~: or thepiles, estllDl .ted th3J' tlns mnuJaPITca,I·.un ,fIlC~~u c t~1 be, ge 'ldly i. C'!fe. '(~ hi" j m:-j'4;l~1,5;'ng Ill!!) ,ri~ of the F~Ie. the allfll;1JUllIit and the l~ ~r:ity {If iJs oom,]FItii J:l.e-lllS"

\N!UJrIi rim nJly u nlu-dl1r-g.t!~' ,fl,{l Wt'l.!i SlUt II'!.p nil Cmieil(gO, a pile tLr:L~ ',j)j!kolly e tlin6rm ed, Fei'11''ri·5 '~d.ea t'hnl ~'Il!l,;': Bin~""{!i[' trUJI the preblein Ja J in size .:mill .l~UI-ny .of millfil![',· Is, the ~ci:unr-t!i' \~ h ~~i!Jl:m ·~oo lhl • ~lIrs" I)i~c. too . ~'l\~ pr 'u~ ti'OOl o'f OO~·~ in S{I' '(!t~ meas .t,~ slumld II ~ ~iol!i. te.lTJiiI '~~) ~ 1!lI-m tto l)o,M..nt t).' q,uIlel m~pibsimll. ']J:~.s [~re'Caurn:marrry DilC~L-S'ijJlr;v tDGlk tffil' ~om~, IIlf f~.s d[ ~h\l! !In ~~ "11 e:!u]~'Lirnqr, ''W',bidn l1.JO't {IIn,]y sro1i\.f!j 'iflntrm,lS do.wn bult is ~f;L:lffilb]e .oJ BiliOppbl_g :m _Illy of tl.t"Hl b::r lookim; thtlil ~ 1m aJ~OIpfdilJ!D~

U9

~ oetlJtli."6Jtl ~OIW • ""'Cf ~iill~~ ,f!23!11 it.. 'Wh:e:n 1:I.a OP,eli'rnilliml of: f'~;;, fHe' wns :ii [1ril!ll(lp IbGlI~ rod.s. ;t:[lrehIHr ,!oC8tad hil respeet ~o 'Eilile aetilve j}eiJjJI:OOt~ prt~l\5 wHj]):i.I~ the' p:ile... W'il'J' - leli wh~J:,1iti the\\, I;(ruM eitkem; 1;i'Y pumed. ,jn'b) or pull:td '1l1Jl (If rl.e pil!ij~ IW' ht:i'Lli lhi!.'i -miiu,IroHl OU1lt Dr iJIGfi~~.

If it \w1ll5 ob~rved thai due pile be,g,arn bl!dMJilng 'UJiD fi~!iian L ~ ~oo 1!fipid ,~mlte,. th~ pr-{rloo,ss: OOIl!1hibe Bto:p,~;1!Iildl b}f Iinl·r;ely p.ls~dlll ; ~h ,lid,' into tlJ,~,il!;i:"

As. Ille OO-JlJJI:m~s of 't:h,is ~wmic pilil- were gnu;lJlJ.mDy r h:1~:ieiill.. Iii~::! ton • I~:) gUm.d.li,U1Uy ,h~(!re::u;ed ~~s ,ilDt1~i'pmted, J~t 'f'.I}it!'h i'lili.ft:1!ll'J: " illl tJ]e fiDiilj/' of n~un_W!5i. tim '~niil~fWlIi1enbl, and HIe ~')udWble cl'clings of due Ge:i,gI:if-,,",lueUer ICUl'll]}t,e]'8 presene ~n~iooJted n !U 1J16h G:iLIg'J~iif' eVcil~;m', ;LsJu. ~'I.IIe(llhl,. :Ii] y '1li11\',;revf:1': tlti~ 'W(IU tl t' nd m dE ur, AI. ·t11', I~ ,riil~ neutron f:lQ'lL\l' WaB: I},g.am h'l~a"eill T,t. ' ~cren~'!j; present, mmdi ~XloiL 'lly Dr.": I'll:l~, weN SIIre' ~11 _t all. . fi11lil.C' pC!kJJ~ .a Ililnl~, the liDe tbe In~~l"""ljJt.r of the j1;lnlItNflI nlUlW ,;,rotildl ~ g:IJeaJt tij[l{li]Jgh 00 that: ~.e :Ij~5:iml wouid OOII1tIDl!.Il!l: (irll'OO>Ilrl I !C:~11~r !Ill u ~'!f¥y ldgIl 1il.1i'VclL 'nUl ~Lp,r6Um:ute Je'1o'(ll1 \V'.I\..IJ; klWlliYIiL hll.it lmilite ilf~rooch hod 'm be 'i1,;'lm iOLi , Aliter all, these men W re ,de.aldBlig, with, .~eth!l!il s.l.Ihsmn.res; ~ new ~1:i1dl ~mbl '" form r . II_ , 'vc f6.l'¢" lrl1l' . -. lelJ:n_I~iOllll i~~light have 'U1{!ITDt ~~I; end o~· 'II of ttl/ 'J]l m5i WiIJ]] M i'b l of: tll~ imm~m~te netg bOIhoQll

Af~ "f .lL ~],y_q:I,ber' oJ Itil1UfS of I:Il'l!~mjt1,an~lld 0.F gmlllWll inru::rellUSf.' i~ ,th~ fro"" IllIf neLltrtJ;ru: • a liIQilld 'W;IlS :~RmUr 1'00 ehefl, where ~eo action no ,lo[lFr ta:pe:md olE, 'The,

Th.-s AIQIt!:!i'e f i!e

11 ~ mfu:; of lhi:: indicating hlStFJjlllCUti:s Je:tD ,iJle~ tJJjJ ,:1, CI;;1i'tn in [Xl'ij~11 ~LlllmI r'he d~U~l' 'Ilr ~h '" !Illlol:d "btl!; G iger.:MlHJ~li:l;r, l!5lJi!Jlote:rs :remaiif.l.Li) at :1'1 .... ~;rymgb level j, :1:1, ~ollld buzzimg' !U'I md. A pow ~ ,H-I ni Ilcna~ mn't::"t\ed where Ithi;,L ~'lJtio:D 'Ilr fi~!iiO:n 'l'H.altil r,ttiI 'tIll rt,JuI{ f~~';f~ml'tlll'fimllg,

8Birt~ thl[l~e da.· we ha.vc 'n!lll:t Qlrilly g:t'ealtly improved .~w.nd.t! pIh..: b t 'we hilY L 1:1, 11I1.ud~ ".iier appli~ ~tion of !I: I 11 .thin,g.s:~ ilJl'['!IUIroHt;Ji ~ d~~t bav!.: IItlt~'lln ~lQ. d1iJ ",dU. ~tomk ~~~, appHcarHol1l.$ dli~t'ltedl at the ~v]n' of hhnfi:'i~!l~1 Ui:'1!i nlthor tb,o'i''iI Id. II:.-ii w]:m!~Si1!e d~trt1JL[_'l'mlt. It :Is i'lll H~W!5:e- ··at!lllm~c (f~;;Jkill"l\g Q'!;I'€lMJ' ~hl]t i'll(I ffi-tH!;!'I'u:~I'~~~ .isot~f'..:" a:F'~ creared l.hl)l ~ ,.'0'"" o:rrer S!.LIC~ p:Ji1filf.l'l'ie to me-tti~ (:. L~ u'ml .Ln~,ul';;LiLLI: 's',aruh, 'nl_L • ~UJIfl . o.F M,l'!na'Wu rn. te • .ria~i!! S'l1~!h :)1!!:i carho}l, irummfil" (If ph05])~m'U , once exPOS!..~ to Itke ~~.ca:vv eutrcn -"stWnD1)n w:iit.hm the ammie ptle

~

'till 'fi'i!lfll",,"oS I· ~mL" 'I'L,d 'u ~. ~Vol:! i~Lu, '8,

Fru,ln :l !im.wl I. (001. !Ii~1J:;tiJe cub " ~t 11iJifc: pj~l1:s Imve ;1'0-"'1]) to slIIt:b riIJJagm~tl!J.d~ d urt ele.'IjI,a~t's: oal;e D,ecess'li1!:r.y [ot' 'd-I-· m~~ wlm ""·.ill~h Ii:!'i,\'i:.."~ ~tnem" E::1:!!.",h pU is. !l~JU~9ii:blt:1 :iill ~, pr.n~(~th .. e .shje~tl t[J~ CQRGl~~f' ,5 'r'{let ~hi~l!:. '\flfithin sueh 112f.1'UGI1~5 there \Iljll!lll]d he spau~ oencmgh 101' li'!;l'mg . rilliilrt om ,!" ~ m i :r !!IF ~i;J;i, \Vhur"!)5 dl'- 6rst ~i:t~f ' pjl,~scd ~t CollJm'lbia 'IlJ 1il"I'Lf(!fSil)' w;~lghed onl}' L few IOn .j Lhl'll hig pdes of urJti '1 w,eigh. It:!ruOU$P.1l1M of minllil;i, Each. :w.d~ • i:i, lI1Jbh:" 'to> mi)IJTIJ~l. in th fi~~BIJH,ffi n t:tlllll~j lll.tltlE],}', ,~b m,t:eosity ~Iw:ly~ """IH~JliJ~1 -~;h~ ;r:mlilgc of lU'lI3ci5e oolTll~r(lll

At·· mic

VinE ii' \([ S:EI!:N TU'AT TilE B ,I K 0' THE e:neJi'g)' release-d, ~) .. il!lUntrie expb~!lJ s, either Iropidl as in tire c::JJ 'll!Jf the I !llil1b IilIr . ~I:IiW wild ' rd~~dy as in the rose of th" 'i alfijri i [lll'~ i . Ern I DrL, ~ffj]nT! g" h L 'ntis I' ~lfll!' !!~~~~ sort ,oJ heat t,h:al toasts [.Q_lir toes before the hearth or '~l~\V~i 'HiYil ~lr:UJl'llI!Dg, eol]':(!llj_

}\torn tf: ltlfll'~ g.e1nernte WI. nt 'i,1\t:ditl11l· [:[If llif;II~' ;L~w'

amouat depel'uUlIIg upon their :s~:e and th.;: 'iut -nsirty of th fission going rOLf! w.itHn '~hem. ,tl e ' .1Sr!1 c},r, Ollk! of Ill'l1ilr ,sreat IWIOJ~lic pl. nts, 1J. whol- J'_ 'r (ltlb. Cohlml'lJ.l1) is used to carry a\Vf~y the heat genetaJl:i:~~; he~ittDat under I rqpe.r ool!ldllU In • J'iI,ght 00 e:J1'IJlplo; tl~ ~ U:Ji!i!fUllly, E'!;I'!el}' ,ill.hlflillillll ,il ',11 '!iTl3!UeI how it L~ dCift!jJIil~~, n~ UJIiI b . C(:)QledOtherwise ~he heat l~: ge:DlB:'r8Jeil 'wol1M build u;' tiJ a Pi1l11'[ '"tJIi:(Ja~. gr. 'Id ,d unn:gi' \"'OLdd ~ dun , :w :11 Ctil!",rtain I,IC''!,' type . _ =:Ijtomrio (Jile, n!ty;l~ • .l!!J bism J th flI~ct:J,'1 wjill ~,

.miS

124 JL"J:iO]'I;UC EXPElUMiI[J)4""]'S P(J'B" 1m's.: cil:'cul-alhxi t.b.nJol!JgG ,t by :!:lP;~LM Wi~ and miW~ 10 ~t'Jw i 1~llt :I~m w'hJJ!:re ia wm I~ ~~d ~nd ril.'l!;!iJmOO tv. the jiiilb" By k£:e£ili'mi~' a cool ~iffm".d j'Bi1I"'1,1'~~~ t:h:_li(!Iug:m a'b!)~Hi!i;: pile.s 'ill t~lis. W,ily, ~I ey eat!] be mlJide 1~11J!ll .e!ll!fI~l'I~uons t"af.nC[riJ; of .he2l.'L

TheJ:'lf:<in hes ,the g~rrn of usb1Lg i!Iltiilll1~:t, JKlil,cirer :f'l)l' pHIJOrL.i.c I Pl1.IJi'O!l • V\ e ClEtml tl.LSily sec hew .it :utliwrd be]? _ n:de to heat" llllld \'\ ~a-Jii;,o:oe "'lli~e illl~l1l!" 'W lim '\Ii Uhrn !l 51' 'cinJ1i Mti'mi.c pil1J~, and. t-m cany thIs steam 8'~thgr ~o an ~:me er :::Ii tliubh'.u.;l 'I{!Jh~ ~l. to t-\Im 'Wohl~{l 00 oollilile~t.~d '1£10 an (llectr]e IW:I ~ 'J'ubtlr. Til ~ ,t~[JI?\1'!}[Kih 1lI1lm10UJI1lC lu UUf ~liJI;:i1 l~ope of 'lOOl1Ve:[tin~ aJltcllmJ,(." e-De:rg)' h~~,~, m:efu~, pil'l.Y'rtl': The

r "~~ul p~nl !.!' IJlbl m 1\11." ing mado ' >:' ~1I]l8 1Iilese

m'les.

11us. [m' C'Qugfse, i iii. ~ L[, ery' fIDnf:! ' I eaJtc!ltllic powered J'ldJOlifiO blJ ~~I1)I. 11 ~ 1[lt,"(l1 miw.l m !rOO l ~~. J\hv }IS in '~l1is atomi'-c ener . '~:mjl POl.-","·I; lnslness-, lo",e l'11lllSl 'l'lIii1ik ~{ ~_e sll!Ff;jty of tb~ ,[~(tvpie ',,"lll~ will operr,9Ihi$ smeh. plr:IJllIb.

f',m, =:ID. L'lnng fL~jJi!tlio Ilfllillr,r ~nlo n WII-r..lit! follflll is flO- pil!rmiil:' ;;I, rmrnxdUl!ll1, p:i1e lillio S;::TII'e' in me J~'al:e [1)1 Ii1 itl!mUlI1I boil!!i't~ fhl:' JL ~ t hl!'hnl.g: IlfJp'L ed ilo ''''1);I'te\i: Ill} m~&e 51ieaul_

Hea\!)" barriers flIDlU.t 'lb.if.!l ~;'f. 1.1, bet,"',!ll:{ml. '1l ope!cr:-abDrs. a_!Ddl 'ahr.-::' ,plln~t j~~l f if r,j)dl~L1tiilin, 1& Ijo~ 10 bn~ t~: i51IL'ilW or ;e~(n qlll~c,k rcl1e1irtb. No iIl.lI'LI;Olflllohile. ,1l:~~llilll:l1Iie [Or "''lfieJJI IDoo:matil"'~ oould, eal',)}, S,IJ~ eqlilliplDemt tod.llY ~1t&1l)U'. suhm.a.rio~ mld Co !\~ll ':!>1IIIpt5 It' H if ,,~'~ !lU~ ~ hl 'bc'lie, G'llir ,!I (;1m till sel n. 'Eist-5~, ~me da per1li1J!l51, .,.~ shan sa ilnpFOy.~ gl1f mlll!Slre::ry lA' .1" Imhe meven .tnt~ ef neutrons tmd O\.f!l' !ih{!; cib.l.Jllll,gerous. radi:oiillm' "~Ulj hy fi:!~i ' n, Lh!IJ~ 5,1'n 'II, 1'. ht~, j:mbt ~omj~ [XfW,er pbmts car" be mMie fur use ihJI all~"lflQb-il{:s and p_lllLltr!~. H n'C[I!Jil '1012 dltlol!'i~~ Sr~ ~n I, ye[lJ!,s Cllf ],eBi!l'a~:'CIu: may be ~:oeQlHifed" Oilll, '~11!t" iI1~eJ: b~nd. of em']'n'4J~ "'i;'e CHn IlIC\~ 'r, dht'Sut (;I, ,oom~lcwly rule OIJJJt the pos:rlblllly .oJ a qu~e,ID, ~. )(Ide cli!lf'O'l.l!!!~' ~Im' wdl ~,1a.1.oo tlJ~h a P0'!,'l,l"el' pl!'!1l11lt ICIlmm "11. .~ lily :pnu~UC'n[ !Ili]mollt [11\"1'enllighl. Sii;i,ch '; the :Da;rure of IDe :(3 '-liIlO.yin!' ",rot]di which we li,'lo'

Th BB b

• J : .," ,", I -

.~ .,,", om'.··

lACK IN CHAP It 5, " E H_>\\D . OltofEIH1NC r 0

y, 'out the tllil ton r 2, tllo,M~ . I )1(~ '. "iii, ~o ,~orrn H. atom 6f the iill h ".)lu~nn_ li'le 3110 Ieemed ttJJaJt II u 'wejg]l.t {iiI . atom !D£ h.el~li1m. was l&~ than the sU.D! of Ii} a.t(lJm ()f hyd'mg,eH utd '~'lll~t 'I,'i,,!h,ii!11'1, i'nuilfl n l:1 ~~' II t ib~ [lilfi.t:~ this sm:)JlI ial1l0itlThl of 11IiI;'!S5 is co:D'ltel'l;ed .iritl{J1 cne:ugy. It 'is this: eomlrimiil'l:iil)b'!I.ol 2 :IlUll~ {iiI h}rdoogen l\O rOXinI1 1 of' helium th!lli~ :r.s ~uPf~d lD !.: It kieri ,iraOlo! mil] ~ , lIi1l1J ,flifi4 to supply 'rha!t body 11 iiillth ttLe heat 'tihart 'makes of :it ~h~ uge

alar fuHaJOO ~Uhuuil" ,"~hich Ufe o:n~·thi plaaet ,'f-nnW be imp !loth . '\" fG rgo I 1;0 11FIiillcllliQ!!D1I, :how- '10i" dint '~l.le e:b'!Iergy :wt· free by this: ~bdtn1j'tilDll is. ca'I~1JIlillll~d ro b_" mIlo mitl'fl~ gwe t€:r thllu ~iLI1L~ I:(Ili!;ll~ed. by t1! c:.' ~I (II~.fanI:~.I~.at.

L".l('p·I~knll~r the rLto:i'fiJl~t: bt!iilTlib .. 'llac: A!hJmilt': 'Ern!i!rlr 10;i~1I=lim 1'fcI i~i@:1iL is already alt wor'!'; settirn., IIiUp ,gp'~d p] m.n IS: 'Far 'tile l'OO!

n .J. mIl ~£C7 prodil.ft:!;tioo of ingredient:s. of ~:his: 'e::ut5ii}J1i1ie ne:w ;3I;.eIll~' m: d.e5,i::ruerlll.u.

'\i\Ire tl!im the ~:t:m~1 '~li5;S~~ I ,. in cmuHilcl UDIil 'I.V~ lh th~ at:omie e!ll:p·~(l&;un. T.bis ilidE!irS to ~he :!fpllitting apart of .aiouu .. ';\'mJm~1 thj' hYi!h(lJ,~H bomb. ba .. d 1!1:5 :i,t ~ mu ~h(:

Idi II~m of; ut m· we m'!J'~!J rh.'" w· 1\1:1 "'fusi!lllll!' "i.vbioh means weldml~; loge er;

'N~ I . IDJJfI~.C illrlltfm'gy as , .. ~~ kno,w 0 ~t .iD. OOJlI~i_I;,~~Ul\llI "'~I"h the '1:(j(j1"lie blilillJil b IJ1E!1i:(1'5; U!~told frn'llili H!i ~ pe;]I1:§~ ~m.e aid lu. oU.r !L'U1Jrutry ~nd to the 'MJ:dd at ]\aw_g,i,';Ii, '[be ~ y-rJliO,w.::Jl1i IIMUllib olliUr£ llUathfpg but i11.111. 1lL11.elJiUl·il!Ilnn.b~~ H~.eL''t!ie of enen _ fw plUie]y milil'If)1 ~mi[KI!il1;;!5. U dke Illfdinary :l!Wllli.C' reall.'td,w ~ that caD be fIr.m.oo and ~~o"""i'ed dawn ~n 5 '11.~ w,liy iJD .ma _., L SIDW. 00111 Li I!IO'lll.!l ~1DW !:If useful en. ,If .'\tSIHllibJe f1CJf l;liIlJW!l'.:l' JUHl ' ses "In.d :ilmJ:miby ~ nlIDoge:1Il ~~ . tH:ml '~I1_]JUJt be so oo.l1lJtn)lI~r..o.d QJIii:ce ft ~l!ii ~~It1d,

The A~HIM'h, 'I!i ~d IIJ1f '!i1j!~1~1 two. (1\[' m!lJr.e :5ml]JlIl1il~f:S yf' ft~mn;;],ble m~t,lii8!1 :suddenl.y (lllUr.It: 'blJtu ]!ilOONimity 01' ~e r ,ngc hi!' Fo!i'lu wh. It ~h· ~lll)'l'I1h:" tshl II rn·iil1e~·~ mass, No e .~ '-rim] I!:oerg \\i.;tlfl!~ \,' I" i applied und tJl· re:s.ulting err' m~on releases bitlrlillmc1oU5 :UJL10l.ilii[t!: {L;J GU•. gy. mut'.h 10,( ~t It] ~ In' I elf.' h~~t ' 'll"l'gJ.

In. I~h.·· r;;.J]!5(! lof a web'aekm. w€. must app'Jy hent ~!l the powder dhllJ:,ge :llf 'We are to set 011 an e:M:i)~wn pWldy c:llcr '(i-lilicul m nldum. ~U'hl ~ i!l domli with ~u. _ T,ne h,lll'o. gel';!. ~b ,M50 :r>eq_iiJiUl5, a fu~e bur oo.met:l 'irng mere ]?il)VIW-

fll!lll the ;:I, mere mabeb_ Here \\'e ;n~d h'i!ive.' heat ~l . = .~l:iure.d. in 111lii&m~ IOF i g:[',oo:t~ TtI!lt.!1.~I:!· i.'i ofi.nly '1m tbJ.nIIg llt_ t ean filJ:lppl}' the ilI:llIiIWRit of 'llilf~lt neeess : 'y3;~l~1 mot is til' A~bID.mb. Tb:ere.fiw-e the hy.d~lll brun~, mJlBif: be 3. ~om·ibiM,tLilJl!l:]: b.tt\b", un .t\-lKimb witi '11 ~he bydmgm 'bom'b. V/rhi1ch eets as ·llhe "fnse' 11'liKI '!i"imc~ lllust ,g~ (11£~ lii:l.!it tID ruP1P~Y th.e llbe;a ~ mece5sacy (J. 5tim.llIlaJi~ tbe h.~{dLFogem 'oom b ~~ p _ 93:itll'i.

At pI-eS.~Flt '!Me bow only that ,the 'hydr(igen ·~I~WI·b ",vii].

Jjl\lf.d.we ,sOl[le SOJnm of hydro~lJJ ft!i1Ii~lfIi. Tilrte rest is :spr.,'"C!II~ !IJ Ho:n Ier 1IJl',;)~I;!iP~ of MJ ~iLir.; ty; .1\\SidlJ! (lleu.'I the In UI iti,!l!ln·bj.ootiQlIlJ of md&mt:l)f bydlrugen a.~QtI'Hi: '00, IliDb'lriJ heJioo9J ~blilfi'!l!j r&s. has. b~JllJP.r:e'iljoll:!ilIy des::~liboo tRre.re ~ Umb!lH' r ';;!,'l!:tie:o!oJ JlfI'I,.'~lh.rJ:.lilg h ~lillj,'Y (cl'ou ble"!j,Yeigl'lt) hyd~:t!~fl a:rn~ trinlJJJlTlilJ ~r tmi.F'l~w~ighrt h.)l·djmgEI11, Orocl in~1}' bydro,g, l~ ~lJ.Icb res we 'bmi31;[h.e f'mrq ·the ru~ d\5 JJIIllID' cI!lU~d.p.rotiiwn ,1:1.11'1111 he.o'i,.'Y bycl ill n Is 11;.·~Il~cl dQ~Jt9rim .

S:peeuillo:~tOOl 5h£m1',ll 'ailiIat ::Ii mut'!11Je:r of Mnqibirul!!io:nMS; uti F~5ibJe ~\O l'[oow::~ .~-bomb €1oi:,mww. Pm' aile" I'h~ IiLt~e~illi. !lJf i3 ,:nit. JiJ! ' IlIcli trtHmn Il1ri.sh:lb' used, Th n tiliLere is I~ pGS'lS-ilhiiitr of bt:irII~g, h'tiIf un and rlerer.iw tog:~H}u·lm the p[l)S'~II!ie ~lf hip heal!: to ere Ji~ an ,expm.. ~ hID. :5'lillU IIlfilO'th;r . !I'lbHity Ii tb ~n tilllg of ithhifil &il!1d de:t:e.r:i.i:U1'l lOr Jith.IA,lUfQ ,3Jlld ' iJi9tgm.

..

I.. raJtLUrn

SUCH , .. BiQOK .AS THI:S ~laCHT NOT mm C'OM'= :Ilffiete P.tI~~5 seme !iiJl' ~ntiOIlL IDE pW.S~itin,g: for u.mnil!.~ 'W,1l m;;].d,. AI~ ~f the l'tlC:hfl[t. I ~1W\,,"'·~lJ,OW i.mq~~ml,h ~ wjj.il ~~ of 00 use umliless thE:' U.S.A; has ampl~ ~ufIdi.es, a.f WflJl1I UI1J~". ,~ ~i18.iii!l ~]1l\tleriQl meL~ing; PiIlIRl.tb!C :n ClI I: !l:I~Y ~h. 1\ .. 1 .lJm~ 1l~1 '!1JWD·l;!~ht(_-in~: ,flJtiDmle ~~11~, bl]J! d~c H-bo:icn~'l! as ""veU. it dle p-r-.ese-[J~ time Itih,e um.nium SUfpl), lis li}i!l!t J&.o.1d~tl 'lo be l.nrJ!MJ:ai9.utiltilhl~. li\!,e do ]]lot yelt: boW' Vlilh lliliI t~e >end ts ,prill!(lg~lr bilt we dtl' niijW tH.l"mJt '!,,,41±11JlfilV'!fr' it. is. W wU ~[roba.'lhruty it ms iLar '~'Dnp. Om COlmtr'}' 'U1!1lS't. e",~ b~ OJ!lJ t'l'm iIll~lii[ ~i;lI dli~v<ii!t MW d~[J!i1I$_b '"lh~f!; 'OO'JII~ ~nlw~tion willi be sufficoiemlt It"o, \'~Jlif\t th . I I~f ':!.:ndi ro.5il oJ :re-o(li~, 'Th~ bunt :is on, A :Oe\\' type of Fottye:001e:i' is 8!!fli[\C'1l!Linl tl iI sm d'~~oo CIT the eaa:th fllIlr !!!J 8l.iMlltlnoe st1lD fflla-lie Pl'ee.[W!5i tb;m g,olJdI. mc:r.<l it 5 fu] ~h 111 glJld ,1}- Iii fD1m' ilt!rO'Jie m.porrlilo-t ~illi' the ~ture oI !the lllilHed States'.

~'l

Flu rthilllf Ilf1I ~,~ hnl l~llJ(l· nd.iv,!;j' im~ tere :t jJ "hi ~~1fe' fID uranhrm, our i-\tom'i;c 'Ene'rg}' CUH~rmi.ss[ai1 'b~ ~~IJ :n<ing net tllJitl~.y ~SBi!!liblJ:t[,.~ bUlt rewards, Those who da.scO>l;Ie.li' del)fi(!j~Jts h~y~nd I:t ~l1oll_Liil·id f'ml,g'iJ of t"liJ1ltll~utn~~1{!jfl ~~~. M(: dF 1ui~lucin !ii, loe1:tl'l1in delinirte IOIIl.Raltlf: 'Iovilt roc~=i'llr"l:' tII,OOI1'lIS (iJ: $W,tlOO ~ln~d even t W: lllllill_, amount Ibo but ft. ti'UIiU.:p, srt;' ''iliIHt;t: Ii! tIp '~,~,I i. ~tl Dm'~ wrU mll1' lit} til l} .ill) C"~'(:I(,' "1>'h.1J i'pt'if' the dlep:il5jt,.

flil![jjjUlJ:ti :t.!ncl. ~ :Il{![ mil:]~.oilifJt '''-'C mEliI!el.'.' IL~ LI7C ,d~~br:i!hIii l1.'i!.B1 !!lv, ... th :> s;un-,F:.[Il'\l i:'~r h!J, ~~rt~l buc: nnt vtm I} se, ~ Gllll! SPOI:8 ~\R: :rrk'}.~1" d nn rQ'~];~. 01' the w'~Dnl tbh hg~;'l!y, gm}1s:1~ .me!;d .m flJ.~.\i mlli.f unly L Hl!OC!C'h1, I![IF t ~, earth's c:n'nd'. In !j(l'111 d'i!,C'O'lr" i l '~I~ mH :!IlLWI1II!' l'iIt ill ~I ml' 'c:-!}\,'"r d spots tUfic' eeneem 'atiom Fat~,y ~~e> '.. tim .I!i,fll.m. i~l re~n; ~y Ir.lli n. 'b~:I\ o.f 1dJ&n:g:s ttl I~~is: meuem L1I.tmnic w JrM; 'Ui!!:5i d ,II abl' 1 '1)[ ~I~I • ,. l1'i J 'm t":;li1, iHl ~ 1t.1' us =11 m mJl!arry power, jts .flll.mJ'I1:l"e as fin ilTlJdlt 'rim gUilrfit an'l.d l'~ IlIi.t lIl'il3' hili S'!H~-iU]ll~iQWe.s w1~ p\~I2'J!il.f .~Illll' ~~L

/\lr¥lid)f the neru.' .fkli'lO ['r:.:dU;1'~" yo'!,mg: [HIm] o~(11 m:e !lJ1!.!.1 (:"ri)]!r'ihrmilg the SUI' ace ltd '~he" ..... ScA, !!II,,,HLl ~·hd .. Gei.g'e:r~.h~~lI·f i!!'m!n~l!'!'~, lV~,i[;'re ~(t s:lutf!::i of Uillh, ~~I~mnLi;:1~~ ..;\'I,'Iii'.n1l1J!!! ._11 ] N W Mi' ,i~ JI. u'ver-g,l, ~ l' lU·W ~;tI1lI~p . [n :!r are ~iilll'l:dillig eut over the hHl!i ;)I1ull the platea ilS. 'I]JJJlle me Ii!! I~ '. knnWl1 hil! 00 pn: sent iu Notl""'nd.lu. \\V},r.(nlIling~ '" 10,1'1-' 11~~IiI. nnd MLch U,gt'lln. "Ill;' 'p,ut 4l!IiLij1 , m,' kll~J;liVn til ronI:;I:\.Ul1l fll!rl!i!wim.l1 oiri,d.e 1l:.~e-rS\[!'B (l.Ll0~)r I![f wryull1g ,~nlilIjJiUilllfts. WI'iilill" ~~J'ilDI ~j_~\'If ~1jJI ootht:r W1.di, iiimTIC nc.~l eo!!)",gh Itt! IWo.rk

~.rn . F!l'ii, 'u'ITOUWfll lSI ond pe1',hIllF'.S some. as pt~ U'llid ~5001j,rered, ~h~j't w.Dll il1lSl.ke rich ~1f1, '111 olu.1 I.r ~'Ili JM:' ~Vll~~ fi!~d them, AIfl'l~n:l)' ][UBLl Iniub!:!ol JJTuv;:r,re]y !iJh;r;::o'r~t\.1~ and pmr~tel}' CJ[>ernJted '&bo-tr'lle!! be-reJli rOf~'iI£d in t.hm'$ [iE!gOOll and uJw,a,ys t~u.".u,e is tire AIDmm(; ilE:riI I"&.'f ('tim !'lUi :.,LIUI 'I/~lmin,M; I d I!"" LT nut lm If It~ oRr 'I' .3S.';:is moe arm] guicf.nliJC'e but to pUJii'lC~lllst! .aIr 11 goot~ ii1gure ~v. r) P;I\ t!J!1I. hl)'!, of aoeept bl", c ., blll!!lJ.I~t fo the ~!!I"_ 'r.~-:>! lI'udJi u I,~~ ~nll'tl I) tJo!1.! J~'!i (10.[' IlJH1 thu I1IH ..... ~ ~m1ers are YOllllg' men who seareh and cliS fLllI(:lI slltmp]e IJ'f wlwi 'Il'l"rn~ I:h~~ir ([;'iWlll d~piO~HlS , .h.~I_ r~ 'I,rvith llu~ chance III s l1Fikil~g ~nr ILmi'il~~p" iil:'(~ ~'Mrl UIB I'I~~L!,

()n the '",~lrrok 'he lllWhrJl!]!; opc'nlltioas are 'nf a SioIllp]!I.! kiJ [[1] 1B'''lm~ ~r 1. . '.~.. .II~ ,sUli'fll!OO fLl 1:1 I[] ted h:Lgl t,\!jUliu.gl~, nn th ~m 'ISI L' ttl .. void t~ I" 'II f \\', 11~.. plII!mlJlng, NjI;I.ipmlle.l'lt. NOt d,U! ese yomlg miners need tn invest in bmil.'il .... ,Q! ~C.I (!i(PU.!'I1. U' aa, ~ !i'-Uing ur 'iii!' h:omUOn I !'tJ.llLupm~lIlt_ S,nPliIile e:nt ,~1ti'" Ilg, htwdi""'/j.~ll; i.ll1g youn~ m~(1!, depend ll'lj{~'i1 'Dothmg !l)A):re OOlnp.~iclll~~d or oosr~y dlt~J]] pkkLiL~eSt :!rllmvt!ls ,1.Hd ~t~hu6~1.IMr~'tIiIi/l,rs., Sudl " tht!' .11il:l~ .~HC' m~mi!Jjm

ar itl'l€J'!t:! is 'III1.IOm bOl'11 fl~j" the :!>m! 11 o.p mi.o and 'ch~' w,ge one. A ,~:m" deposits have he. Ii mllu d 5'0 near Itlle !iLllrf iee d ~ t w:l'mi i~ luum: I IJL!.j npenm.pj~, ,mbidug 18 JKi5S~ibl .,

FOE YQUD,!g men not a$1iIilj~ '~) S0ul ID1fltr 1ii1lJ[uis or de'\' "'I!t:lJilI ~h"j II' rill iJJ:KlJil!'!!i. th puy ,~Llf' "''I,II:;i~Jilg ev u U m;{!{l~ ~.t~~I}i' rich deJllsil· can be g~J an~:~ .:Inil ~n1 I]:~t : ,.h'lo',IlYs :st,e-ad}' I;luld. del)~:l.~~{ll1 F!i:"Cliol 1[J:llml,e S~l1Jl's 'lI~d atlld!

IHJ{.ilwtbook gtJlltl;'[]n ~t'~ tb~t. FIJ'ir O!,- 'lbf~n~ 1[!iN. 'r 8J'IlUY I per Irnl wJrujle 'tiojJJ OIe' m~)' rrtliu ' us high as $.G6.00 P.' -r. tun. ],h~ ''"'(11' .nil)' he ~ L'!l!.!If\d! hli~ ,~ ])as till! smell rtif the ,eanh In it [11'l~~ thL: ml1Jm qCf.i: oJ '~lll ,li'j'o:li~ ;(lB', Ah'l,'l'Yoli there is dle' 'p~eet of We ·'ihig smke" and ,the big ml).[[ey,

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