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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. FORMAL DEFINATION
4. PROOF OF TH LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
5. APPLICATION
equivalent circuits and impedances
Laplace transform use in nuclear physics
Laplace transform use in of electrical
circuit theory.
Mixing sines, cosines, and exponentials
Phase delay
Laplace transform
In mathematics, the Laplace transform is a widely used integral transform. It has many
important applications in mathematics, physics, engineering, and probability theory.
The Laplace transform is related to the Fourier transform, but whereas the Fourier transform
resolves a function or signal into its modes of vibration, the Laplace transform resolves a
function into its moments. Like the Fourier transform, the Laplace transform is used for solving
differential and integral equations. In physics and engineering, it is used for analysis of linear
time-invariant systems such as electrical circuits, harmonic oscillators, optical devices, and
mechanical systems. In this analysis, the Laplace transform is often interpreted as a
transformation from the time-domain, in which inputs and outputs are functions of time, to the
frequency-domain, where the same inputs and outputs are functions of complex angular
frequency, in radians per unit time. Given a simple mathematical or functional description of an
input or output to a system, the Laplace transform provides an alternative functional description
that often simplifies the process of analyzing the behavior of the system, or in synthesizing a new
system based on a set of specifications.
History
The Laplace transform is named in honor of mathematician and astronomer Pierre-Simon
Laplace, who used the transform in his work on probability theory. From 1744, Leonhard Euler
investigated integrals of the form
as solutions of differential equations but did not pursue the matter very far.Joseph Louis
Lagrange was an admirer of Euler and, in his work on integrating probability density functions,
investigated expressions of the form
which some modern historians have interpreted within modern Laplace transform theory.These
types of integrals seem first to have attracted Laplace's attention in 1782 where he was following
in the spirit of Euler in using the integrals themselves as solutions of equations.However, in
1785, Laplace took the critical step forward when, rather than just looking for a solution in the
form of an integral, he started to apply the transforms in the sense that was later to become
popular. He used an integral of the form:
akin to a Mellin transform, to transform the whole of a difference equation, in order to look for
solutions of the transformed equation. He then went on to apply the Laplace transform in the
same way and started to derive some of its properties, beginning to appreciate its potential
power.
Laplace also recognised that Joseph Fourier's method of Fourier series for solving the diffusion
equation could only apply to a limited region of space as the solutions were periodic. In 1809,
Laplace applied his transform to find solutions that diffused indefinitely in space.
Formal definition
The Laplace transform of a function f(t), defined for all real numbers t 0, is the function F(s),
defined by:
One can define the Laplace transform of a finite Borel measure by the Lebesgue integral
An important special case is where is a probability measure or, even more specifically, the
Dirac delta function. In operational calculus, the Laplace transform of a measure is often treated
as though the measure came from a distribution function . In that case, to avoid potential
confusion, one often writes
(by parts)
yielding
Note that the resistor is exactly the same in the time domain and the s-Domain. The sources are
put in if there are initial conditions on the circuit elements. For example, if a capacitor has an
initial voltage across it, or if the inductor has an initial current through it, the sources inserted in
the s-Domain account for that.
The Laplace transform is used frequently in engineering and physics; the output of a linear time
invariant system can be calculated by convolving its unit impulse response with the input signal.
Performing this calculation in Laplace space turns the convolution into a multiplication; the latter
being easier to solve because of its algebraic form. For more information, see control theory.
The Laplace transform can also be used to solve differential equations and is used extensively in
electrical engineering. The Laplace transform reduces a linear differential equation to an
algebraic equation, which can then be solved by the formal rules of algebra. The original
differential equation can then be solved by applying the inverse Laplace transform. The English
electrical engineer Oliver Heaviside first proposed a similar scheme, although without using the
Laplace transform; and the resulting operational calculus is credited as the Heaviside calculus.
represents the number of undecayed atoms remaining in a sample of a radioactive isotope at time
t (in seconds), and is the decay constant.
where
and
Solving, we find
Finally, we take the inverse Laplace transform to find the general solution
The constitutive relation governing the dynamic behavior of a capacitor is the following
differential equation:
where C is the capacitance (in farads) of the capacitor, i = i(t) is the electric current (in amperes)
through the capacitor as a function of time, and v = v(t) is the voltage (in volts) across the
terminals of the capacitor, also as a function of time.
where
and
The impulse response is simply the inverse Laplace transform of this transfer function:
To evaluate this inverse transform, we begin by expanding H(s) using the method of partial
fraction expansion:
The unknown constants P and R are the residues located at the corresponding poles of the
transfer function. Each residue represents the relative contribution of that singularity to the
transfer function's overall shape. By the residue theorem, the inverse Laplace transform depends
only upon the poles and their residues. To find the residue P, we multiply both sides of the
equation by s + to get
Then by letting s = , the contribution from R vanishes and all that is left is
Note that
and so the substitution of R and P into the expanded expression for H(s) gives
Finally, using the linearity property and the known transform for exponential decay (see Item #3
in the Table of Laplace Transforms, above), we can take the inverse Laplace transform of H(s) to
obtain:
Finally, using the Laplace transforms for sine and cosine (see the table, above), we have